Bahaushe na farko da ya gwada abarba sune masu jirgin ruwa daga cikin jirgin ruwan Santa Maria, wanda ya kusanci gabar Amurka a 1493. Christopher Columbus, wanda ya ba da umarnin ga masarar, ya yi wannan shigar: "Yana kama da mazugi na Pine, amma ninki biyu babba a girman, wannan 'ya'yan itace yana da kyau kwarai da gaske, mai laushi, mai laushi kuma yana da ƙoshin lafiya". Abarba ya zo Turai a ƙarshen karni na 15 can. Zuwa Asiya da Afirka - a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16. An kuma yi kayan pineapples a Rasha, da farko kawai a cikin gidajen kore na sarauta kusa da St. Petersburg, sannan kuma a cikin lambuna masu yawa na hunturu. An sani cewa a cikin karni na 19 a Ukraine, har zuwa nau'in abarba 80 sun girma a cikin hotbeds kuma ana fitarwa zuwa Turai akan fam 3,000 a shekara. A yau, manyan masu samarwa da masu samar da abarba sune Philippines, Thailand, Hawaii, Kenya, Afirka ta Kudu, Malesiya, Taiwan, Vietnam da Ostiraliya. Indiyawa sun ba da abarba tare da ikon sihiri kuma suna amfani da duk sassan tsiron don warkar da kuma gudanar da ayyukan sihirin.
© tsinkaye
Abarba (lat. Ananas), sunan Thai yake Sapparot - ciyawar daji, tana cikin dangin bromeliad (Bromeliaceae). Abarba da aka noma tun ƙarni na XVI a yawancin ƙasashe masu zafi, yawan amfaninn 'ya'yan itace kusan tan miliyan uku ne. A yankuna na Amurka na wurare masu zafi, nau'ikan 8 na wannan fruitan itacen 'ya'yan itace masu girma. Tun daga tsakiyar karni na 17, an girma a cikin lambunan botanical, greenhouses, da greenhouses. A Rasha, an shuka 'ya'yan itacen abarba a cikin gidajen katako tun ƙarni na 18 har ma da fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.
Dukkanin nau'ikan abarba, waɗanda suke kayan zaki da kuma canning, suna cikin ɗaya nau'in - abarba na al'adu. Wannan ciyawa mai tsatstsauran itace da gajeren zangon 20-30 cm wanda a ciki akwai rosette mai ɗumbin ganyayyaki masu laushi har zuwa tsawon mil ɗaya. A gindin wannan kanti (kambi), zuriya da yawa suna haɓaka. A saman kara, wani ɓawon ciki na abarba, wanda ya ƙunshi daidaikun 'ya'yan itace, an tattara shi a cikin inflorescence; suna ƙare a saman ɓangaren tare da tarin ganye. A saman kara a cikin furanni inflorescence an tattara. 'Ya'yan itacen Pineal an samo su ne sakamakon girman tayin da ke da ƙarfin zuciya da kuma tushe. Wasu nau'ikan suna da ƙaya a gefunan ganyayyaki. Manyan, m da aromatic 'ya'yan itacen abarba suna da ɗanɗano mai daɗin ɗanɗano kuma yawanci sun kai kilogiram 2, a lokuta masu wuya - har zuwa 15 kilogiram.
Pineapple an cire shi daga tsire-tsire dan kadan ne domin ya kawo shi daga mahaifar ta kudu zuwa masu sayayya a cikin yanayin kasuwancin da ya dace, amma, wannan galibi yana cutar da ingancinsa.. Rushewar rashin ƙarfi yana ƙuna ba kawai lebe ba, har ma da hannaye. Bayan ripening, sun sami dandano mai ban sha'awa tare da halayyar ƙanshi mai daɗi irin ta strawberries. 'Ya'yan itacen abarba ana cinye shi ba kawai sabo bane, har ma ana sarrafa shi cikin ruwan' ya'yan itace, abubuwan sha, jam, kariya, daskararre, da sauransu.
