Dankin murtsunguro shine ɗayan abubuwan ban mamaki a duniya. Wadannan succulents na iya yin ba tare da danshi na tsawon watanni ba kuma su yi girma a kan ƙasa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin cikakken rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Alamomin daidaitawa na cacti yana basu damar rayuwa kawai a lokacin tsananin zafin rana, harma yayi fure. Mene ne yanayin sifar cacti, kuma a cikin wane yanayi ne suke girma?
Inda cacti ya girma a cikin yanayi: yanayin muhalli
Asalin wurin haifuwar tsiro mai tsiro mai tsiro (daga cactos na Girka) shine Kudancin da Arewacin Amurka. Har yanzu ana ɗaukar cibiyar tushen dangi a Kudancin Amurka, daga inda suka bazu zuwa yankin Arewacin Amurka. Inda cacti yayi girma, za'a iya samun yanayi daban-daban, saboda waɗannan tsire-tsire suna da babban yanki na rarraba, suna rufe bangarori daban-daban na halitta. Wannan a cikin kanta yana ƙayyade yawancin nau'ikan haɓakar tsiro: yanayin zafi, yanki da ƙasa. Cacti suna zaune gandun daji na wurare masu zafi (nau'in halittun haɓaka da ke girma a kan bishiyun bishiyoyi), savannas, hamada iri iri da hamada, kuma a cikin tsaunuka sun haura zuwa 4,500 m sama da matakin teku. A ina kuma cacti suke girma a cikin daji? Yawancin waɗannan succulents suna dacewa da rayuwa ne a cikin yanayin hamada, tare da ruwan sama kaɗan da ƙarancin zafin jiki mai lalacewa daga rana zuwa dare. Musamman yanayin muhalli na cacti halaye ne na hamada-tsauni tare da mummunan yanayin su na dare da banbanci tsakanin yanayin dare da rana akan farjin ƙasa har zuwa 45 °. Zuwa arewa, kewayon cacti ya wuce zuwa 56 ° C. N, kuma kudu zuwa 54 ° S. w. Mummunan wurare da kewayon kewayon isa da wakilan Opuntsevo subfamily.
Mazaunin cacti akan nahiyoyi ba shi da kyau. Babban nau'in jinsin shine sifofin Mexico, hamadar hamada ta Peru, Chile, Argentina da Bolivia.
Cacti sune tsire-tsire waɗanda ke da yanayin filayen muhalli. Wasu alamu na lafiyar cacti suna ba su damar rayuwa ba kawai a Arewa da Kudancin Amurka ba, har ma a cikin yankuna daban daban na sauran nahiyoyi. Don haka, an kawo wasu nau'ikan lu'u-lu'u masu yawa zuwa Yammacin Turai kuma an sami nasarar tattara su. A tsohuwar USSR, kwastomomi sun yi fice a yankin Crimea da yankin Astrakhan, da kuma a cikin Turkmenistan. Ana samun wasu nau'ikan cacti na huhu a cikin gandunan daji na Afirka, Madagascar, Sri Lanka da tsibiran Tekun Indiya. Koyaya, an yi imanin cewa mutum ya kawo su waɗannan wurare.
Wanne dangi sun haɗa da tsire-tsire na hamada mai cacti: ƙungiyoyi da ƙananan ƙasashe
Daga ra'ayi na taxonomy, cacti sune dicotyledonous tsire-tsire na tsari na cloves, na dangin Cactaceae. Umarnin Clove yana hade da tsire-tsire da suka bambanta sosai a cikin bayyanar da ta kasance ga iyalai daban daban.
Gidan gidan cacti ya kasance na ciyawa, bishiyoyi da siffofin bishiyoyi tare da tushe mai tsayi daga 2-5 cm (Karamin fure) har zuwa 10-12 m (Giant carnegia) Zuwa yau, babu wata takaddara da aka karɓa ta ɗabi'ar Cactus gabaɗaya. Ba a karɓar sababbin ayyukan a wannan yankin gaba ɗaya kuma masana sun yi musu da juna. Dangane da tsohuwar lambar haraji ta K. Bakeberg, dangin sun kai 220 na asali da kusan nau'ikan 3000. An dade ana tambayar kasancewar yawancin nau'ikan cacti, waɗannan tsirran tsire-tsire. Kwanan nan, a cewar ɗayan sabuwar E. Anderson da aka sani kuma sananniyar haraji, yawan janareta sun ragu zuwa 124. Gidan Cactaceae ya kasu kashi uku, an gabatar da bayanin cacti na kowannensu a ƙasa.
