Cherries

Abubuwan Halittu

Cherry - wani tsiro mai ban tsoro perennial girma a cikin nau'i na itace ko daji. Bangaren daskararre ya ƙunshi ɗayan itace ko akushi dayawa da kambi. Girma da fruiting bishiyoyi an ƙaddara su da rabo daga fure da girma a kan rassan shekara. Ya danganta da nau'in fruiting, duk nau'ikan cherries za'a iya raba su cikin rukuni biyu bisa ka'idoji: bushiya da itace-kamar. Bearan itace na ɗora na farko akan manyan rassan shekara, ɗayan a kan rassan bouquet. Bushy sun hada da Vladimirskaya, Lyubskaya, Polevole, Molodezhnaya, Taimako, da sauransu Rukunin yaudara sun hada da Zhukovskaya, Moscow Griot, Turgenevka, da sauransu.

Ya bambanta da itacen apple, furewar fure a cikin cherries yawanci sauki ne, i.e. furanni da 'ya'yan itatuwa ne kawai suka bunkasa daga garesu. Bayan zubar 'ya'yan itace, an tona rassan. A cikin cherries daji, yanayin fruiting ya dogara da tsawon girma na reshe a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. Rashin rauni - sakamakon ƙarancin kayan aikin gona, yana rage yawan amfanin gona ba wai kawai na shekara mai zuwa ba, har ma da shekaru masu zuwa. A kan gajerun harbe (10-15 cm), dukkanin madogara na fure suna da fure kuma kawai apical daya shine girma. A takaice karuwa, rukuni da hawan girma ba a aza su ba. Wannan yana haifar da raguwa a jigon kaya, bayyanar da rassa, da raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa. Tare da haɓaka mai kyau a kan harbe 30-40 cm tsayi, gefen kan gado da kuma an ɗora ragar rukuni, an saka alama ta inganta, jimlar adadin fure fure, kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa yana ƙaruwa.

Cheran itace daban-daban na cherries suna ɗaukar mafi yawan amfanin gona akan rassan bunch, samuwar wacce kuma tana da alaƙa da tsawon girma. A dogayen rassa na shekara (30-40 cm), haɓaka girma ne kawai ke zama. A shekara mai zuwa, ana yin harbe-harben da kuma rassan bouquet daga gare su. Ya danganta da kulawa, tsawon rayuwar reshen bouquet ya bambanta daga shekaru 2 zuwa 7. Treelike cherries ne m yiwuwa ga danda rassan fiye da m cherries, kuma saboda da bouquet rassan suna da karin fure buds. Idan aka samar da rassan bouquet da yawa kuma sunada zama, suna da girma kuma suna samun amfanin gona.

A cikin rayuwa, bishiyoyin ceri suna wuce babban yanayi uku: girma, 'ya'yan itace da bushewa. A kowane lokaci, tsawon girma alama ce ta matakin fasahar aikin gona. Don tsawaita lokacin fruiting, ya wajaba don kula da tsayin daka mai kyau tare da kyakkyawan kula da tsirrai, i.e. 30-40 cm.

Tushen tushe ya ƙunshi tushe mai tushe da fibrous. A lokacin fruiting, mafi yawan tushen aiki (60-80%) suna a cikin zurfin 20-40 cm tare da gefen kambi. Wannan yakamata ayi la'akari da amfani da takin mai magani da kuma rarar takin.

Girma kayan dasawa

Matattara dasa kayan

Ya danganta da hanyar yaduwa, ana iya samun tushe da tsire-tsire masu cakulan. Don yaduwa ta hanyar alurar riga kafi, da farko kuna buƙatar haɓaka jari sannan ku dasa gona a kai. A matsayin jari, ana amfani da seedlings da aka samo daga tsaba (tsaba) galibi.