© geckzilla
Kulawa
Abarba ana iya girma a cikin dakin, ta amfani dashi azaman kayan dasa shuki na ganyen ganye a yanka daga saman thean itacen. Yanke kanti a ƙasan ƙarshen 'ya'yan itacen, ba tare da ɓangaren litattafan almara ba, shafa shi a cikin ruwan hoda na potassiumgangan, yayyafa shi da ash kuma bar shi ya bushe tsawon awanni 5-6. Bayan haka, ana dasa mashigar a cikin tukunya mai ƙarfin da bai wuce 0.6 l ba. An zuba magudanar ruwa a gindin tukunyar, sannan a cakuda murɗaɗɗiyar ƙasa da ta ƙunshi ƙasa turf, humus ganye, yashi da peat a cikin rabo na 1: 2: 1: 1. Ana cakuda cakuda humus da yashi a cikin rabo na 1: 1 an zuba a saman saman Layer 3 cm. A tsakiyar tukunyar tukunya, ana yin rami tare da zurfin 2-2.5 cm tare da diamita ya fi girma girman diamita na kanti. Pouredan ƙaramar gawasa aka zuba a ciki don kada ƙarshen fita ya narke. Ana saukar da soket a cikin hular kwano, bayan wannan duniya ta cika da kyau. A gefen tukunyar tukunya, ana sanya sanduna na 2-4 kuma a haɗe soket tare da igiyoyi. Isasa ta jika, ana saka jakar filastik a tukunya kuma a sanya ta a wuri mai haske. Sojin ya kafe a cikin zafin jiki na 25-27 C. A lokacin hunturu, sanya farantin kan batirin kuma sanya tukunya da kayan a ciki. Bayan watanni 1.5-2, tushen ya haifar da sababbin ganye suka fara girma. Ana cire jakar filastik watanni 2 kawai bayan tushen. A cikin abarba na manya, yadudduka a gefe sukan girma a gindi. Sun kafe kai tsaye kamar yadda ake fitowa daga saman haihuwa.
Ana dasa pineapples, a matsayin mai mulkin, kowace shekara, dan ƙara haɓaka ƙarfin tukunya. An binne tushen wuya ta hanyar cm cm 0. An sake dasa shi ta hanyar nutsuwa ne kawai ba tare da lalata duniyan yanayi ba. Tushen abarba abarbare ne, don haka ko da ya kasance wani datti na da aka sa shi cikin tukwane-lita 3-4. Abun da ya kamata a canza shi ne daidai lokacin da ake dasa abubuwa. Leaf humus za a iya maye gurbinsu da tsohon rotted taki. Soilasa ta zama sako-sako, da abinci mai gina jiki kuma tana da amsawar acid na pH 4-6.
Lokacin girma abarba, tabbatar da kiyaye tsarin zafin jiki. A lokacin rani, zazzabi ya zama 28-30 ° C, kodayake abarba ya girma sosai a 25 ° C. A cikin kwanaki masu zafi, ana ɗaukar tsire a waje, amma idan da dare zazzabi ya faɗi ƙasa da 16-18 ° C, to, an kawo shi cikin ɗakin. A cikin hunturu, ana sa shi a zazzabi na 22-24 ° C. Zazzabi a cikin dakin kada ya zama ƙasa da 18 ° C, in ba haka ba abarba zai daina yin girma, sannan ya mutu.
Hypothermia na tushen tsarin yana lalata shuka, saboda haka ba a sanya shi a kan windowsill ba, amma a kan taga akan tebur ko furanni na musamman. Kuna iya sanya tukunyar a kan batirin ta hanyar sanya kwamfutar hannu a ƙarƙashinsa. A cikin hunturu, dole ne a haskaka shuka da fitila mai kyalli.