Subfamily Peireskioideae (Pereskievye) a halin yanzu wakilcin daya jinsin Peireskia, lambobi 17 na shuke-shuke, wakilci yafi by bushes har zuwa 8-11 m tsayi. Ingancin waɗannan cacti shine kasancewar wani ƙaramin tushe mai lanƙwasa, an rufe shi da dogayen layuka tare da ingantattun ganye ko raguwar ganye. Spines suna taimakawa wajen jingina da jikin bishiyoyi. Tare da shekaru, ganyayyaki sun rasa launi, kuma a lokacin dormant a lokacin rani sun faɗi. Furanni suna da yawa a cikin inflorescence, da wuya kawai kawai. Launin furanni fari ne, ja, rawaya, lemo. A 'ya'yan itatuwa ne kamar Berry, edible. Suna girma a yankuna na wurare masu zafi na Mexico, West Indies da Kudancin Amurka.
Subfamily Opuntioideae (Opits) yana wakilta ta cacti tare da mai sihiri, diski-mai siffa, oval ko sililin kwantena mai tushe kuma ya ragu sosai da ganyayyaki da sauri, tare da glochidia (ƙananan kashin baya) a cikin areoles. Wakilin janareto na Austrocylindropuntia, Cylindropuntia, Opuntia, Tephrocactus ne suka wakilta. Bayanin kwatancen tsire-tsire na wannan subfamily kamar haka: suna madaidaitan itace ko tsintsiya madaidaiciya, har da tsintsaye, sau da yawa suna samar da siffofin matashin kai. Furanni babba ne, rawaya, lemo ko fari. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari ne babba, edible a yawancin jinsuna. Wani fasalin sifa na cacti na wannan subfamily shine tsaba mai laushi, wanda, ba kamar sauran dangin, suna da harsashi mai wuya. Subfamily yana da yanki mafi girma a cikin Amerika. Pearsly pears yana girma daga Kanada zuwa Patagonia.
Subfamily Sasaniyi (Cereus) shine mafi girman subfamily da aka wakilta ta nau'ikan rayuwa daban-daban daga Epiphytes da dwarf tsire-tsire masu tsayi zuwa gungun bishiyoyi. Mene ne sifofin cacti na wannan subfamily? Wakilan Cereus basu da ganyayyaki da glochidia. Subfamily ya kasu kashi biyu (kabilu). Groupungiyar Tropical Forest Cacti (Hylocereeae) tana wakiltar epiphytes, curly creeti cacti tare da tushen jijiyoyi: janaren Rhipsalis, Hatiora, Epiphyllum, Selenicereus, Hylocereus, da dai sauransu.
Kungiyar Cereus (Segeeae) yana wakilta ta tsaye cylindrical ko spherical cacti daga ƙananan mai sihiri da tsire-tsire na itace zuwa siffofin bishiyoyi. Yankin wannan rukuni na tsire-tsire na cacti yana kusa da kewayon Opuntsievs. Wannan nau'in Cereus ne wanda ke da matukar fa'ida ga masu tattarawa, saboda yawan tsiro da iri iri, kuma saboda bambancin nau'ikan rayuwarsu, gami da yalwar iri, ƙaya da furanni.
Bayan haka, za ku koya game da halayen ƙwayar cacti, yadda waɗannan tsire-tsire ke fure kuma menene halayensu.
Tsarin ilimin halittar jiki da sassan sassan tsiro: fasali na tushe
Gashi na cacti, kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, suna da nau'i daban. Yawancin lokaci suna da hakarkarinsu, mafi yawan lokuta sun kasu kashi biyu, wanda aka gyara sashin ganye. Sau da yawa haƙarƙarin suna madaidaiciya, suna gangarowa daga saman tushe zuwa gindi, amma na iya zama karkace da dadda mai danshi. A wasu cacti, hakarkarinsu suna da lebur kuma da ƙyar suka tashi sama da tushe. Gashinan ya rufe da fata (abun yanka) daga abu mai kama da kakin zuma wanda ke kare su daga tasirin waje, gami da fitar danshi daga danshi. An samo gurnani daga wani yanki mai zurfi - epidermis. Gwanaye na elongated capillaries suna haɓaka daga ƙwayoyin epidermal, suna ƙare akan farfajiya tare da ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, wanda ke da damar tursasawa danshi daga cikin iska kuma ya haifar da ƙwayar ciki na tushe.
