Kalina tana da daraja da daraja a Rasha, tana da tarihi mai kyau kuma, tare da birch da ash ash, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin al'adun Rasha na asali. Tun daga zamanin da, an girma viburnum kusa da gidaje, ana dasa shi a farfajiya. An yi imani da cewa tana da ikon sihiri don korar mugayen ruhohi da aljanu. Saboda wannan dalili, viburnum koyaushe ya kasance baƙi maraba a cikin bikin aure, bikin da aka danganta da haihuwar yara da wasu bukukuwa. Tare da 'ya'yan itatuwa na' 'viburnum' ', sun yi wa gidaje ado, suna sanya wreaths, sun yi amfani da su don magance cututtukan da yawa, har ma da gasa tare da su, wanda suka kira - guelder-fure. Gabaɗaya, an nuna godiya ga viburnum a Rasha, kuma har yanzu 'ya'yan itaciya da tsire-tsire suna cikin buƙatu mai girma. A halin yanzu ana girma Viburnum a cikin tsiro na mai son da kuma sikelin masana'antu, kodayake, ba shakka, albarkatu irin su strawberries da baƙar fata currants har yanzu suna da nisa daga sikelin namowar viburnum.
Karanta bayananmu masu cikakken bayani: varietiesa fruitan Van itacen Viburnum da Shuka da yaduwar viburnum.
Guelder-fure talakawa, ko guelder-fure ja (Viburnum opulus). Me Jan MehlichBayanin Viburnum
Dangane da ilmin halitta, viburnum al'ada ce mai nishaɗi, alal misali, ɗauki dangi: da farko, botanists da aka sanya wa viburnum, bisa ga alamu da dama, dangin Honeysuckle, kodayake yana da mahimmanci a duba honeysuckle da viburnum don haka kowa ya yi mamaki: ba su da komai a hade. A farkon karni na 21, an canza viburnum zuwa wani dangi - Adoksovye, amma daga can, viburnum, bayan doguwar jayayya da ci gaba, an yanke shawarar ware. Yau, an sanya viburnum ga dangi mai zaman kanta - Kalinovye, kuma yanzu matsayinsa, ga alama, ba ya canzawa.
Viburnum yana tartsatsi kusan ko'ina, musamman ya fi so ya mamaye ƙasa mai daɗin rai, ba da nisa da koguna, fadama, ya girma a wuraren buɗe wuta kuma yawancin lokuta yana da fashewar harbe-harben har zuwa yawan amfanin ƙasa daga kowane daji ba ya wuce kilogram kuma wani lokacin ma yana da girma. Berries na viburnum daji sun rataye a kan harbe har tsawon lokaci kuma suna ƙonewa kamar ruby, wanda ke jan hankalin tsuntsaye, musamman maɗaɗɗɗa, waɗanda ke yada wannan shukar, "shuka".
Daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'in viburnum, ainihin adadin wanda har yanzu ba a ba shi sunan ba, kawai yadu ya fi ko'ina cikin al'adu gama gari ko ja da launi (Viburnum opulus) Wasu daga cikin mutane suna ɗauke da matsayin ɗan kurmi ne, yayin da wasu kuma ana ɗaukar su ƙaramin itace ne, amma duk da haka, yanayin rayuwa na yanayin rayuwa ta kusa da daji.
Ganyen ganye na wannan nau'in suna akasin haka, ba a yin karuwanci sosai, ana shuka tsiro. Inflorescences na yau da kullun viburnum sune umbellate-corymbose, sun ƙunshi da yawa na jima'i, manyan furanni waɗanda suka fara kwana ɗaya ko biyu kafin sauran su buɗe cikin inflorescence kuma suna bauta kawai don jawo hankalin kwari. Kalina kusan gabaɗaya ba ta da kanta, ana buƙatar pollen wasu nau'ikan don pollination, amma pollen kanta tayi ƙanƙanta da haske wanda wani lokacin iska take ɗaukar ta tsawon kilomita, saboda haka sau da yawa koda kurmi mai kuzari a tsakiyar steppe an rufe shi da 'ya'yan itatuwa.
Af, game da 'ya'yan itãcen viburnum, suna drupes, mai haske ja a launi, sun zama masu taushi yayin da suka girma, tare da ruwan' ya'yan itace da yawa kuma kusan jiki mai ganuwa. Dandano, har ma da irin nau'ikan zamani na viburnum, yana da daci sosai, don haka yawanci berries yana daskarewa kafin amfani, wanda dan kadan ya rage haushi. A cikin kowane Berry akwai manya-manyan, ɗakin kwana, wani lokacin kuma har ya kai kashi ɗaya bisa uku na nauyin Berry.