Tsarin girbi. A bu mai kyau don girbe tsaba daga cikin nau'in katako da aka ajiye - Vladimirskaya, Shubinka, da dai sauransu An zaɓi tsaba daga kyawawan 'ya'yan itatuwa waɗanda suka isa cikakkiyar balaga. Abubuwan da aka girbe ba tare da bushewa ana sanya su a cikin gumi mara kyau (sawdust, yashi, gansakuka) don daidaitawa, ko adana moistened ba tare da canzawa a cikin jaka filastik har sai lokacin shuka.

Tsarin iri iri da shuka. Don samun ikon tsiro, tsaba dole ne su shiga cikin lokacin da ake shirin lokacin sanyi a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi. Irin waɗannan yanayi na iya kasancewa a cikin ƙasa a yanayi, i.e. kaka shuka tsaba mai yiwuwa ne (daga ƙarshen Agusta zuwa Oktoba). Tun da yanayin yanayi ba koyaushe ne ya fi dacewa don girbe girbi ba, noman rani ya fi aminci bayan lokacin shiri a yanayin wucin gadi, i.e. bayan stratification. Kafin shuka kaka ko kwanciya don daidaitawa, ana bada shawara ga jiƙa tsaba don kwanaki 5-7, dole ne a canza ruwan yau da kullun.

Don stratification, da tsaba an gauraye da sau uku girma na danshi-tsare abu - sawdust, sifted, da-wanke kogin yashi, sphagnum gansakuka. Don kare kasusuwa daga turɓaya da lalata, ana warkar dasu ta hanyar nutsar da wasu sakanni a cikin maganin potassiumgangan (25 MG a lita 1 na ruwa). Kafin fara fashewar iri, ana adana tsaba a zazzabi na 20 ° C (kimanin watanni 2), sannan kuma kafin tsirowa a 2-6 ° C a cikin ɗakunan ƙasa ko firiji na gida. Bayan kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsaba sun ciji, an sa su a cikin dutsen kankara ko glacier. Jimlar ɗaukar nauyin kwanciyar hankali kwanaki 150-180. A lokacin stratification, da substrate ne lokaci-lokaci moistened da kuma gauraye.

Yankin da aka tsara don shuka ya kamata a haƙa shi da kyau kuma a hadu da 1 m2 na kilogiram na 10-15 na humus, 40-60 g na superphosphate, 20-30 g na potassium mai, a kan ƙasa na acidic - 100 g lemun tsami. Idan babu takin mai ma'adinai, to za a iya haɗa humus da ash (150-200 g / m2). A farfajiya na ƙasar da aka shirya a hankali, an girka grooves 3-5 mm mai zurfi a nesa na 25-30 cm daga juna.

Bonesasassun ƙasusuwa an rarrabe su a cikin yashi ko wani abu, an shimfiɗa su a ƙasan tsagi bayan 4-5 cm, an rufe shi da ƙasa mai abinci mai kyau, ana shayar, mulched.

Alurar riga kafi. A cikin farkon kakar, ana samun kyawawan seedlings da suka dace da alurar rigakafi daga zuriyarsu. Idan zai yiwu a sami ƙwayar ciyawa mai kauri, a cikin bazara na shekara mai zuwa suna thinned fita, suna barin bayan 15-20 cm. Ana yin rigakafin ne a cikin bazara ko lokacin bazara a lokacin safarar ruwan 'ya'yan itace. A cikin bazara, grafts suna inoculated tare da biyu ko uku buds bisa ga hanyar inganta copulation, scab, a baya da haushi kuma zuwa a kaikaice incision. Ana girbe yankan a farkon hunturu kafin sanyi mai sanyi kuma a adana shi a zazzabi na 0 ° C (a cikin ɗakuna, firiji, daskararren dusar ƙanƙara). Idan akwai ci gaban daji ko sha'awar samun nau'i daban-daban, an yanke rassan kwarangwal kuma an sake haɗa su don lokutan 1-2 ta amfani da ɗayan hanyoyin da ke sama.

Okulirovanie (inoculation tare da ido) yana gudana ne a cikin Yuli - Agusta yayin lokacin kwarara ruwan itace. Don ingantaccen tabbacin rayuwa, an haɗa su da idanu biyu.

