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Solemnly shuru tsohon Pine daji. Pwannann sarakuna ana ta lashe kambinsa a sama har abada. Lokaci-lokaci yakan rushe shuru kamar amo na can nesa, sannan ma, sannan yayi kaifi da kaushi. Fuskokin tsoffin pines, ana jifar su da zinariya tsantsa, suna da laushi. Kifin dutsen kankara Emerald-velvevety ne ya mamaye gandun daji, tsibiri ne na tsiwaran squat mai laushi da kibau masu laushi.

Akwai pines daban-daban: tare da allurar siliki mai laushi da gemu mai launin toka, itacen Weymouth daga Arewacin Amurka, Itace kyakkyawa daga Bahar Rum (ana iya samunsa anan Crimea da Caucasus), pine na fata daga Ostiraliya, Bankunan banki, Rumelian da tsohuwar abokiyarmu - Pine talaka .

Don haka ana kiran wannan nau'in Botany Pine. Kodayake, menene talakawa a cikin ta? Bayan duk wannan, ba ta jin kunya daga duk inda za ta je: tana konewa cikin tanderu, yawo a cikin kasar ta hanyar tangal-tangal, da ke karkashin daruruwan dubban kilomita na layin karfe, kuma ya kasance tallafi a matatun ma'adinai da ma'adanan ma'adanan.

Chemisty Chemistry ya gano ajiyar kayan albarkatun ƙasa a cikin itacen katako na yau da kullun. Daga cellulose ya fara karɓar siliki na wucin gadi, robobi, fata na wucin gadi, cellophane, takarda daban-daban, kuma daga duk wannan - samfurori iri-iri masu yawa. Kowace rana, sabbin kayan kwalliya na kwalliya suna isa, alal misali, a Mari Pulp da Paper Mill, inda ake jujjuya su zuwa nau'ikan 35 na inshora na lantarki da takarda na fasaha da sauran masana'antu da kayayyakin gida.

Chemistry yana zana daga wannan '' talakawa '' itace kusan samfurin da aka gama - resin ƙanshi mai ƙanshi (turpentine). Daga cikin bishiya ɗaya, ana tattara har zuwa kilo 6 na resin a shekara guda, kuma ana samun turpentine da rosin daga gare ta yayin distillation, an shirya nau'ikan fata, fenti da magunguna daga turpentine. Ba tare da rosin ba, kamar yadda ka sani, sabulu baya yin sabulu, kuma takarda ba ta riƙe tawada, kuma mai yin violin baya wasa da violin, kuma mai lambu ba ya tsiro. Daga cikin maganganun Kozma Prutkov mun hadu: "kuma turpentine (watau resin, resin da aka samo daga conifers) yana da amfani ga wani abu". "Don komai" - a yau kusan masana'antu 70 ne: roba, USB, fenti da fata da sauransu. Kuma masana'antu nawa suke haɗawa?

Zai yi wuya, wataƙila, har ma ba zai yiwu ba a sami ƙwayar itace mara amfani. Akwai tannins da gummi a cikin bartex, vanillin a cikin cambium, an samo man nutsar mai daga cikin tsaba, ana amfani da pollen azaman madadin ruwan lycopodium (foda don ƙwayoyin ƙura a cikin magunguna da kuma suttura masu ƙira a cikin tushen). Hatta iska na gandun daji na warkarwa yana warkarwa mara lafiya da raunana mutane, ba don komai ba ne cewa da yardar rai suke gina tsabtatattun sanatoci kuma suna hutawa gidaje a cikin gandunan Pine.

Har zuwa kwanan nan, allurar Pine, rassanta da haushi an dauke su sharar gida ba daga gandun daji ba. Ya juya cewa wannan sharar gida tana da kusan daraja da itacen kanta. Ineaya daga cikin itacen Pine yana ba da kimanin kilo 10 na allura, daga abin da zaku iya samun adadin kuzari da Vitamin C na shekara guda ga mutum ɗaya, kar a faɗi man da aka samo daga tsaba da ulu na Pine. Ba haka ba da daɗewa, masana'antar gandun daji na shekara ta rasa kilogram miliyan 4 na bitamin C da kimanin kilogram 150 na carotene a cikin wannan sharar. Yanzu ana sarrafa allura zuwa manna na chlorophyll-carotene, wanda ke warkar da raunuka, ƙonewa, raunuka, furuncles kuma yana ɗaukar girman kai a cikin samfuran magunguna masu yawa: hakar coniferous don baho, busassun bishiyar Pine, turpentine da sauran kwayoyi.

