Domin dabbatattun bishiyoyi ko maraƙi su rayu har zuwa tsammanin mai kiwon dabbobi, bai isa ya sayi dabbobin da suka fara jan hankalin su ba. Ya zama dole dabbobin shanu da aka zaba domin gona su dace da canjin yanayi a wani yanki daban kuma an rera su a wata gona mai zaman kansu.
Yanke shawara da hotunan shanu wadanda aka fi nema kuma sun shahara a Rasha da kuma kasashen da ke kusa da kasashen waje zasu taimaka wajen tantance zabi da kuma kara koyo game da ire-iren wadannan.
Duk nau'ikan shanu, wanda akwai ɗaruruwan mutane a duniya, an kasu gida uku: nama, kiwo da nama da kiwo. Bambancin Rasha ya fi kaɗan. Yawancin kiwo da aka samu a kasar sun iyakance dozin bakwai, yayin da mafi yawansu sune kiwo na shanu. Wannan zabi ya bunkasa ta hanyar tarihi. Shortarancin lokacin bazara a yankuna da dama da damuna mai sanyi, wanda ke hana shanun abinci mai ban sha'awa da suke buƙata, ya hana su samun ƙarin nauyi daga dabbobin nama. Kudin kiyaye dabbobi a cikin hunturu ya sa kayayyakin sun fi tsada fiye da sauran abincin da aka dauko.
Kodayake a yau nau'ikan kiwo na shanu a Rasha har yanzu sun shahara kuma a kawai suna da mahimmanci, gonaki da yawa, yin amfani da ƙwarewar ƙasashen waje da nasu gwaninta, sun fara kiwon dabbobi na zamani.
Yaren mutanen Holland kiwo
Daga cikin dabbobi masu nau'in kiwo, shanu daga cikin Yaren mutanen Holland, a gefe guda, ana iya ɗauka kusan magabatan shugabanci ne, kuma a ɗayan, manyan wakilai.
Shanu da bijimai daga Holland sune magabatan waɗannan sanannun ƙwararrun dabbobi a Rasha yau kamar Kholmogorskaya, baƙar fata-motley. Kuma yanzu dabbobi suna aiki da karfi wurin kiwo da kiwo a cikin ƙasashe da yawa na duniya.
Shanun madara sanannen sanannen ne a Turai, kuma a cikin ƙarni na baya, godiya ga zaɓin rashin kulawa, yawan haɓakar dabbobi ya ƙaru sosai. Baki da fari baƙaƙen Dutchan Dutch sun zama ƙarami, ƙwayar tsoka da tauri.
Don shekara ta kalandar, Burenka yana samar da sama da lita 4,5.5 na madara mai kyau wanda ya ƙunshi har zuwa 4% mai.
Wakilan wannan nau'in shanu da sauri, tsofaffin bijimin na iya kaiwa nauyin kilogram 1200, da shanu - 800 kg. An haɗu da Calves tare da nauyin kilogram 35-40, amma kowace rana suna wahala, suna ƙaruwa ta hanyar 800-1200 grams.
Saniya mai saniya
Switzerland ta zama wurin haifan shanu sama da ɗaya, wanda ba abin mamaki bane saboda kyakkyawan yanayin ƙasa na wannan ƙasa, yalwar ciyawa masu laushi da kuma sauyin yanayi mai laushi. Naman da kiwo irin na shanu, wanda ake kira Simmental, ya samo asali sosai ba kawai a cikin tsaunin Switzerland ba, har ma a cikin yanayin Rasha.
Cows na Simmental irin su ne unpreentious, sauƙi daidaita da wa daban-daban iri abinci da sabili da haka za a iya samun sauƙin a kiyaye a cikin farfajiya masu zaman kansu. Dabbobi suna bambanta da yawan madara mai kyau, suna bayar da matsakaici har zuwa lita dubu biyar a shekara, kuma kyakkyawan ingancin madara, wanda mai mai ya kusan kusan 4%. Shanun masu yin rikodin-masu shayarwa madara suna da lita 12,000. Samfurin nono ba shine kawai kari na irin na shanu ba. Kasancewarsa duniya, dabbobi suna ba wa mai shi kyawawan nama.
Yawan nauyin saniya da ya ciyar da abinci ya kai kimanin kilogram 600, da bijimai - sama da kilogiram 800.
A Rasha, ana iya samun shanu na Simmental a cikin yankuna na kudanci, alal misali, a cikin yankin Black Earth, a cikin yankunan Saratov da Rostov.