Samun kayan shuka

Materialaukar abu mai ɗanɗano da za a iya girma daga zuriyarsa mai tushe (harbe), kamar yadda kuma daga tushen kyawawan bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da ƙwayoyi masu yawa.

An haye harbe a watan Satumba-Oktoba ko a farkon bazara kafin a buɗe buds. Mafi kyawun ɗan shekaru biyu da biyu tare da ɓangaren ɓangaren da ke sama an zaɓi su a kan canjin kambi a wurare masu haske. Sun tono su, suna ja da baya da santimita 15-20. An yanke igiyar gwal da aka tono daga bangarorin biyu don haka ragowar tushe ya kasance tsawon cm 30. Tare da ci gaba mara kyau na tushen tushe, yana da kyau a shuka zuriyar akan dogayen shara tare da yawan ruwa.

Yaduwa da tushen cuttings. Tushen ana girbe shi a ƙarshen kaka ko a farkon bazara. Tushen babba an fallasa a wuraren da suke yin tarin yawa, kuma daga kauri daga 0.4 zuwa 1.5 cm, an yanke sassan 12-15 cm. A cikin hunturu, ana adana cuttings a cikin ƙasa a cikin yashi a rigar zafin jiki na 0- + 2 “С. A farkon bazara, ana shuka tsiran onagesan itace a kan gadaje da aka shirya a cikin tsagi a nesa na 8-10 cm daga juna har ya zuwa ƙarshen saman ya rufe da ƙasa 1-2 cm, da ƙananan santimita 3-5. Ruwan kwalliyar an shayar da ita sosai. Za a iya amfani da an Rootan Tushen da tsire-tsire azaman hannun jari don grafting sababbin nau'ikan alamar rahama a kansu.

Saukowa

Zaɓin wurin zama. Don dasa cherries ya kamata a sanya mafi girman, wurare masu kyau. A cikin yankuna tsakiya da arewacin, wuraren kusa da shinge, gine-gine, inda ake ƙirƙirar microclimate mai dumin ruwa da ƙarin shingen dusar ƙanƙara, sun fi dacewa. Zurfin ruwan karkashin kasa bai wuce 1.5-2 m daga farfajiyar ƙasa ba. Hankalin maganin ƙasa ya kamata ya kasance kusa da tsaka tsaki (pH 6.5-7.0).

Preparationasa shiri. Yawancin ƙasa kafin dasa bishiyoyi suna buƙatar haɓaka, i.e. daidaita da halaye na ci gaban bishiyoyi. Ana haɓaka kasa ta Podzolic akan maɓallin bayonet kuma ƙasa ta gauraye da lemun tsami da takin zamani. Ana amfani da takin gargajiya (taki, takin) a ƙimar 10-15 kg / m2, takin mai ma'adinai dangane da: phosphorus 15-20 g, potassium - 20-25 g (gwargwadon abu mai aiki). Adadin lemun tsami ya dogara da abun da ke ciki na kasar gona da kuma girman acidity. Zai fi kyau yin lemun tsami dabam da takin ma'adinai.

A kan chernozems masu arziki, ana amfani da kilogiram 5-6 na takin gargajiya, 20-25 g na phosphorus, 10-15 g na potassium (gwargwadon abu mai aiki) a kowace murabba'in murabba'in.

Acidic peaty kasa tare da kasancewa kusa da ruwan karkashin kasa ba su dace da ciyawar cherries ba. Ruwan ofasa na peaty, -arin dasa shuki na wasu toasa zuwa peat (a 1 m2 50-60 kilogiram na ƙasa, 1 kilogiram na taki, 20-25 g na phosphorus, 15-20 g na potassium, 300-800 g lemun tsami) suna da tasirin gaske a kan girma da 'ya'yan itace. Tare da shiri na gaba-gaba na shafin, ya wajaba (musamman a kan kasa tare da karancin wadataccen abinci) don amfani da takin zamani a cikin rami na dasa shuki. Daga takin gargajiya, humus, peat ba-acid, da tsufa ana kawo su cikin ramuka na dasa; sulfate potassium ya fi dacewa da takin zamani. Ba a ba da shawarar takin zamani na Nitrogen da lemun tsami don dasa ramuka ba, wannan na iya cutar da rayuwa. Pitaya daga cikin rami na saukowa yana buƙatar kilogiram na 10-15 na takin gargajiya (daidai yake a cikin da'irar akwati don mulching), 200 g na phosphorus, 60 g na potassium. Madadin potash, yana da kyau a yi amfani da ash - 0.5 kilogiram a kowane rami.