Pine ba kawai ga mutum bane. Kusan cikin shekara, capercaillie yana ciyar da allurai Pine. Don mose, mafi kyawun abincin hunturu shine dasa bishiyar Pine da haushi. Motsi, chipmunks, tsuntsaye suna cin abinci a kan abubuwan kwalliya, waɗanda aka haɓaka ta cikin hikima.

Musamman cin nasara akan wannan al'amari sune kayan haɗin gwal. Haɗa wani "na'ura" wani wuri akan bishiya, sai su gyara ɗakuna a ciki kuma su hanzarta gutsu har sai sun fitar da kowane iri. Wurin aiki na tsallake-tsallake abu ne mai sauƙin samu ta hanyar wadatattun kayan kwandunan da suka rufe ƙasa gaba ɗaya.

Abin banmamaki, amma an daɗe ana samar da kifi a cikin wadatattun kyaututtukan kyaututtukan katako. Soya da son rai kuma tare da fa'idodi mai yawa ga kansu suna cin pollen, kuma a cikin bazara, a lokacin lokacin furanni, akwai pollen da yawa wanda ya rufe kandami tare da fim mai bakin ciki. Tsari mai ban sha'awa shine ƙwayar pollen na Pine: yana da kayan tukwan iska biyu, yana ba shi damar yin zurfi cikin iska kuma yana da sauƙin tashi sama da ɗaruruwan kilomita.

Ko da ƙididdigar siginan daga fa'idodin da itacen bishiyar itacen yake bayarwa yana da mahimmanci sosai cewa yana da ƙima a yi magana dalla-dalla game da duk abin da aka sani sosai: game da tushen Pine wanda ke gyara yashi mai kwance, kare bankunan koguna daga halaka, da tafkin daga lalata, game da kayanta na kullun, wanda hakan ya zama dole ga lambunan gari da wuraren shakatawa. Amma game da "hawayen Gelena mai ban sha'awa", watakila, ya kamata a gaya.

Idan dole ne ku ziyarci Armory a cikin Kremlin ta Moscow, ba za ku iya taimakawa ba amma kula da adadi mai yawa na samfuran dutse daga gilashin amber-orange, wanda a baya ake kira burshtyn. Akwai beads da yawa, da kwandon shara da aka saka da yadin da aka saka, da kayan kwalliya iri iri, da sauran abubuwan kananan abubuwa masu kyau. Dukkaninsu an yi su ne da amber.

Jagorori na Gidan Tarihi na Catherine a cikin garin Pushkin kusa da Leningrad suna magana game da sanannen ɗakin amber, waɗanda masu sana'a na Rasha suka kirkira a nan daga wannan kayan ban mamaki. Abin baƙin ciki shine, a cikin shekarun Yaƙin Duniya na II an kwashe masu fasikancin Jamus an lalata abubuwan da ke ciki kuma har yanzu ba a san makomar waɗannan taskokin ba. An tattara tarin tarin duwatsun rana a sanannen ma'adinan ma'adinan Kaliningrad, inda ake hakar ma'adinai akan manyan masana'antu.

Menene dutse rana (wannan shine yadda aka fara kiran amber a cikin tsohuwar Odyssey)? Yawancin ra'ayoyi masu saɓani sun bayyana. An ji muryoyi cikin tsufa cewa wannan baiwar Allah ce ta musamman, malamai na zamanin da sun girmama shi azaman ma'adinai ne, kuma babban masanin kimiyyar Rasha Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov ya sami damar bayyana ra'ayin da ya dace: ya kira amber a resin wanda aka tabbatar da shi. Yanzu kimiyya ta tabbatar da cewa gwal na amber sune resinous tsare sirri na conifers, magabatan giyarmu. Kimanin shekaru miliyan 10 an adana su a cikin ruwan yashi, a hankali a hankali kuma a juye da kayan adonsu masu tamani.

