Namo tumatir na waje

Shuka da kulawar seedling

Abubuwan nau'ikan nau'ikan tumatir da aka yi niyya don namo a cikin filin an shuka shi kai tsaye a cikin tukwane na abinci, i.e. ba tare da zanawa ba. Wannan an bayyana shi da gaskiyar cewa yawanci ana amfani da tsaba don shuka iri na buɗe ƙasa da zaɓin jama'a, waɗanda ba su da tsayayya da yawa don cututtukan hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo, musamman cutar ƙwayar sigari. Lokacin da aka watsa shi cikin tukwane, seedlings yakan fashe da ƙananan Tushen kuma kamuwa da cuta na iya shiga cikin raunukan tsire-tsire masu lafiya. Bugu da kari, nau'in tsirarru masu karamin karfi basa fashewa kuma zasu kasance m har zuwa karshen dasawa a wani wuri mai kyau, i.e. low (15-18 cm).

Tumatir seedling. Kiza

Ana yin shuka iri ne daga Maris 1 zuwa Maris 25 a cikin kofuna 10 × 10 cm 10 ko digo. Suna cika da cakuda ƙasa kuma an shayar da su tare da dumi (35 -40 ° С): 1 tablespoon na ruwa na ruwa ruwa mai narkewa a cikin ruwa 10 na ruwa. Bayan haka, a cikin kowane kofi, a tsakiyar, ana yin rami biyu 1 cm mai zurfi, an sanya iri 1 a cikin kowane kuma an rufe shi tare da cakuda ƙasa. Irin wannan shuka ba tare da daukaba kawai ana yin su ne kawai saboda nau'ikan haɓaka-ƙasa don buɗe ƙasa, don kare seedlings daga cututtukan hoto.

Ana sanya tukwane na Sown a cikin akwati, saka a cikin wani wuri mai dumi (22 - 25 ° C) wuri mai haske kuma a hankali saka idanu akan seedlings, wanda ya kamata ya bayyana bayan kwanaki 6 - 7. Da zaran seedlings sun bayyana, tukwane suna sake tsara su bayan juna akan murfin rana mai haske mai haske wanda yake da zafin jiki na 14-16 ° C a rana, kuma 12-14 ° C da dare. Ta hanyar rage zafin jiki (ta hanyar buɗe windows da firam ɗin taga), ya wajaba don tabbatar da cewa doan itacen ba su tsaya a cikin daftarin ba. Irin wannan yanayin na sanyi mai sanyi zai hana fitar da shuki daga waje tare da taimakawa ci gaban tushen ci gaba mai kyau. Sannan zazzabi a hankali a hankali a cikin rana zuwa 18 -22 ° C, kuma da dare zuwa 15 - 17 ° C. Kwanaki 5-6 bayan tsiro, an cire tsire-tsire mai ƙarfi daga tukunya, kuma an bar mai ƙarfi.

Seedlings tumatir. Rian Brian Barth

Kulawa a baya seedlings - lokaci mai matukar mahimmanci. Kafin dasa shuki a kan gadon lambu, seedlings suna girma 55 zuwa kwanaki 60. Shayar sparingly, a farkon girma 1 lokaci na mako daya, 0.5 kofuna waɗanda a kowace shuka. Lokacin da aka kafa ganye na 3 zuwa 5, ana shayar da su a cikin gilashi a kan shuka ɗaya.

Kowane kwanaki 10 zuwa 12, ana ciyar da seedlings. A karo na farko - kwanaki 20 bayan germination tare da bayani na nitrophoska (ana amfani da 1 tablespoon a lita 10 na ruwa), ana kashe kofuna waɗanda 0.5 akan tsire-tsire 2. Karo na biyu kenan da suke ciyar da kwana 10 bayan ciyarwar ta farko. A cikin lita 10 na ruwa, 2 tablespoons na Organo-ma'adinin taki an diluted, jawabin 1 kopin bayani a kowace shuka. Na uku saman miya (na ƙarshe) ana aiwatar da sati guda kafin a dasa shuki a cikin fili. A cikin 10 l na ruwa, 2 tablespoons na superphosphate suna diluted (na kwana uku, an saka superphosphate a cikin ruwa mai dumi har kwana uku), komai yana hade sosai kuma ana shayar da tsire-tsire.

Yana da Dole a kullum taurara seedlings tare da ƙarancin zafin jiki. Farawa a watan Afrilu, ana iya sanya seedlings a cikin baranda, baranda ko hagu kusa da firam taga buɗe a cikin zafin jiki na aƙalla 10 ° C. Na farko hardening na kwana uku ne da za'ayi a cikin inuwa, tun da yake wajibi ne a hankali accustom da shuka zuwa cikakken haske a bude iska. Idan an fitar da seedlings a ranar farko a cikin yanayin rana, ƙone na iya faruwa daga hasken rana kai tsaye. A nan gaba, ba a rage yawan tsire-tsire ba.