Ana shayar da abarba da ruwan sama ko ruwa narke. Irin wannan ruwa ana adana shi na dogon lokaci ba tare da rasa halayensa ba. Kuna iya amfani da ruwan sha ko tafasasshen ruwa, sanya acid acid tare da citricic ko oxalic acid zuwa pH 5-6. Ana amfani da takaddar mai nuna ruwan ɗimbin ɗimbin ruwan ɗan adam. Ruwa don ban ruwa ne mai zafi zuwa 30 ° C. Lokacin yin ruwa tare da ruwa talakawa ba tare da acidification ba, shuka yana haɓaka sosai. Watara da shuka, ana zuba ruwa cikin kanti. Wuce kima a cikin ruwa yana kai wa ga juya shi daga tushen sa, saboda haka tsakanin ban ruwa yakamata a bushe a ɗan lokaci kaɗan. Baya ga shayarwar da ta dace, abarba yana buƙatar fesawa akai-akai da ruwa mai ɗumi.
Kowane kwanaki 10-15, ana ciyar da shuka da takin mai ma'adinin ma'adinai mai ruwa, kazalika a hankali tace jiko na doki ko saniya taki. Tabbatar da fesa abarba sau 1-2 a wata kuma a zuba shi da ruwan acidified na baƙin ƙarfe a yawan 1 g a lita 1 na ruwa. Ana magance mafita a cikin mafita. Ba a amfani da takin alkamar, irin su itacen ash da lemun tsami, inji ba ya jure su.
Tare da kulawa da ta dace, abarba ya fara bada 'ya'ya a shekara ta 3-4. Yawancin lokaci a wannan zamani, tsawon ganyayyakinsa ya kai cm 80-90. Manya abarba ana iya yin fure ya yi 'ya' ya uman itace ta hanyar fitar da shi da hayaki. Don yin wannan, saka itace a jakar filastik mai yawa, kusa da tukunya na mintina 10 saka smokingan wuta kaɗan, lura matakan aminci. Ana maimaita hanyar sau 2-3 tare da tazara na kwanaki 7-10. Yawancin lokaci, bayan watanni 2-2.5, inflorescence ya bayyana daga tsakiyar hanyar, kuma bayan wasu watanni 3.5-4, 'ya'yan itacen sun girma. Yawan taro na fruitan isan fari shine 0.3-1 kg.
© cliff1066 ™
Girma da kuma nau'ikan jiragen ruwa don al'adun abarba
A zahiri, shuka yana haɓaka da kyau a kowane kwano. Don abarba, zai fi kyau a ɗauki ƙaramin, amma a tukunya mai faɗi da yawa. Wannan nau'i yana dacewa da halaye na shuka: tsarin tushen sa yana a cikin babba na ocella kuma baya sauka sosai. Yaduwar da yawa suna ba da gudummawa ga ingantacciyar ƙasa, wanda yake da muhimmanci ga amfanin gona. Yana da ban sha'awa mu sani cewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin haɓaka na halitta, kowace abarba abarba tana da yalwa biyu. Na farko ya ƙunshi Tushen bakin ciki kuma yana kusan kusan saman ƙasa. Na biyun ya hada da bakin ciki, Tushen tushen da ke shimfiɗa ciki mai zurfi wanda yalwata zurfin 1-1.2 zuwa cikin ƙasa. Tushen abarba shima zai iya kasancewa a cikin ƙwayoyin ganyayyaki. A karkashin yanayi mai kyau, tushen axillary ya girma sosai, yana kaiwa murfin ƙasa. A cikin manyan ɗakuna inda sarari ya ba da izini, ana dasa manyan samfurori a cikin manyan tankuna masu mashahuri. Itace tana haɓaka tsarin tushen ƙarfi, saboda a cikin irin waɗannan yanayin yana yiwuwa a sami fruitsa fruitsan da suka kai nauyin 1.5.