Ofaya daga cikin almara na Yaren mutanen Poland ya ce ɓoyayyen amber hawayen kyawawan panna Helena ne, waɗanda suka yi baƙin ciki rabuwa da ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunarta, ta jefa su cikin raƙuman ruwan sanyi na Baltic.

Sun kuma ba da irin wannan labari. Gimbiya, ta bar wani gidan sarauta mai ban al'ajabi da aka gabatar mata, ya tafi wajan kaunataccen masunta masunta. Allah na teku a cikin fushi cikin fushi ya tura hadari zuwa fadar kuma ya lalata ta har ƙasa. Lalacewar Fadar Amber da ke daɗaɗa kuma ta jefa teku a cikin shekaru dubun, ta sa su cikin rairayin bakin teku masu yashi.

Babban adibas na amber a duniya - kusan kashi 80 na duk ajiyar ta - suna mai da hankali ne ga tekun Baltic, kusa da Kaliningrad. An yi amfani da su ne a zamanin da. Versaunar masu amfani da hasken rana daga ko'ina cikin Turai, gami da dillalan Feniya, da yardar rai sun zo nan don kasuwancin amber. An sami nau'ikan da ke cikin tsari mai yawa a cikin rami na kaburburan mutanen noman na toan Dutsen Dutse a tsibirin Olkhon, a bakin Tekun Baikal. Wannan ya ba da shaida kawai ga dadewar amfani da amber don kayan ado ba, har ma ga dangantakar tsohuwar kabilun gabashin Siberiya da jihohin Baltic; Har yanzu ba a samo amber na zahiri a Siberiya ba.

Amber kuma ya shahara sosai a kwanakin nan. Yanzu yana tafiya ba kawai ga kayan ado ba. Akwai masana'antu gaba ɗaya - amber. Daruruwan dubban ton na amber ana haɓaka su kowace shekara ta manyan masana'antu a cikin jihohin Baltic, tsire-tsire da yawa a yankin Kaliningrad suna da wadatar aiki. Ana amfani da hakar don sarrafawa cikin succinic acid da amber oil, waɗanda suke da mahimmanci ga masana'antu da yawa, har ma da kayan fasaha.

Ana iya samun Pine a cikin arewa mai nisa da kuma cikin hamada, wani wuri a cikin sands na Aleshkovsky mai kwance na ƙananan Dnieper, kuma ba kawai ba ne kawai ba, har zuwa daruruwan dubban bishiyoyi, a cikin kwarin gwiwar Altai ko kuma gandun daji na gabashin Kazakhstan, ba a ma maganar dazuzzuka na Tsakiyar Rasha, yankin Volga, Ukraine.

Koo Simon Koopmann

A Irpen, kusa da Kiev, bishiya mai shekaru 200, a nan ana kiranta Dovzhenko Pine, yana tsaye shi kaɗai a kan tudu mai yashi kusa da Gidan Mawallafa. Da ya isa Gidan Halittu, Alexander Petrovich ba da jimawa ba ya zauna a cikin wani karamin ɗaki, daga taga wanda kwalliyar Pine take a bayyane. Fiye da sau ɗaya ya kira Pine mataimakinsa - mataimaki, fentin shi, ya tsaya na dogon lokaci cikin tunani a ƙarƙashin gwanayen ta.

Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol ya kasance ƙaunataccen itacen itacen ɓawon. Ta kasance a gare shi ne yanayin ƙasar sa, karimci, mawadaci, kyakkyawa kyakkyawa. An riga an kiyaye itacen itacen ɓaure mai shekara ɗari uku a Dutsen Mikhailova kusa da ƙauyen Prokhorovka a Ukraine. Anan, a karkashin inuwarta mai sanyi, babban marubuci ya zo fiye da sau ɗaya. Mutanen sun kira wannan itaciyar Gogol.

Itace wacce take talakawa, kuma makomarta tana da kishi!

Hanyoyi zuwa kayan:

• S. I. Ivchenko - Littafin game da bishiyoyi