Aishir irin shanu
Irin kudanen shanu daga Scotland yana da kyakkyawar nutsuwa da kyakkyawan aiki. Rashin samun madaidaicin nauyi kamar yawancin danginsa na zamani, shanu masu gatan-gwai na Aishir suna haifar da tsayayyun abinci mai sama da lita dubu 5 tare da mai mai wanda ya haura zuwa 4.2% a shekara. Ingantaccen Balagarowa yana aiki mafi kyau a cikin yankuna masu tsauri inda dabbobi ba zasu iya fuskantar zafin wuta mai zafi ba.
Wani fasali na wannan nau'in shine mafi girman ƙaho mai wakiltar fitilu koda a cikin mata. Dabbobin suna da kirji mai fadi, kafaffun kafaffun kafaffun wurare a jiki da siriri, gajeriyar wuya. Jiki mai jituwa tare da tsokoki mai sauƙin faɗi nan da nan ya bayyana yanayin madara na irin. Dabbobin suna daf da wuri kuma suna iya haihuwa tun suna shekara biyu.
Jayser irin na shanu
Wani nau'in kiwo na shanu daga isasar Ingila ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan ne mafi tsufa, amma tsawon shekaru tsawon rayuwa bai rasa mahimmancinsa ba. Waɗannan sune shanu na ƙabilar Jersey, sanannen ba mai yawa ba ne don yawan madara mai yawa kamar rikodin abun ciki mai madara ya kai 7%. Wannan ƙimar samfurin da farko ya cutar da rarrabar dabbobi a cikin duniya. 'Yan majalisar dokokin Burtaniya sun haramta fitar da shanu daga kasar, saboda kada su hada kiwo da wasu. Amma sannu a hankali tsananin bankin ya raunana, dabbobi kuma suka bayyana a gonakin makwabta makwabta da na nesa.
Rarraba wannan nau'in shanu an inganta shi ta hanyar unpreentiousness da nasarorin da aka samu a fannoni daban-daban, gami da yankuna maras kyau da kuma wurare masu zafi. Dabbobin shanu ana bambanta su da kwarangwal mai haske, ƙaramin kai, jiki mai tsayi da babban nono mai siffa. Launin dabbobi yafi yawan launin ruwan kasa ko launin ruwan kasa. Alamar ja da fari ta tabarau daban-daban abin yarda ne.
Yawan nauyin bijimin ba ya wuce kilogiram 700, mace tana da nauyin kilogram 150-200. Shanu na Jersey ba a barnatar da nama ba.
Holstein irin shanu
Ba a samo shanu Holstein ba a Turai, saboda yana iya zama alama, suna yin hukunci da sunan irin, amma a cikin Sabuwar Duniya. Shayarwa na Amurka da Kanada sun ɗauki matsayin tushen bambancin baƙar fata da fararen dabbobin Yaren mutanen Holland kuma a cikin shekaru ɗari sun canza shi sosai, suna mai da shi ya zama mafi yadu a duniya.
Abubuwan halayen Holstein na shanu sun haɗa da matsakaicin matsakaicin madara na shekara-shekara kimanin lita 7-8 na madara, mai ƙarancin mai mai kimanin kashi 3.7%. A lokaci guda, dabbobi suna halin haɓaka madara suna samarwa sama da lita 3.5 a minti ɗaya.
Masu zamani na zamani sune manyan bijimai da shanu da ke haura kilogram 1200 da nauyinsu ya kai kilo 700. Wakilai na kiwo irin garken shanu suna da tsowon jiki, tsokoki masu zurfi da baya mai ƙarfi.
Daga cikin kuliyoyin kiwo a cikin Rasha, Holsteins sun mamaye ɗayan manyan wuraren, wanda ke sauƙaƙe ta hanyar gonakin kiwo nasu, wanda ke ba da kyakkyawan lafiyayyen dabbobi wanda zai iya ba da tabbacin kowane bege na manomi ko mai mallakar gonar masu zaman kansu.
Schwyz irin na shanu
An samo wadataccen nama da kiwo na Switzerland wanda aka samar da shanu a Switzerland. Waɗannan dabbobin sune yawancin launin ruwan kasa a launi, tare da fata na bakin ciki da gajerar gajeruwa. Jikin manyan bijimai da na shanu dogaye ne, doguwa ce mai kauri. Abubuwan da ke tattare da irin su sun hada da babban kirji, gajeru, wuyansa mai fadi da kuma gajerar kai tare da madaidaiciyar bayanin martaba da kananan kwari. Shanu manya sun girma zuwa kilogiram 600, nauyin bijimai na iya kaiwa kilo 950.