Duk da kyakkyawan hygroscopicity na ƙasa, mutum bai kamata ya manta game da buƙatar ramuka magudanar ruwa ba. A gida, ana shuka shuka mafi kyau a cikin lokacin dumilokacin da yawan zafin jiki na ƙasa akan windowsill shine + 20 + 25 ° C. A wannan yanayin, zaku iya dogaro da rayuwa mai kyau yayin dasawa. Ba guda ɗaya ba, amma an yi ramuka da yawa a kasan jirgin ruwa. A kasan shimfiɗa magudanar ruwa (1.5-2 cm), wanda ake amfani dashi azaman yumɓu, ƙaramin yanki na gawayi, tubalin da aka karye. Ana zubar da ƙasa a saman. Kafin dasawa, cakuda an steamed don guji shigowar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a ciki. An cire shuka daga tsohuwar girma kuma a canja shi a hankali zuwa sabo. A lokaci guda, suna tabbatar da cewa ƙananan barbashi na ƙasa wanda ke manne wa tushen bai crumble. Bayan sanya tushen a kwance, yayyafa su da ƙasa.
Zurfin dasa muhimmin daki ne a fasahar aikin gona ta dangin bromeliad. Abarba ba shi da takamaiman tushen wuyansa, don haka haɗarin zurfafa shi yayin dasawa ya ɓace. Haka kuma, shuka ya kamata a binne shi musamman 2-3 cm kasa da matakin da ya gabata. Wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen haɗin gwiwarsa da haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin tushen idan aka kwatanta da ɓangaren ƙasa, yana da mahimmanci cewa shuka ta zauna da ƙarfi a cikin ƙasa.
Bayan dasawa, abarba an shayar da shi sosai tare da dumin dumin ruwa (+30 ° C) kodadden ruwan hoda na sinadarin potassium. An bada shawarar a ɗaura sabon daskararren tsiron zuwa ƙwanƙolun ƙwayayen a cikin wannan ƙasa.. Bayan makonni 2-3, an cire garter. Pineapples suna a kudu ko kudu maso gabas windows. Babu wani zafin rana da zai cutar da shuka a lokacin rani. Ba za a iya jayayya cewa a kan windows ta fuskar arewa ba za su yi girma ba kwata-kwata. Gaskiya ne, ci gaban su yana raguwa, kuma ba zai yuwu a cimma 'ya'yan itace ba.
© gabriel.hurley
Kiwo
A cikin yanayin dakin, abarba shine mafi yaduwan ciyawa (ta hanyar kambi), ta amfani da ganyen ganye da aka kafa a saman 'ya'yan itacen, da kuma hanyoyin gewaye da kan layi. Wadannan gabobin ciyayi sun bayyana, a matsayin mai mulki, lokacin da dan itacen ya shuka ko kuma bayan sa. An kafe su kamar haka, kawai bambanci shine cewa an yanke saman haihuwa tare da ingataccen ruwa mai kaifi kafin a bushe, kuma a kaikaice matakan tafiyar da hankali suna lalacewa. An cire hanyar fita apical daga cikakkiyar tayi kawai. Processesarancin hanyoyin da aka shuka zai iya yin tushe lokacin da tsayinsu ya kai kusan 15-20 cm daga gindi.
Kafin dasa shuki a cikin substrate, harbe da aka shirya yana tsayayya da kwanaki 4-7. A wannan lokacin, an rufe wurin da yanke tare da toshe nama, wanda ke hana shigarwar kwayoyin cuta zuwa kyallen kwayar cuta da juyawar kai tsaye. Yankin ya kamata ya zama mai santsi kuma ba shi da laushi. Zai fi kyau bushe yanki a cikin wuri mai duhu a zazzabi a ɗakin, rataye harbe har akan igiya tare da yanki sama da ganyayyaki ƙasa.
Raba abarba na iya zama ba tare da ruwa na wasu watanni ba. Bayan haka shi ma zai ɗauki tushe lafiya. Wannan mallakar duk tsirrai daga dangin bromeliad. A cikin yanayi, suna tara danshi a cikin tsakiyar rosette na ganye, saboda haka suna yin haƙuri a lokacin bushewa na shekara ba tare da wahala ba.