Aikin tumatir tumatir. Steve Albert

A lokacin hardening na seedlings, tabbata cewa ƙasa a cikin tukwane ne m, ba bushe, in ba haka ba withering da yellowing na ganye mai yiwuwa.

A lokacin yin shuka a kan gadaje a cikin ƙasa buɗe, tsire-tsire dole ne su kasance masu ƙarfi, ba a bunƙasa ba, ganye (tare da ganye 7-10).

Dasa shuki a cikin mazaunin dindindin

A cikin bude ƙasa, an tanadi wuri don dasa tumatir, kariya daga iska mai sanyi. Wanda ba ya dacewa da tumatir low, wurare masu laushi, tare da matattakalar ruwan karkashin ruwa, wanda ke haifar da mummunan yanayi don tushen tsirrai. Mafi kyawun magabata don tumatir sune Legumes na takin gargajiya, amfanin gona, kore.

Don guje wa kamuwa da cuta tare da ƙarshen blight, ba za ku iya dasa tumatir bayan dankali da tumatir ba.

Ilsasa da aka zaɓa shine ƙasa mai loamy tare da ƙari da takin gargajiya da ma'adinai.

Shirya kasar a gaba a wurin dasa tumatir. Andrew

Layuka don tumatir an shirya kwanaki 5-6 kafin dasawa. Kafin tono ƙasa, dole ne a bi da shi da maganin zafi (70 - 80 ° C) na sulfate na jan karfe ko chloroxide na jan karfe. A cikin lita 10 na ruwa, 1 tablespoon na ɗayan ko ɗayan an bred. Yawan amfani har zuwa 1 - 1.5 L a 1 m².

Bayan haka, ana zubar da yumɓu da loamy ƙasa tare da takin gargajiya da ma'adinai - 3 zuwa 4 kilogiram na dung humus, peat da tsohuwar katako na itace, 1 tablespoon na superphosphate, potassium sulfate ko 1 kofin itacen ash a 1 m². Sannan an haƙa gado har zuwa zurfin 25-30 cm, rami, an shayar da ruwa mai ɗumi (40 -50 ° C). Suna yin ramuka, suna shayar da su kafin dasa shuki tare da ƙwayar ƙwayoyin cuta.

Ana shuka 'ya'yan itace a cikin dindindin a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na farko da na biyu na Mayu. Ana yin saukowa a cikin girgije mai sanyi da safe, a cikin rana - da rana. A lokacin dasa shuki, 'yan seedlings ya zama sabo, ko da wilting kadan na tsirrai suna jinkirtar da ci gaban su, yana haifar da lalata lalata farkon furanni da asarar amfanin gona na farko.

Tumatir ana shuka su ne a shekarun farko da na biyu na Mayu. © Carla

Ana shuka 'ya'yan itace a tsaye, kawai tukunyar ƙasa tana zurfafa a cikin ƙasa. A tushe ya kasance ba ta rufe ƙasa, kuma amma bayan kwanaki 15 da tsire ke spudded zuwa kara tsawo na har zuwa 12 cm.

Ana shuka 'ya'yan itace a cikin layuka 2. Don nau'in matsakaici-matsakaici (60 - 70 cm), jeri-layi ya kamata ya zama 50 cm, kuma nisa a cikin layuka tsakanin tsire-tsire shine 40 - 45 cm. Don nau'in-girma (daidaitacce), iri-layi ana yin faɗin 40 -50 cm, kuma nisa a jere tsakanin tsire-tsire shine 40 cm Nan da nan sanya pegs 50 cm tsayi ga gajere kuma 80 cm don tsire-tsire masu matsakaici, amma mafi girman tasirin shine lokacin da aka ɗaura shuka zuwa maƙal da kuma wayar da aka shimfiɗa ta amfani da igiya na roba zuwa tsayi na 1 - 1.2 m. Sakamakon haka, shuka mafi kyawun haske, aired kuma mara lafiya mara lafiya. Har zuwa tsire-tsire sun yi tushe, ba a shayar da su kwanaki 10 bayan dasa. Bayan dasa, idan ana tsammanin zazzabi mai sanyi, tsire-tsire tumatir na buƙatar ƙarin tsari, musamman da dare. Bayan dasa shuki, an rufe gado na lambun tare da fim na zahiri har sai dumin yanayi ya faru (har zuwa Yuni 5-10), to ba a cire fim ɗin ba, amma an yi ramuka a kai tare da diamita na 10-12 cm a ko'ina cikin fim ɗin kuma an bar don bazara. Sakamakon haka, ana samun amfanin gona na farko, suna sauƙaƙe tsire-tsire daga kamuwa da cuta tare da matsanancin zafi.

