Maganin aladu, a cewar masana ilimin archaeologists, ya fara ne daga shekaru 7 zuwa 13 da suka gabata a Gabas ta Tsakiya. A yau, nau'ikan aladu da yawa suna ɗaukar kama da asalin magabatansu, dabbar daji, da godiya ga aikin kiwo, dabbobin gida na zamani sun fi girma, sun fi girma, suna girma da sauri kuma suna da nauyi.
Aladu a duk faɗin duniya ana dafa su don abinci mai daɗi, nama mai laushi da naman alade mai kitse. Aikace-aikacen a masana'antu na fata ne da na goge baki, har ma an sake haɗa ƙasusuwa. An rarraba nau'ikan nau'ikan dabbobi masu wadatar dabbobi zuwa nau'i iri-iri bisa ga sifofin ƙirarsu.
Tunda babban mahimmanci ga masu shayarwa shine nama da man alade, an rarraba nau'ikan alade bisa ga irin nau'in samarwa daga dabbobi da za'a iya samu a girma. Kasancewar mahaifa dole ne ya shafi bayyanar piglet da manya. Ana iya samun wakilai na nau'in nama:
- tare da jiki tolong;
- mara ƙima idan aka kwatanta da tsawon jiki, faɗin kirji;
- nau'in naman alade mai santsi da sternum.
Dabbobin da aka yi niyya don man alade sun fi na takwarorinsu nama. Suna da faffadar sashi mai nauyi, babba guda, babba mai yanka. Matsakaicin matsakaici tsakanin nau'in nama da nau'ikan nama shine yake mamaye ta duniya ko nau'ikan nama.
Hoto da kwatancen kwalliyar aladu zasu taimaka fahimtar fahimtar bambance-bambancen da ake samu na waɗannan dabbobin gonar mai mahimmanci kuma suna yin zaɓin da ya dace lokacin siyan su don amfanin gonar nasu.
Babban farin nau'in aladu
Wani yanki mai mahimmanci na dabbobi a Rasha a yau ya faɗi akan manyan fararen aladu. Wannan shine daya daga cikin tsoffin nau'ikan dabbobin gona, wanda aka baku a Ingila a tsakiyar karni kafin karshe. Wurin asalin manyan dabbobin farko na duniya shine asalin garin Yorkshire.
An bambanta aladu masu alaƙa ta hanyar kwarangwal mai ƙarfi, ƙari mai jituwa da ikon ciyarwa, da nufin samun kitse, nama ko naman alade mai saƙo. Amma sakamakon ayyukan masu shayarwa na Ingilishi, wanda ya ba wa duniya nau'in alade Yorkshire, kusan ya yi asara a rabin na biyu na karni na 19. Sai kawai tare da gabatar da tsauraran ka'idoji da ƙa'idodin kiwo don ya yiwu a haɓaka halayen dabi'a, kuma ana kiran aladu manyan, fararen fata.
An shigo da dabbobi cikin Rasha a ƙarshen karni kafin ƙarshe. A cikin yanayin gida wanda ya sha bamban sosai da na Burtaniya, masu goyon baya sun sami damar samun kyakkyawan tsarin kabilanci. Godiya ga masu shayarwa a cikin gida, ire-iren manyan fararen aladu ya shahara shekaru da yawa a cikin ƙasar da kuma duniya baki ɗaya.
Dangane da hoto da bayanin irin aladu, alamuran wadannan dabbobin na manufar duniya sun hada da:
- babban convex kirji;
- dogon baya;
- ƙarfi m ass;
- kafaffun gajerun kafafu;
- bakin ciki, densely rufe jikin bristles;
- babban kai a wuyan dogo mai kauri;
- mai hankali amma banda kunnuwa;
- m amma ba m fata.
Jikin babban boar ya kai tsayin 190 cm, kuma mace ta zama dan kadan - har ya kai santimita 170. Aladu manyan farar fata ana san su da kyakkyawar mu'amala. A matsakaici, ana haihuwar 'yar kuzari 12 a cikin mace, wanda ya kai nauyin kilo 20-25 a kowane wata, kuma a cikin watanni shida wani magini ya zana shi.