Dasa kayan. Digging. Ywararru, kyawawan tsire-tsire masu tasowa tare da rassa 3-4 na tushen kasusuwa sun dace da dasa. A lokacin sufuri, dole ne a kiyaye tushen bishiyoyin daga bushewa. A lokacin shuka kaka, kawai soaked iyakar kuma musamman dogon Branching daga cikin tushen da ba su dace a cikin saitin rami suna dan kadan a yanka. Yana da amfani a nutsad da bushewar 'ya'yan itace bayan yankan tushen tsawon awanni 6-10 cikin ruwa.

Saplings don dasa shuki na bazara na hunturu. Sun tono rami mai zurfi na 30-35 cm a cikin shugabanci daga yamma zuwa gabas. A gefen kudu, bango na maɓuɓɓugan an yi karkata (a wani kusurwa na 30-45 °) kuma an sanya dakaru masu yawa a ciki tare da rawanin zuwa kudu, don guje wa kunar rana a jiki idan ya yiwu. Bayan cika ruwa, an matse ƙasa sosai zuwa ga tushen da kuma kututtuttukan saboda babu matsanancin iska wanda iska mai sanyi zata shiga. Idan ƙasa ba ta isa sosai, an shayar da seedlings. Tsakanin su da kewayen maɓallin yana da amfani don sanya rassan fir tsiro, wannan yana kare kariyar lalacewa ta mice kuma a ɗan ɓangare daga ƙone ƙone.

Lokacin sauka. A cikin yankuna na kudanci, har ma a cikin yankuna na tsakiya a cikin shekarun tare da m fall da hunturu, saukowar kaka yana ba da sakamako mai kyau. Koyaya, tare da farkon farkon sanyi kuma a cikin hunturu mai dusar ƙanƙara, seedlings ya daskare sosai. Ya kamata a kammala dasa shuki a cikin kwanaki 20-30 kafin a daskare ƙasar. Seedlings an fi kiyaye su a lokacin dasa a farkon spring, da zaran kasar gona thaws kuma ta bushe fitar kadan.

Hanyar saukarwa. Don dasa shuki, tono ramuka tare da faɗin 80 cm da zurfin 50-60 cm. Lokacin tono, saman ƙasa ya watsar cikin ɗayan, ƙasa a ɗayan. A tsakiyar ramin, ana sanya gungumen saukar da dutse, wanda a ciki ake zuba tsauni daga saman ƙasan ƙasa wanda aka haɗu da takin humus da ma'adinai. Rashin ƙananan ƙananan yara, waɗanda aka fitar daga rami, ya fi kyau warwatse tare da hanya. Lokacin da aka sake cika ƙwayar seedling, an tabbatar da cewa tushen wuyansa yana a matakin ƙasa, la'akari da kasancewar 2-5 cm, musamman akan ƙasa mai yawa. A kusa da seedling yi rami tare da gefuna wanda aka zuba abin nadi daga ƙasa. An zuba buhun ruwa biyu a cikin ramin. Bayan da aka yi ruwa, an yayyafa ƙasa a jikin bishiyar tare da ƙasa mara laushi, peat ko humus don adana danshi. An ɗaure seedling a kan gungumen azaba ta hanyar siffa takwas saboda babu wani matsin lamba a kan tushe.

Nisa tsakanin itatuwa a jere yakamata ya zama 2 m (tsirrai masu tsayi 3 m), tsakanin layuka - 3 m.

Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su:

• Cherry - A. M. Mikheev, N. T. Revyakina