Ana san shanun Schweiz da ƙoshin lafiya, da sauri da kuma balaga. Koyaya, ana iya samun sakamako mai kyau daga dabbobi kawai tare da kulawa da ta dace da zaɓaɓɓen abincin da aka zaɓa. An samo nama mai inganci kuma har zuwa lita 5,000 na madara kowace shekara ana samun su daga shanu.
Black-motley irin na shanu
Dabbobin Yaren mutanen Holland da dabbobin gida sun zama magabatan wasu launuka masu launin baki mai launin baki a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. Shanu na nono suna yadu a duk faɗin Rasha kuma sune na biyu kawai ga nau'in ja da ƙarancin shanu a yanayin lambobin dabbobi. Saboda shahararrun shahararrun mutane a kan iyakar kasar, wasu nau'ikan shanu masu bakaken fata masu motley sun inganta, suna da asali, amma sun dace da yanayin rayuwa daban daban da kuma kiyayewa. Don haka, alal misali, shanu na Ural sun sha bamban sosai da kabilun Far-gabas, da na Tsakiya Russia daga shanu da ke kiwo a yankuna na Kudancin Rasha.
Ganyayyun kuli-kuli-da-fari-na shanu sun yi fice wajen haɓakar madararta, amma halayen dabbobi ba su da na ƙarshe. Kamar kowane nau'in kusanci tare da tushen Yaren mutanen Holland, dabbobin daji-motley na zaɓin gida suna cikin asali:
- dogon jiki;
- fadi da baya;
- masu girma dabam masu girma.
Rubutun madarar shanu na baƙi da fari na iya isa lita dubu 18, amma matsakaicin burenka tsawon shekara yana samar da fiye da lita 6,000 na madara tare da matsakaicin mai mai kusan kashi 3.5%.
A yau, masu shayarwa na Rasha suna ƙoƙarin neman dabbobi don haɓaka haɓakawa da samun samfurin mai da mai amfani ya buƙaci.
Kholmogorsk irin shanu
Daga cikin nau'ikan kiwo na Rasha, shanu na Kholmogorsk iri-iri an san su kusan duk wanda ya ɗan saba da aikin dabbobin. An samu irin Kholmogorsk na gida a cikin yanayin da bai dace da kiwon dabbobi ba. Koyaya, Arkhangelsk shayarwa sunyi nasarar ƙirƙirar da dama ba kawai dace da yanayin matsananci ba, har ma ana nuna shi ta hanyar yawan madara mai kyau da mai mai madara mai kyau, ya kai 4%.
A matsakaici, Kholmogorsk burenka, wanda aka kula da shi sosai kuma an ciyar dashi da kyau, yana ba da fiye da lita 6 dubu na samfurin a kowace shekara. A lokaci guda, mata manya suna nauyin kilo 550, kuma bijimai sun haɗu da kilogiram 800-950. Dabbobin wannan nau'in suna da kasusuwa mai ƙarfi, tsokoki da aka haɓaka, daɗaɗa kirji mai fadi da kuma babban ass. Volstetric nono yayi magana akan madarar shanu game da shanu.
Yaroslavl irin na shanu
Shanu na irin Yaroslavl, ana ɗauka ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyau a tsakanin nau'in kiwo na gida, ana rarrabe ta:
- musamman launin fata;
- kwarewa mai ban mamaki don daidaitawa ga yanayin rayuwa iri-iri;
- kyakkyawan aiki.
Idan aka kwatanta da nama da kiwo, kuma musamman dangin nama, barayin Yaroslavl ba za su iya burge su ba da ƙoshinsu da suka ci gaba. Su ne angular kuma wajen karami. Shanun madara suna da matsakaicin nauyin kilo 500 kawai, kuma bijimai suna girma zuwa 800 kilogiram. A lokaci guda, madara daga shanu na ƙabilar Yaroslavl na iya samun kitsen mai fiye da 4.5%, wanda yake alama ce mai kyau ga dabbobin Rasha.