Lokacin da cutan ya warke, an sanya harbi a kan tushen. Don garanti mafi girma cewa seedling ba ya rot, sakamakon abin toshe kwalaba nama yana da farin gawayi. Akwai nau'ikan nau'in tsiro don tushen, amma mafi kyau, wanda aka kafa shi sosai shekaru, kamar haka: turfy ƙasar, peat, ƙasar ganye, Birch sawdust, yashi m (3: 2: 2: 2: 1). Duk waɗannan abubuwan an haɗa su sosai kuma an sanya su a cikin jirgin ruwa, inda za su aiwatar da tushen. Kada a haɗa substrate, ya kamata a sake. Don dasa shuki ya ɗauki ƙaramin jirgin ruwa (10-15 cm). Girman girman aikinsa baya wasa. A saboda wannan dalili, tukunyar filawar tukunyar filawa na yau da kullun ba tare da kayan kwalliya na ado suna da kyau ba. Tsarin da aka shirya ana gabatar da shi a hankali cikin ɓoyayyen substrate. Zurfin sakawa 2.5-3 cm.
Bayan dasa, an zubar da substrate tare da dumi (+ 40 ° C) bayani na ruwan hoda na potassiumgangan. Don kula da gumi gaba ɗaya yayin tushen, an rufe aiwatar da gilashin gilashi ko jakar filastik. An kafa igiyoyi huɗu a kusa da shuka a cikin ƙasa saboda sun fi yadda ake buɗe ganye a sama. Wannan shinge na peculiar yana kare ganyayyaki daga hulɗa tare da polyethylene. Kuma saukad da na condensate tara akan fim ba zai fada akan ganyayyaki ba, wanda yake da matukar muhimmanci. All condensate kafa hankali drains tare da ganuwar jakar a cikin ƙasa. Akwai wani nau'i na ruwa na dabi'a na ruwa, wanda zai ceci mai ƙauna daga damuwa mara damuwa game da riƙe danshi na substrate. Daga ƙasa, don gyara fim, ya fi kyau a yi amfani da roba na yau da kullun. Za ta matsa jakar da kanta a jikin bangon tukunyar.
Don haka, tsari yana shirye don tushen. Matsayinta a lokacin tushen bashi da mahimmanci. Abin sani kawai mahimmanci cewa zafin jiki na substrate a cikin kowane hali zai faɗi ƙasa da digiri +25. C. Haske na iya zama kowane. Abu ne wanda ba a ke so don sanya tushen tushen a ƙarƙashin hasken rana, mai ɓoyewa. Yana haɓaka da kyau a cikin ɗaki da ƙananan haske. Ana amfani da irin wannan hanyar haihuwa lokacin girma da kowane tsirrai na dangin bromeliad.
Akwai kuma wata hanyar haifuwa - iri. Amma don yanayin cikin gida bai dace da isasshen ba - yana da ƙarfin aiki, yana buƙatar wani ilimin. Haka kuma, abarba abarbare ne mai dasa furanni kuma don samun tsaba, ana buƙatar samfuran furanni guda biyu a lokaci guda. Pineapple tsire-tsire masu shuka iri sun shuka alamuran iyayen biyu. Amma a lokaci guda, a mafi yawan lokuta suna riƙe alamun mediocre. Hanyar ciyayi a cikin shirin zaɓi shine ya zama cikakke. Fruitsa fruitsan itace mafi girma, kamar yadda gogewa suke nunawa, ana kafa su ne akan tsire-tsire da aka girma daga apical Rosette na yawan haihuwa.