Kalina tsohuwar hanta ce, a kan ƙasa mai kyau ta abinci, a wuri mai haske, tare da mai mai kulawa, za ta iya rayuwa shekaru da yawa. A bisa hukuma, shekarunsa masu amfani yana iyakantacce zuwa shekaru 30, amma idan ka sake farfado da viburnum ta hanyar rage dukkan harbe har zuwa kututture, to, za'a iya ninki biyu.
Gudun daji na Viburnum vulgarisYaya za a kula da viburnum?
Kula da viburnum a lokacin bazara
Da zaran dusar ƙanƙara ta narke, wanda yawanci yakan faru a ƙarshen Maris ko kuma farkon Afrilu, yana da mahimmanci don tsabtace yankin kusa da bakin tarkace, ganyayyaki da ya bushe, rassa bushe da sassauta don hana samuwar ɓawon ƙasa. Bayan mako guda, zaku iya kula da viburnum tare da urea ta hanyar shirya maganin 5%. Wannan jiyya zai taka rawar farko, a wannan yanayin, foliar takin tare da takin mai magani na nitrogen a cikin kakar kuma zai yi aiki a matsayin prophylaxis game da kwari da cututtuka.
Kusa da tsakiyar watan Mayu, kuna buƙatar sake juyar da ƙasa a cikin yankin kusa-kusa, zuba nitroammophoski (ingantacciyar takin gona) a ƙarƙashin kowane daji na viburnum don tablespoon, sannan ku zuba bokiti biyu na ruwa a ƙarƙashin kowane daji sama da shekara biyar, da guga a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin daji. kuma ciyawa farfajiya na ƙasa tare da peat ko humus, wani ɓangaren ma'aunin santimita biyu.
Kula da viburnum a lokacin rani
Nan da nan bayan fure, ya zama tilas a saka riguna daban-daban daidai da yanayin “yanayin”: muna sassauta, ƙara, ruwa, ciyawa. A wannan karon, azaman taki, yafi dacewa ayi amfani da superphosphate da potassium salt: cokali biyu na dukkan gandun daji. Viburnum kuma yana amsa da kyau ga aikace-aikacen itace ash - ingantaccen tushen potassium. Kwayoyin halitta kuma sun dace, musamman humus na 1-2 kg ga kowane daji.
A lokacin rani, kar a manta game da shayarwar viburnum, dole ne a aiwatar da su a kowane kwanaki 4-5, idan fari ya yi zafi sosai. Yayin ƙirƙirar ovaries, haɓakar 'ya'yan itace, danshi kusan mahimmanci ne ga viburnum fiye da takin zamani. Don bushes shekara 5-6 da haihuwa, kana buƙatar zuba bulo 2-3, a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin tsire-tsire - rabin. Bayan ruwa, tabbatar da ciyawa kasar gona, rufe danshi, wannan ba zai ba shi damar yin sheka da sauri ba. Ka tuna: a cikin yanayin viburnum, amfanin gona ya dogara da dalilai biyu - pollination da yalwar danshi.
Ta halitta, dole ne a ci gaba da sarrafa sako, musamman ma a kusa-kusa yanki na matasa tsire-tsire.
Berries na Viburnum vulgaris akan wani daji. © HenrykKula da viburnum a cikin bazara
A cikin farkon kaka, yawanci ƙarshen watan Agusta da farkon Satumba, 'ya'yan itsoshin viburnum sun girma. Yana da kyawawa don tattara su, jiran cikakken ripening dukkan berries a cikin inflorescence. Fahimtar cewa su cikakke abu ne mai sauƙi: ɗan bishi ne ke ba da ruwan 'ya'yan itace a lokacin da aka matse, kuma waɗanda suka manyanta sukan fitar da ruwan' ya'yan itace, kuma matsi da su ga wannan halin yana da wahala, tunda suna da wuya. Tattara viburnum a gaba lokaci ya kure kawai idan kana buƙatar jigilar amfanin gona a kan nesa mai nisa; idan kun bar shi nan da nan don sarrafawa, yana da kyau ku tattara su cikakken ripened. An lura, duk da haka, cewa berries '' viburnum '' '' '' '' '', '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' ne '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '. cikakken balagarsu a gida ba zai yi aiki ba.