Kostroma irin na shanu
Noma da shanu irin na shanu da suka bayyana a ƙarni na ƙarshe ya zama mai ci gaba da layin Yaroslavl, Schwyz, da Algaus. A cikin Soviet Union, Kostroma na shanu an yi rajista kuma an karɓa don kiwo a cikin 1945. Waɗannan manya-manyan, dabbobi masu launin toka-mai launin ruwan kasa, waɗanda ke da ƙarfi a jiki da nauyi, a cikin bijimai har zuwa 1200, kuma a cikin mata har zuwa 800 kg, nan da nan suna nuna yiwuwar samun madarar kyau madara ba kawai, har ma da nama.
Matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa na madara shine lita dubu 4,5-6 tare da mai mai kusan 4%. Shanu suna kawo zuriya masu inganci, suna dacewa da ciyarwa da yanayi daban-daban.
A yau, ana iya ganin dabbobin wannan nau'in a kan gonaki a cikin yankuna da yawa na tsakiyar Rasha, da kuma a cikin Jamhuriyar Belarus.
Red steppe irin na shanu
Don yankuna na Kudancin ƙasar ana buƙatar dabbobi waɗanda zasu iya jure wa sauƙi ba kawai lokacin zafi ba, lokacin bazara, har ma da kiyaye su a cikin wuraren kiwo ba su da wadataccen ciyawa. Stepaukar hoto mai launin ja sun zama irin wannan, suna ɗaukar matsayi na biyu a shahara a manyan gonaki da kuma kananan farfajiyoyi masu zaman kansu.
Za a iya gano nau'in jan launi mai launin ja ta launi mai haske, mai haske daga haske zuwa ja mai haske. A wasu halaye, shanun suna da alamomin farin ciki, galibi a haɗe su a ƙananan sashin jiki, a kan gabobi ko kan kai. Dabbobin suna da ɗanɗanar kiwo-da ƙarancin nauyinsu, har zuwa kilo 550 a cikin shanu, kuma ƙwayoyin jikinsu ba su da haɓaka sosai.
Na shekara guda, Burenka yawanci yana bayar da daga lita 4 zuwa 6 na madara, kuma masu rikodin kusan ninki biyu kenan. A yau, ana kan aiki don haɓakar kitse na madara na shanu daga nau'ikan jan ƙafa, tare da inganta tsarin mulkinsu.
Hereford irin shanu
Kasuwancin nama da aka samu a Rasha sun hada da nau'ikan shanu iri iri. Fasalin halayyar irin wannan shanu:
- unpretentiousness mamaki domin iko dabbobi;
- girma cikin sauri;
- kyawawan kayan masarufi na m tare da ƙananan yadudduka mai nama.
Kiran nan na Hereford yana daya daga cikin shahararrun mutane a duniya kuma ana darajanta shi, a tsakanin wasu abubuwa, saboda kwanciyar hankali, yanayin saurin sarrafawa, samun saurin girma, da kuma karfin cin abinci iri-iri.
Matsakaicin manyan shanu tare da babban kirji da madaidaiciya baya ya kai kilo 650, bijimai suna girma zuwa kilogiram 1000.
Saniya shudi mai launin shuɗi
An fara aikin samo tumatir masu launin shuɗi ne a cikin ƙarni na 18 a Beljim. Sannan ana tunanin cewa dabbobin za su zama gama-gari kuma, tare da nama, za su ba masu mallakar madara mai inganci. Amma fara daga karni kafin karshe, don haɓaka halayen naman shanu, ana sa musu kullun tare da bijimai na Charolais. Daga tsakiyar karni na karshe, an samar da sabon nau'in dabbobi, wanda aka sanya wani maye gurbi mai canzawa, yana haifar da haɓaka ƙwayoyin tsoka.
Tare da babban kasusuwa mai kasawa, tsowon jiki da gajerun kafafu, shanu sun kai kilogiram 1000, kuma bijimai sunkai daya da rabi.
Launi, kamar yadda sunan ya nuna wata shudi ce mai launin shuɗi, da ke launin shuɗi, da fari, da launin ruwan kasa. Yankunan launuka daban-daban da girma dabam suna yiwuwa.
Musclesarancin tsokoki masu haɓaka ba sa barin saniya ta warware ɗaukar nauyin kai tsaye, a cikin kananan dabbobi bayan makonni 6 na haihuwa, lokacin da kafa tsoka ta fara, matsaloli tare da gwanayen mai yiwuwa. Don haka, manomi ya buƙaci yin la’akari da waɗannan fasalulluka na ƙabilar shanu kuma a shirye don warware su.