Zai yi wuya a ce nawa lokaci yake wucewa lokacin aiwatar da tushen. Dukkanin ya dogara ne akan yanayi da bin ka'idodin fasahar fasahar noma don tushen. Lokacin Rooting yana daga wata zuwa watanni biyu. Alamar farko ta tushen itace bayyanar wasu kananan ganye kore ganye daga tsakiyar mashigar. A wannan yanayin, tsohuwar ganyayyaki suna ɗan faɗi kaɗan ban da tushe na axis. Bayan dasawa, zaku iya fara dasawa, bayan kuna shirya maƙarƙashiyar gaba don ƙarin haɓaka. A halin yanzu, a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, an kafa hanyar yaduwar abarba, wanda ke ba da damar kula da duk halayen mahaifiyar da kuma samun adadin kayan shuka. Nan gaba, masu son kayan lambu na cikin gida zasu iya amfani da wannan hanyar kiwo.
© cliff1066 ™
Iri daban-daban
A al'adance, abarba yana da ɗumbin yawa, amma ba dukansu ne suka tabbatar da kansu a cikin al'amuran duniya ba, don haka kawai zamuyi magana game da mafi kyawun.
Cayenne - Mafi tsufa kuma mafi yaduwar iri-iri. Matsayinsa yalwatacce: Kyuba, Hawaii, Australia, Indiya da sauran ƙasashe na yankin mai zafi. Bar ba su da kashin baya.Jikin 'ya'yan itacen rawaya ne mai launin shuɗi, siffar silima ce. Abubuwan da ke cikin abinci mai gina jiki suna da girma. A inji shi ne resistant ga cuta. Tushen tsarin ƙarami ne. Wannan ire-iren, a cewar masana kimiyya, wanda ya kirkiro al'adun abarba, Indiyawan sun dade da bunkasa.
Red spanish - resistant zuwa tushen rot. Dankin yana da iko, ganye mai ganye. 'Ya'yan itacen suna da alaƙar fata, zagaye, tare da ɓangaren litattafan almara mai fibrous. Tasteanɗanar da nama ɗanɗano ne. Abun sukari shine matsakaici. A iri-iri ne na kowa a kudu.
Sarauniya - wani farkon cikakke iri-iri, yana da spiky, wuya ganye. A ɓangaren litattafan almara ne duhu rawaya, ba fibrous. Babban hasara shine ƙananan girman 'ya'yan itacen. An rarraba shi a cikin al'ada a Ostiraliya, Afirka ta Kudu.
Wadannan nau'ikan suna da adadi masu yawa na clones, don haka ana iya ɗaukar bayanin kawai azaman tushe. Lokacin girma abarba a gida, kar a ɗauki iri na musamman. A kan shuka daki, wani lokacin shuka yakan rasa wasu halaye iri iri, don haka wajibi ne a zabi ingantattun siffofin kai tsaye a cikin lambun gida.
Cutar da kwari
Idan aka kwatanta da sauran albarkatun 'ya'yan itace na cikin gida, abarba ba ta fama da cututtuka da kwari. Mafi yawan maganin abarba abar kariya ce. Ba wuya a lalata shi akan abarba, tunda bayan ƙarni na farko wannan kwaro ya mutu. Don rigakafin, yana da amfani don fesa shuka tare da maganin rauni na potassiumgangan da kiyaye ganye tsabta.
A cikin hunturu, saboda ƙarancin zafin jiki yayin ruwa mai nauyi, nau'ikan ƙira a jikin bangon tukunyar. Dole ne a wanke shi kai tsaye da ruwa mai ɗumi. Idan iska mai zafi tazo kan shuka daga batirin dumama, to lallai kuna buƙatar tabbatar da bushewa, iska mai zafi bata sauka kai tsaye akan ganyen abarba. Daga wannan, tukwicin ganye suna fara bushewa da sauri. Rage zafin jiki a cikin hunturu tare da ruwa mai nauyi yana haifar da lalata tsarin tushen. Akwai wasu lokuta idan ya mutu gaba daya, shuka kuma ta fadi. Tushen tumatir cuta ce mai cinyewa gama gari idan aka girma a gida. Lokacin da aka gano shi, an yanke ƙananan sashin kwandon zuwa nama mai rai kuma tushen maɓallin tsiro ya sake kasancewa, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama.
© mckaysavage