Bayan mun girbe viburnum, wanda yafi dacewa don ɗauka tare da goge baki ɗaya, kuma lokacin da mutum ɗaya zai iya tattarawa har zuwa daruruwan kilo a kowace rana, wanda yake daidai da girbi daga kusan bushes goma, tsire-tsire suna buƙatar sake ciyar da shi. Ka tuna da hakan a cikin kaka, a cikin akwati bai kamata ku yi amfani da takin mai magani na nitrogen ba, za su iya kunna ci gaban harbe na viburnum kuma za su daskare kafin su sami lokacin lignify kuma shirya don hunturu. A cikin kaka, zaka iya amfani da superphosphate da gishiri na gishiri a cikin adadin kilogram 15-20 ga kowane daji.
Ba a buƙatar ƙarin kariya don yanayin hunturu na hunturu, yana da kyau sosai kuma yana da matukar wuya kawai wasu sassa na ci gaban matasa za su iya kama sanyi.
Ta yaya kuma lokacin datsa viburnum?
Yin datti yana da mahimmanci wajen kula da viburnum, idan baku aikata hakan ba, daji zaiyi kauri sosai, harbe-harben zai fara yin gasa da juna, da sauri, wanda zai kara tsayi dajin, rage yawan amfanin gona kuma yana da wahalar tattara wadancan berries wadanda zasu iya samar da su.
Ana shirya mafi yawan buguwa da ƙwayar cuta da zaran ta sauka, amma dusar ƙanƙara ba ta narke gaba ɗaya. Yawancin lokaci wannan shine ƙarshen Fabrairu da makon farko na Maris. Da farko kuna buƙatar yanke duk fashewar fashewa (waɗanda yawanci suna da yawa bayan girbi), cire duk bushewar haɓaka waɗanda suka yi bakin ciki sosai (bakin ciki fiye da fensir mai sauƙi), mai kiba (matashi mai girma sosai mai girma tare da manyan sassan duniya, wanda a yawancin lokuta babu 'ya'yan itace) da waɗancan girma zurfi cikin kambi.
Gabaɗaya, pruning viburnum bashi da cikakkun dokoki, kamar, faɗi, itacen apple. Kuna buƙatar kusanci kowane tsire-tsire daban-daban, ƙoƙarin rage haɓaka ta hanyar yankan zuwa reshe na gefen da ke waje da kambi. Ka ce, idan harbi ya yi tsayi, tsayin mita 2-2.5 kuma yana da rassa da yawa, to yana iya yiwuwa a gajarta shi da daya daga cikin rassan a tsayin nisan mita 1.5. Me muka samu? Wani daji na viburnum tare da kambi mai shimfiɗa, mara nauyi, ba mai kauri ba, wanda yake dacewa sosai don girbi.
Bayan dozin shekaru, zaka iya datsa da mururnum, ka yanke dukkan harbere kusa da kasa a tsayin 10-15 cm, kana barin wasu girma tare da wasu kodan. A tsawon lokaci, sabbin harbe za su yi girma sosai daga garesu kuma za a sabunta daji na viburnum. Za ku buƙaci kawai zaɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu 5-6 (ba ƙari ba) kuma yanke zuwa reshe na gefen, da zaran sun kai tsayin mita ɗaya da rabi.
Bayan datsa viburnum, kar a manta da a ware duk wuraren da aka yanke tare da gonar var.
Bush na Viburnum vulgaris. CLARACututtuka da kwari na viburnum
Menene rashin lafiya viburnum?
Gabaɗaya, da wuya viburnum ba ta da lafiya, amma wannan yana faruwa, musamman a wasu shekaru, lokacin da wata cuta ba zato ba tsammani ta bayyana kanta a cikin ƙarfi musamman.
A cikin shekaru gumi, tare da yalwar zafi, a tsayayyun wuraren tsayawa, inda ba a yin wani dan kwalliya, barkewar cuta akai-akai powdery mildew. Wannan kamuwa da cuta ne na fungal, wanda ke bayyana kanta a cikin wani nau'in murfin farin gashi a farfajiyar ganye na viburnum, wanda daga baya ya zama launin ruwan kasa (lokacin da spores ya balaga kuma ya tashi baya a fuskoki daban-daban). Powdery girma, haɓaka, yana haifar da bushewa da mutuƙar ƙwayoyin ganye, sabili da haka, ana rushe hanyoyin photosynthesis, an rage yawan amfanin ƙasa.
Kuna iya magance mildew powdery akan viburnum ta hanyar kulawa da sullar colloidal a cikin adadin 50 g da lita 10 na ruwa, yawan amfani da maganin yana kusan lita kowace shuka. Don magance ma'amala na powdery zai kuma taimaka magungunan da ake kira fungicides, alal misali, Skor, Topaz da sauransu da yawa.