Alamar mahimmanci game da tsokar ƙwayar cuta itace kasancewar ƙaya. Wadannan bangarorin tsiran tsiran za su iya kuma daskarar da danshi daga sama kuma ya kai ga sel sel na ciki. Wannan yana bawa tsire-tsire damar yin amfani da daskararru daga iska a ƙarshen zafin jiki.
Babban bambanci tsakanin tsarin gidan murtsunguwa da sauran succulents shine kasancewar areoles, waɗanda aka canza su kamar yadda ake kira axillary buds. Daga cikin rijiyoyin da ke kan haƙarƙarin tushe, furanni da 'ya'yan itatuwa suna haɓaka, kamar yadda daga fari keɓaɓɓun, kuma a cikin wasu nau'in, ganye. A mafi yawan cacti, areoles suna dauke da kashin baya kuma, bugu da ,ari, na iya samun ingantaccen gashi. A cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa da wasu cacti, an rarraba areola zuwa kashi biyu. Wani sashi yana cikin kirjin (axilla), ɗayan kuma yana ƙarshen ƙarshen papilla. Furanni da matakai na irin wannan cacti suna girma daga axilla, kuma kashin baya haɓaka a ƙarshen papilla. Idan ya cancanta, theola tare da wani nama za a iya kafe kuma a inoculated don samar da sabon shuka.
Ofaya daga cikin sifofin karantaccen tushe shine cewa ya girma daga saman inda ake kira ma'anar haɓaka. Saboda rarrabuwa tsakanin kwayar halitta a zangon girma, murtsunguwa ya girma a diamita da tsawo. Yawancin cacti suna girma duk rayuwarsu. Wasu cacti suna da ƙarancin girma mai haɓaka. A irin cacti, rarrabuwa a matakin girma lokaci-lokaci, kuma sababbin harbe suna fito daga bangarorin. Wato, an gaurayar wani gidan cactus yana da tsari mai ma'ana. Take hakkin da girma ya dakatar da girma da kara da kuma taimaka wa bayyanar harbe a kaikaice. Wannan fasalin fasalin murtsungu wani lokaci ana amfani dashi don yaduwar tsire-tsire ta hanyar yankan ko hako shi da matsayin girma. Manyen itacen cacti sun ƙunshi ruwa har kashi 96%. Babban adadin ruwa, fasalin sassan jikin mai tushe (kasancewar kasusuwa, kashin gashi, gashi) da sifofin cacti suna taimaka musu su rayu cikin mawuyacin hali na girma.
Baya ga tsoffin siffofin mai tushe, a yanayi da kuma tarin abubuwa akwai nau'ikan cacti guda biyu tare da matsanancin ciyawar mara kyau: crested da monstrous. A yadda aka saba, zangon haɓakar ya kasance a saman tushe. Haɓaka ƙwayoyin tantanin halitta na shekara-shekara a wannan wuri yana ƙara tsayi da diamita daga tushe. Abubuwa masu ɓoye cikin sel waɗanda ke hana haɓakar sel guda da ke warwatse cikin tushe. A take hakkin wannan kayan, sel sun fara rarrabewa a sassa daban-daban na tushe. Haka kuma, a cikin nau'ikan da aka cakuɗe, an shimfida wurin ci gaba da girma a cikin layi, kuma murtsinti ya ɗauki siffar tsefe, kuma a cikin nau'ikan abubuwa masu girma, sel sun fara girma a cikin tushe. Sakamakon haka, nau'in da aka murƙushe yana ɗaukar nau'ikan tuddai waɗanda suka girma a cikin jirage daban-daban, kuma nau'in mafi girma yana da sanduna tare da mutum da aka haɓaka, sassan asymmetric. Wadannan siffofin suna da matukar kyau kuma galibi ana samunsu a tarin. Dalilin irin wannan karkacewar, wataƙila, haɗuwa ce da abubuwan da ba a fayyace su ba tukuna. An yi imani da cewa karkacewa na iya faruwa a kusan kowace irin murtsunguwa. Abubuwa iri ɗaya iri ɗaya ne sanannu a tsakanin sauran tsirrai. Baya ga waɗannan siffofin, ana kuma samun nau'ikan tsire-tsire na nau'in tsire-tsire (variegates) na ja, rawaya, da sauran furanni a cikin tarin. Tunda babu kayan daukar hoto a irin wadannan tsirrai, basa iya shan carbon dioxide da kansu kuma suna iya girma ne kawai a yanayin da aka samu. Don adana nau'in wasu nau'ikan crests, an maishe su.