Tare da kulawa da kulawa mai kyau, dabbobi da sauri suna daidaita da sifofin abinci da kuma sauyin yanayi, suna da wadatarwa kuma masu mahimmancin gaske. Koyaya, suna buƙatar sarrafa abinci mai gina jiki, in ba haka ba suna masu ƙiba sosai.
Landras alade irin
Daga cikin nau'ikan nama na zamani, nau'in Danish, wanda aka samo a farkon karni na ƙarshe, ana ɗauka ɗayan waɗanda suka fara shugabanci. Irin wannan aladu na Landras ya samo asali ne daga jinin fararen Ingilishi da dabbobin Danish na cikin gida, ba wai kawai sun ketare layi ba ne, har ma an yi amfani da hanyoyin ciyarwa tare da haɗa yawancin furotin ana yin su don samun ƙoshin nama a lokacin kiwo.
Landras alade halin halin:
- mafi karancin mai;
- dola mai tsayi a cikin dabbobin da ke fuskantar nama;
- hasken da ba kasafai ake amfani da shi ba;
- fata na bakin ciki;
- dogon kunne mai jan kunne zuwa matakin ido.
Tsawon jikin mutum na dattijo na iya wuce 180 cm, kuma nauyi na iya kaiwa kilo 310. Mace, kamar yadda ake tsammani, ƙarami ne. Tare da tsawon jikinsu kawai fiye da 165 cm, nauyinsu shine 260 kg. Landrace aladu a matsakaita suna da kusan 11 piglets a cikin zuriyar dabbobi. Matsakaicin saurayi yana da matukar ƙarfi, yana girma da sauri, yana samun nauyin kilogram 100 bayan kwanaki 189.
Koyaya, tare da duk halayen kirki na wannan naman, yana da rashin amfani. Zai yuwu a cimma kyakkyawan aiki da kuma mafi girman ingancin nama kawai tare da kulawa koyaushe da kuma abincin da aka zaɓa daidai.
Alade irin Duroc
Amurkawa, mai launin alade ya bayyana a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Da farko, ana tsammanin za a ɗaga aladu don mai, amma haɓaka buƙatun kayan samfuran nama ya canza yanayin kiwo. A yau, babban halayen Duroc aladu sune:
- kyakkyawan ingancin nama;
- tsinkaye;
- juriya da kuma yiwuwar kiyayewa cikin yanayin makiyaya;
- da ikon yada mafi kyawun halayensa ga zuriya, sabili da haka ana amfani da aladu na nau'in Duroc a hankali don maganin maye.
Dabbobin suna da kasusuwa mai ƙarfi da jiki mai ƙarfi, wanda dole ne ya sami tallafi ta hanyar abincin da aka zaɓa sosai. Dukansu boars da mace mace ba su wuce 185 cm Tsayi.
Ya bambanta da fararen aladu masu alaƙa da dabbobi na mallakar Landras, ragin dajin mata Duroc bai wuce 11 ba, yayin da shuka ke cikin natsuwa, kulawa da cikakkiyar kulawa ga tsararrun haɓaka cikin sauri, bayan kwanaki 170-180 suna yin nauyi sama da kilo 100.
Mangal aladu
A cikin tarihin alaƙar noma akwai dabbobin daji da dama iri iri. A rabin rabin karni na 19, an dauki dabbobi daga gundumar Lincolnshire a matsayin mafi kyau duka tare da irin aladu na Yorkshire. Lokacin farin ciki gashi waɗannan aladu sunyi kama da ulu na tumaki kuma ana amfani dashi koda don samun yarn yarn gida. Amma a cikin 1972, bisa hukuma ta fahimci cewa Lincolnshire aladu sun ɓace.