Haske Ascochitic, - yana bayyana kanta a cikin ganyen viburnum a cikin nau'i na aibobi ko aibobi na siffar zagaye, launin shuɗi a launi, tare da iyakar launin shuɗi ko launin ruwan kasa. A tsawon lokaci, a wurin da aibanan suka kasance, ilmin ƙwayayen nama ya bayyana, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar asalin ganye.
Don ware sake aukuwar cutar, ya zama dole a tattara da kuma lalata ganye. Taimaka wa viburnum don magance cutar tare da magani HOM ko ruwa na Bordeaux 2%.
Sau da yawa, musamman idan lokacin bazara ana saninsa da ƙarancin zafin jiki da yawan ruwan sama, yakan bayyana akan ƙashin bayan ganuwar viburnum m launin toka. Alamun wannan cuta suna launin ruwan kasa, aibobi marasa kyau a ganyen viburnum, waɗanda ke girma tare da lokaci, wani lokacin rufe yawancin ganye. Ganyen ganye a maimakon waɗannan aibobi ya bushe kuma ya faɗi, berries ɗin kuma za'a iya shafa shi da launin toka, yayin da suke rufe da launin ruwan kasa mai ruɓi da ruɓaɓɓen.
Don ware bayyanar launin toka rot a kan viburnum, yana da mahimmanci don ƙin shayarwa idan ta yi ruwan sama, kada ku ƙara tsire-tsire, aiwatar da tsabtace tsabta na kambi, koyaushe tattara duk 'ya'yan itatuwa daga bushes kuma cire foliage da tsire-tarkace a cikin yankin cizo. Jiyya tare da kowane fungicides yana taimakawa.
Bush na Viburnum vulgaris tare da berries. © Klaas DijkstraWanene ke cutar da viburnum?
Viburnum kuma yana da kwari, da yawa daga cikinsu ba sa haifar da mummunar cutar ga shuka, amma tare da babban raunin su za su iya barin lambu ba tare da amfanin gona ba.
A cikin wurare masu inuwa, a cikin wuraren matattara, a wasu lokutan ana lalacewar viburnum ganye irin ƙwaro viburnum. Wannan kwaro ne mai launin ruwan kasa mai haske, wanda ya kai tsawon mm 7. Lararuwarta cutarwa ce, waɗanda ke cin ganye masu ruwan murnan, wasu lokuta "ɗauke su" sosai har sai jijiyoyin jiki su kasance daga gare su. Matakan sarrafawa sun ƙunshi magance cututtukan ƙwayar ganye da ƙwayoyin kwari kamar Fufanon, bin umarnin kan kunshin.
Aphids - wannan kwaro ne mai yiwuwa ana yawan ganin sa akan tsire-tsire na viburnum. Kankuna koyaushe suna yada aphids, suna ciyarwa a kanta, ƙoshin daskararru. Don kawar da aphids, ya zama dole, da farko, don kawar da tururuwa. Aphids sun fi sauƙin shawo kan su ta hanyar magance tsirrai tare da kowane kwari.
Kuma ku tuna: da aphid kawai alama ba shi da lahani, a zahiri, yana lalata amfanin gona, ya juya ganye, ya lalata ci gaban matasa kuma yana iya zama mai ɗaukar nauyin wasu cututtukan, ciki har da kwayaye.
Leaflet - Wannan yawanci shine ɗabon ruwan zaki. Kwakwalwa na cin ganyen kyanwar viburnum, fitsarin ganyen ganye tare da nishadi, kuma idan aka koshi, sai a murda ganye a jikinsu, a juye a juye. Baya ga cutarwar da za a iya fahimta na rage fitar da amfanin gona, matafirai ma sun lalata bayyanar tsirrai.
Kuna iya ma'amala da takaddun ganye akan viburnum ta tattara da lalata caterpillars da ganye mai murɗa tare da koko. Idan yawan caterpillars yayi yawa, to lallai ya zama dole a sanya magungunan kashe kwari, misali, Nitrafen da makamantansu. Ana iya kula da su tsire-tsire yadda ya kamata kafin fure, sau 2-3.
Gall midges - Ruwan zuma da ƙwayar katako mai ƙarfi na iya lalata viburnum. Larvae rayayye ku ci buds, wanda da cika fuska rage yawan amfanin ƙasa na viburnum.
A matsayin prophylaxis, ya zama dole don sassauta kasar gona kusa da-kirjin yankin a farkon lokacin bazara da marigayi kaka da cire duk tsire-tsire. Hakanan zaka iya yin yaƙi ta hanyar sinadarai, magance tsirrai tare da kowane shirye-shiryen kwari.