Bayyanan tsire-tsire na cactus ba zai cika ba tare da kwatancin ƙaya. Spines na cacti sune masu sikirin koda. An rarrabasu cikin tsakiya da kuma kashin radial. Tsarin kashin tsakiya (kashin baya) yana tsakiyar yankin areola. Yawancin lokaci yana da girma, zagaye ko shimfiɗa kuma mafi yawan lokuta yana ɗaukar ƙugiya a ƙarshen. Morearin wurare da yawa da na bakin ciki na bakin ciki suna gangaren gefen areola. Jikin kashin yana cike da sinadarin kalsiya da wasu abubuwanda suke ba shi tauri. Yawan kashin radiyo a cikin areola daya na iya isa dozin ko fiye. Dogon furanni da dama, ban da ƙaya, na iya ɗaukar gashi. Cacti na subresamily Pereskievy da Opuntsevs a kan mai tushe suna ɗaukar ƙarami da sauƙi watse cikin ƙaya - glochidia. Akwai nau'ikan cacti tare da shimfiɗar lebur da "bakin" murɗa, alal misali, wasu nau'ikan tephrocactus. Daga dukkan cacti, ganyayyaki mai haɓaka ana samun su ne kawai a cikin Peres.
Alamar adaitacciyar alamomin cactus da kuma dacewa da yanayin rayuwa
Babban karbuwa na cacti ga muhalli, rayuwa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi ma saboda tsarin asalinsu. Yawancin jinsunan suna da ingantaccen tsarin tushen ƙasa. Wannan yana baka damar amfani da ko da karamin adadin hazo. Wasu nau'ikan cacti (alal misali, halittar Ariocarpus) suna da tushe mai kauri, wanda aka sanya dumbin abinci a ciki. Wannan yana taimakawa murtsunguwa ya saba da mazauninsa kuma yana ba da shuka damar tsira daga mummunan yanayi. A cikin manyan nau'ikan halittu, irin wannan tushen na iya isa nauyin kilogram da yawa.
Ga adadin nau'ikan halittar Echinopsis, Submatucana wasu kuma, matakai na gewaye da suka girma akan babban tushe, masu iya bada tushen kansu, halayya ce. Suna duban sama daga tushe, sai suyi sauri. A tushen wasu cacti, an kafa buds waɗanda ke ba da rayuwa ga sababbin tsirrai (zuriyar tushe). Epiphytic cacti a kan mai tushe girma ƙarin iska mai ƙarfi, yana ba da shuka ƙarin danshi da abin da aka makala a madadin.
Yadda muitsin fure yake: alamu, bayanin tsarin furen da 'ya'yan itace
Cactus furanni sune kawai, a mafi yawancin lokuta akan saman tushe, ɗayan areola. Suna da launuka iri-iri, ban da shuɗi. Tsarin fure murtsunguwa ya hada da stamens da yawa da kuma rarar kwaro. A cikin wasu nau'in, suna iya bambanta launi, alal misali, rawaya mai launin shuɗi da kuma ƙarancin ƙwaya a cikin Echinocereus. Furanni suna bayyana akan tsofaffin manya da matasa.
Akwai nau'ikan cacti wanda furanni ke haɓakawa akan gabobin musamman - cephaly (genus Melocactus, Discocactus), wanda ke fitowa a saman tushe. Cephaly shine tari a cikin wurin fure na yawan wadataccen, gashi da bristles. Yana ƙaruwa kowace shekara, yana kaiwa tsayin 1 m a wasu nau'ikan. Furancin furanni na iya haɓakawa a kan ƙarshen kusoshin, alal misali, a cikin cacti na halittar Cephalocereus, Pilosocereus, da dai sauransu Girman furannin murtsunguwa sun bambanta daga ƙanana zuwa babba, tare da tsayi da diamita na 25-30 cm (genus Selenicereus ) Furanni na wasu nau'ikan suna da ƙanshi (genus Echinopsis, wasu nau'in halittar Dolichothele, da sauransu). Ana yin ruwa a lokacin dare da rana. Yawancin cacti na fure a cikin rana da safe ko da rana. Mafi sau da yawa, fure murtsunguwa na bisexual ne kuma masu tsabtacewa. A cikin mahaifar cacti, ban da iska, kwari da tsuntsaye, gami da hummingbirds, suna shiga cikin aikin pollination.