An yi sa'a, da dama daga Harshen ko Carpathian, aladu masu dusar ƙwaya - Mangalitsa ko Mangalitsa ulu - an kiyaye su wanda yake kusan ƙarshen nau'in. Dabbobi na iya zama launuka daban-daban, suna da kyau, suna godiya ga farin gashi da keɓaɓɓun gashi kuma suna ba da ƙwararren inganci.
Mangal aladu suna da babban abin ɗorewa, suna da ƙaƙƙarfan rigakafi, wanda zai baka damar ƙin yin rigakafin kananan dabbobi da amfani da nau'ikan ciyarwa.
Iyakar abin da aka samu shine kawai karancin dangin aladu da kuma karamin adadin aladun alamomin a zuriya. A matsakaici, mace tana ba da 'ya' yan 4-5 kawai, a nan gaba yawan adadin jariran da ke cikin brood yana ƙaruwa kaɗan.
Asianan Asiya mai ƙyalƙyali
Amincewa da aladu mai ƙwanƙwasa Asiya a cikin masu shayarwa na Turai ya fara ne kawai a ƙarshen ƙarni na ƙarshe. Chunky, tare da iko mai ƙarfi da babban kai, dabbobi da aka sani da Vietnamese, Sinawa ko aladu na Koriya sun haifar da ƙaƙƙarfan yabo da mamaki.
Smallarami, idan aka kwatanta da nau'ikan aladu na gargajiya, dabbobi suna da wuri, suna ba da ƙwararrun nama, masu tsabta ne kuma marasa misaltawa.
Tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin girman balagar mai nauyin kilogram 150 da mace mai kimanin kilogram 120, yawan abincin da aka samu mara nauyi yana iya wuce kashi 75%, wanda shine nau'in rikodin tsakanin nau'ikan nama. A lokaci guda, mata suna shirye su ba zuriya ta fari tun farkon watanni 4, kuma yawan adadin kuzarin a lokacin farrowing wani lokacin ya kai buri 20. Dabbobin picky suna ciyar da hatsi, hay da ciyawar ciyawa, basa buƙatar alurar rigakafi da yanayin yanayi na tsarewa.
Idan alade suna samun kulawa ta dace, har zuwa watanni 7 har suka kai nauyin yanka, ba a baya ba wajen ƙarancin girma daga aladu na alaƙar Duroc ko manyan farar fata.
Vietnamese ko Asis na fata, da suka bayyana kwanan nan a cikin gonakin Turai, nan da nan ya tayar da sha'awar masu shayarwa.
A halin yanzu, an samo aladu mai yawa bisa ga waɗannan dabbobi da ƙananan boars na Turai. Animalsananan dabbobin suna ƙara zama sananne a sassa daban-daban na duniya. Hotuna da kwatancin nau'ikan alade suna taɓawa da ban mamaki ko da mutanen da ke nesa da harkar kiwo, ƙaramin alade a duk faɗin duniya ana ɗaukarsu kamar dabbobi masu ado.
Karmal alade
Haɗin, wanda aka samo daga hadaddun giyar alaƙar alade da kayan dusar ulu, ana kiranta Karmal. Dabbobi sun karɓi tsinkayen magabatan Asiya, amma sun fi ƙaruwa da girma. Babban ɗan alade na Karmal na iya samun nauyi kusan kilogiram 200, yayin da ake fifita ciyar da kayan lambu mai arha kuma baya nuna ɓoye idan an kiyaye shi.
Dabbobin da aka gauraya sun gaji daga ƙwayar Carpathian a lokacin farin gashi da ulu da jariri mai launi. Aladuran ba sa buƙatar ɗakunan da keɓe har ma don hunturu, kuma ciki mai ƙarfi yana ba ku damar narke ko da roughage, wanda ba a iya samu ga magabatan Vietnamese. Tare da irin wannan ɗabi'un halaye masu kyau, wannan nau'in ba za a iya kiransa cikakke cikakke ba. Ayyukan kiwo a kan nau'in alade na Karmal yana gudana a hankali don haɓaka da haɓaka mafi kyawun halaye.