Idan ya cancanta, za'a iya ɗaure seedlings.

Samuwar tsire-tsire tumatir

An kafa tsire-tsire domin su iya bayar da goge 5 zuwa 6. Lokacin da aka kafa tsire-tsire a cikin tushe guda ɗaya, a kan babban tushe duk harbe-harbe na gefe (matakai) waɗanda aka kafa a cikin sinus na kowane ganye an cire kuma an goge 'ya'yan itace 5-6 a kan babban harba. An sanya tsunkule a saman fure ta ƙarshe (babba), ta bar ganye 2 zuwa 3 a kai.

Tare da nau'i biyu mai tushe, an bar matashin yana girma a ƙarƙashin goge fure na farko. A lokaci guda, goge 'ya'yan itace 4 sun bar babban tushe kuma tsunkule saman, suna barin ganye 3, kuma a kan ƙwanƙwaran ƙwanƙwaran barin brushes 3 anda andan itace kuma sun yanyan ciki, suna barin 2 zuwa 3 ganye.

Aikata matakan aiki cikin tsari daidai.

Lokacin ƙirƙirar nau'i na tushe uku, ana barin hatsi na 'ya'yan itace 2-3 akan babban tushe. A kan ƙananan matakai biyu, an bar goge 2 na ɗan itace kuma an sanya tsunkule har sai ganye 2 zuwa 3 sun kasance a saman gogewar 'ya'yan itace.

A cikin shuka da kuma pinched tsire-tsire, abubuwan gina jiki suna zuwa samuwar da kuma cika 'ya'yan itacen, daga abin da girman su ya yawaita kuma ya fito a fili. A daji da aka kafa, ban da biyar zuwa shida na goge, yakamata a sami ganye 30 - 35.

Asalin tushen miya yi makonni 3 bayan dasa: 1 tablespoon na duniya ruwa ruwa da 1 tablespoon na nitrophoska suna diluted a cikin lita 10 na ruwa, kwarara kudi ne 0.5 lita na bayani ga kowane shuka. A farkon farkon fitar da fure na biyu fure goge ciyar na biyu tushen kai miya: 1 tablespoon na ruwa ruwa na duniya, 1 tablespoon na superphosphate, 1 teaspoon na potassium sulfate ko potassium chloride suna diluted a cikin lita 10 na ruwa, ko kuma 1 tablespoon na Organo-ma'adin taki ana ɗauka a kowace lita 10 na ruwa, amfani - 1 lita na bayani a kowace shuka.

Tushen tushe na uku yi a lokacin da ake fure na goge fure na uku: a cikin lita 10 na ruwa, 1 tablespoon na duniya ruwa ruwa da nitrophoska ne diluted, amfani - 5 lita 1 a kowace m2.

Na hudu ciyar da za'ayi kwanaki 12 bayan na uku: 1 tablespoon na superphosphate an diluted a cikin lita 10 na ruwa (amfani - 10 a kowace lita na 1 m²) ko amfani da taki na ruwa na duniya (1 tablespoon a lita 10 na ruwa), amfani - 5 lita na bayani a 1 m 1.

Tumatir 'ya'yan itace tsari

Wani lokaci abun da ke ciki na kayan miya yana dogara ne akan lokaci ne na ci gaban shuka ba, har ma a kan yanayi: a cikin hadari mai yanayi, kara kashi na potassium sulfate zuwa 1 tablespoon a lita 10 na ruwa, kuma a cikin yanayin rana, kashi urea 2 tablespoons a daidai adadin ruwa, yayin ciyarwa 5 l na bayani a 1 m2.

Yankakken tsire-tsire da tsire-tsire masu raunanan rauni yana buƙatar a yi kayan miya, watau yayyafa ganye tare da mafita mai zuwa: 1 tablespoon na urea an narke shi a cikin ruwa 10 na ruwa.

Mafi kyawun zafin jiki don haɓaka al'ada da 'ya'yan tumatir shine 20 - 25 ° C da dare.

Ana shayar da tsire-tsire da yawa, a cikin yanayin zafi bayan kwanaki 6, a cikin girgije mai sanyi a cikin kwanaki 7-8 a cikin nauyin 10 -20 L a 1 m², dangane da yawan zafin jiki na iska. Bayan an yi ruwa, an yayyafa gado tare da peat ko peat a cikin wani yanki na 1 - 2 cm. A wannan yanayin, ɓawon burodi ba ya kafawa a saman, danshi yana kasancewa a cikin ƙasa kuma ƙazamar ƙazantawa ba ta faruwa ba, wanda hakan ke cutarwa ga shuka, musamman ma a cikin lokacin furanni. Wuce haddi tare da rashin zafi yana haifar da mutuwar tushen tsarin.