Bayan fure, itace-kamar m, ba a ɗaure 'ya'yan itace bushe. A cikin nau'ikan halittu masu yawa, suna da abin ci. Girman 'ya'yan itacen yana daga mm 2-3 zuwa cm 10. Ana samun mafi yawan' ya'yan itace a cikin pears mai kauri. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari na iya yin huda a kakar mai zuwa ko shekara mai zuwa (Harshen Mammillaria). Awan itace da ke cikakke na iya ƙunsar daga fewan guda zuwa ɗari. Ofayan mafi ƙarancin tsaba a cikin blosfeldii, strombocactus da parodies. Manyan farashi mai kalar girma suna da kwasfa mai wahala da mai dorewa. A cikin ragowar cacti, suturar iri tana da bakin ciki, mara nauyi. Geraukar yawancin ƙwayar cuta yana zuwa har zuwa shekara guda ko fiye, a cikin hatsi da dabbobi masu shayarwa har zuwa shekaru 7-9. A cikin Roseocactus fissuratus, ana sanin yanayin tsiro bayan shekaru 30.
Waɗanne abubuwa ne na halitta abubuwan tsirrai da kuma menene ya ƙunsa?
Wasu fasalulluka na ilimin halitta da na ilimin mutum. Cacti - succulent tsire-tsire (lat. Succulentus - succulent). Abubuwan da suke da tushe sun ƙunshi adadin ruwa. Ofaya daga cikin mahimman halayen ilimin tsiririn waɗannan tsirrai shine nau'in musamman na photosynthesis, shima halayyar wasu succulents. A cikin mafi yawan tsire-tsire, photosynthesis, wanda ke faruwa tare da ɗaukar carbon dioxide da ƙaura ruwa lokaci guda, yana faruwa da rana. Wannan tsari, wanda ke ba su damar rayuwa da ƙaruwa da yawa, ya dogara ne da tsananin hasken rana, yawan zafin jiki da wadatar ruwa.Gidan Cactus wanda aka kafa a cikin mawuyacin yanayin yanayin zafi, inda ba a yarda da asarar ruwa da yawa a cikin rana ba. Saboda haka, ba kamar sauran tsire-tsire ba, cacti suna da nau'in photosynthesis daban-daban daban-daban. Maganarsa ita ce, ɗaukar daskarar da carbon dioxide tare da sakin oxygen ba ya faruwa yayin rana, amma da dare, ta cikin stomata da ke buɗe a waccan lokacin. Ruwan acid na ruwan 'ya'yan itace da daddare ya zama mai girma. Da rana, lokacin da aka rufe stomata kuma yana hana ruwa fitarwa, ana fitar da carbon dioxide a cikin tushe kuma ana amfani dashi wajen aiwatar da aikin daukar hoto.
Godiya ga irin waɗannan fasalulluka na photosynthesis, cacti sun sami damar girma a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafin jiki mai ƙarfi da rashin danshi.
Wani fasalin ilimin halittar jiki na cacti shine jinkirin girma. Tushen tsarin da tushe na tsire-tsire ba su da ikon ɗaukar abinci mai yawa da sauri kuma canza su kamar yadda sauri cikin karuwa a cikin tushen tushen da tushe. Dole ne a yi la’akari da wannan fasalin lokacin da ake noma cacti. Sha'awa ta hanzarta yin girma samfurori saboda ƙarin takin na iya zama lalataccen shuka mai tushe har ma da mutuwarsu. Aƙalla tare da ƙarin ciyarwa, duk abubuwan da suka shafi muhallin da aka tattara tarin ya kamata a la'akari dasu. Da farko, haske: mafi girma shi ne, yadda ake iya wadatar da ƙasa.
Matsakaicin tattalin arziki da darajar cacti. A gida, cacti suna da takamaiman darajar tattalin arziki. Ana amfani da mai tushe a kayan abinci da dafa abinci. Ana kuma amfani da 'ya'yan itatuwa abinci, akasarinsu pears ne. Dry mai tushe na manyan tsire-tsire ana amfani da su azaman man fetur da kayan gini na gini. Ana amfani da Cacti azaman abincin dabbobi. Saboda babban abun ciki na alkaloids da sauran abubuwa, cacti sun sami aikace-aikace a magani. Wakilai da yawa na dangin Cactus sun kasance ornamental, greenhouse da tsire-tsire na cikin gida, an horar da ko'ina cikin duniya.