A filin budewa, zai fi kyau a sha da rana don guje wa asarar ruwa mai yawa ta hanyar fitar ruwa.

Sau da yawa zaka iya ganin zubar furanni. Wannan alama ce ta rashin rashin danshi ko digo cikin zafin jiki. Fesa da tsire-tsire tare da bayani na boron (1 teaspoon a kowace lita 10 na ruwa), ana amfani da 1 lita 1 a minti.

Hakanan za'a iya tantance ranakun shayarwa ta bayyanar tsirrai - canza launi da ganye zuwa koren duhu mai duhu kuma yana ɗaure su a kwanakin zafi. A irin waɗannan halayen, ana shayar da tsire-tsire a cikin allurai 2 zuwa 3 bayan wani ɗan gajeren lokaci don saniya a cikin ƙasa.

Don haka takin da aka gabatar dashi da ruwa ya shiga zurfi, kasar gona a cikin hanyoyin an matse shi da fenti har zuwa zurfin zurfin ƙaho. Idan kasar gona a kan shafin ne m, da yawa hazo, watering ba a za'ayi (takin mai magani ana amfani da bushe siffan).

Yana da amfani musamman don amfani da takin gargajiya kamar “keɓaɓɓen gurasar”, “haihuwa”, “letean wasa”, “Tomato Signor” (cokali 1 kowace shuka).

Yuli da Agusta lokaci ne na yabanya da girbi. A cikin kula da tumatir, babban abinda shine a hanzarta yin tumatir na 'ya'yan itatuwa da aka saita tare da kare su daga lalata. Wajibi ne a ci gaba da cire sabbin stepan wasan da ke bayyana, yalwar ganye, sanya ƙyallen dukkan itace mai ɗauke da itace, cire gogewar fure wanda akan 'ya'yan itatuwa basu da lokaci. A cikin nau'ikan da ba'a bayyana ba, ya kamata a juya goge tare da 'ya'yan itatuwa zuwa rana. Hakanan yana da kyau a wannan lokacin (daga 15 ga Agusta 15), ban da duk manyan riguna, don ƙari a ciyar da tumatir tare da mafita mai zuwa: 1 teaspoon na urea, superphosphate da potassium sulfate ko 2 tablespoons na nitrophoska ana narkewa a cikin lita 10 na ruwa, ana kashe lita 0.5 na bayani kowace shuka.

Lokaci daga kafa zuwa 'ya' ya 'ya' ince a farkon farkon ya cikakke yana kwanaki 40 zuwa 50. Idan an bar 'ya'yan itatuwa overripe akan tsire-tsire, to, an rage yawan amfanin ƙasa, kuma akasin haka, idan a kai a kai ku tattara' ya'yan itatuwa marasa yawa (launin ruwan kasa), to yawan amfanin ƙasa yana ƙaruwa sosai. Ana iya adana 'ya'yan itatuwa masu launin ja a zazzabi na 5 - 10 ° C na kwanaki 40 - 50, yayin da gumi ya kamata ya zama akalla 80%.

'Ya'yan tumatir na ripening a kan reshe. F lambun lambun

Yana da kyau a cire duk 'ya'yan itatuwa da aka kafa daga bushes mai launin ruwan kasa, i.e. sabon shiga fara, da kuma sanya su a kan balaga. Wannan ingantacciyar dabarar tana yin saurin cika 'ya'yan itaciyar da suka rage a daji. Kafin kwanciya don ripening, dole ne a kwantar da 'ya'yan itatuwa don kare su daga blackening. Ana yin wannan kamar haka: na farko, an tumatir an shafe shi na tsawon mintuna 2 a cikin ruwan zafi (60 - 65 ° C), sannan a cikin sanyi, sannan a goge shi da zane mai laushi, sannan a dage farawa. Don hanzarta samar da ƙwaƙwalwa, ana aiwatar da shi a cikin zazzabi na 18 -20 ° C. An sanya 'ya'yan itace a cikin ƙananan akwatuna a cikin yadudduka 2 - 3, suna cire shinge. Fewan 'yan tumatir ja da aka ƙara a cikin akwakun. Suna hanzarta fitar da 'ya'yan itatuwa kore ta hanyar kwasar gas ɗin ethylene.

A cikin haske, tumatir na ripening sun fi samun launi mai tsananin zafi fiye da duhu. Sanya zane a saman kabad, bango.

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