Yadda ake girma manyan kwararan fitila?

Girma albasa don samo kai (kwararan fitila) a cikin ɗakunan rani na ƙwararrun lambu ba ya haifar da matsaloli. Koyaya, don samun manyan kwararan fitila (200-400 g), dole ne a tsayar da hankali kan dabarun aikin gona, wanda ke da halaye na kansa. Za mu gaya game da yadda za a tabbatar da kyakkyawan girbi na manyan kwararan fitila - menene kayan shuka don amfani, yadda za a kula da dasa albasa, da sauransu, a cikin labarin.

Janar yana zuwa don samun shugabanni masu kyau, masu inganci

Manyan albasarta fara da tsaba. Albasa a kan kwan fitila (kai) za a iya girma ta hanyar tsaba (chernushka), shuka (arbazheyka) da seedlings. A wata gona da aka girka na noman rani na girma manyan albasa na albasa da adana hunturu, ya fi dacewa a shuka amfanin gona daga arewa.

Don samun amfanin gona na manyan kawuna (har zuwa 200-400 g) na albasa, yanayi da yawa sun zama dole:

• zaɓi na zano iri-iri tare da babban albasa;
• dace ajiya na iri;
• Yarda da bukatun aikin noman.

Kwan fitila da girma

Kuna son samun albasa mai girma? Yi hankali ga irin iri da aka shuka. Albasa itace doguwar shuka tsawon rana kuma tana reful mai zafi zuwa ga rabo na duhu da haske na rana. Albasa suna da fasalin ɗanɗano mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa game da tasirin wayewar rana. Al’adu na jure canjin yanayi sauƙin sauƙin rashin hasken rana.

Varietiesananann albasarta na asalin an ƙaddara su girma kuma su samar da sashin ajiya (kwan fitila) yayin da hasken rana yake matsowa awanni na 13-15. Halin mafi yawan a kudu yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo, kuma nau'ikan da aka yi garkuwa da su yana da lokaci don haɓaka babban taro na ciyayi, gami da babban ɓangaren ajiya.

Idan an shuka albasa iri-iri a yankin arewacin, inda hasken rana a lokacin bazara da sauri ya kai awanni 15-18, tsire-tsire za su gama ciyawa da wuri-wuri kuma su samar da kwararan fitila. Samuwar sashin ajiya (kwan fitila) na nufin ƙarshen ci gaba, da kuma ritaya. Kwakwalwa ba su da lokaci don samun nauyi kuma su kasance ƙanana.

Varietiesanyan albasarta na arewa, waɗanda aka dasa a kudanci, za su kafa ƙaramin ganye a koyaushe a jira na farkon ranar mafi tsawo a 15-18 hours. Kuma tunda a kudu matsakaicin adadin hasken rana yana ƙare da alamar awa 15, al'adar ta ci gaba da ƙara yawan ganye, amma ba ta haifar da kwan fitila kwata-kwata. Yawancin basu da isasshen hasken rana don zuwa mataki na gaba na ci gaba.

Saboda haka, masoyi masu karatu, fata don samun babban kwan fitila da albasa, tabbatar da la'akari da dauki al'adun zuwa daukar hoto. Shuka nau'ikan albasa na kudanci a kudu, da kuma nau'in arewacin a arewa. In ba haka ba, shugabannin albasa za su kasance ƙananan, ba za su iya kasancewa ba ko kuma kafa ɗaya ba. A wannan yanayin, babban kai, amma ba yanki na yanki ba, da kuma biyan duk bukatun fasahar aikin gona ba zai tabbatar da karɓar babban kwan fitila ba.

Seeding da adana iri

Zai yiwu a sami babban adadin manyan kwararan fitila mai albasa kawai lokacin shuka tare da iri mai inganci, wanda za'a iya siyan shi a shagon ko girma da kansa kuma an adana shi daidai har sai an dasa shuki a cikin ƙasa.

Tare da shirye-shiryen 'yanci, ya zama dole bayan girbi da bushe kayan amfanin gona don raba su zuwa kashi:

• Oatmeal, 0.5-0.7 cm a diamita;
• Na rukuni, 0.8-1.5 cm a diamita;
• Rukunin II, 1.5-2.2 cm a diamita.

Mafi kyawun shuka shine an dauki arbazheyka na groups kungiyoyin II.

Kafin dasawa, ana adana zuriya da aka zaɓa a cikin ɗaki mai sanyi a zazzabi na 0 ... + 2 ° C kuma ba mafi girma ba, kuma a cikin ɗakin dumi a + 17 ... + 18 ° C (nesa daga batura mai dumama).

Idan an keta tsarin zazzabi kuma an adana arbazheika a gida a zazzabi na + 2 ... + 15 ° C, ba ma'anar fata don kyakkyawan albasa. Lokacin dasa shuki a cikin ƙasa buɗe, irin waɗannan kayan albasa za su fara harba. Wani babban yanki mai kauri zai zabi wani yanki na abubuwan gina jiki, kwanon albasa zai zama mara karfi. Bugu da ƙari, ginin kwalliya a cikin kwan fitila zai zama tushen lalacewar a cikin damina-damina.

Don haka, yanayin wajibai don samun amfanin gona da manyan albasa sune ire-iren ingancin kayan shuka.

Albasa girma fasaha

Albasa magabata

Kyakkyawan magabata don albasa a cikin juji na al'adu sune tumatur, cucumbers, farkon dankali da na tsakiya, zucchini, ganyen, kabeji da wuri. Albasa suna tafiya lafiya tare da karas, beets, radishes, ganye, wanda ke ba ka damar amfani da waɗannan albarkatu tare da masu sarrafawa a cikin gadaje da aka haɗa.

Lokacin shuka

Dasa albasa za a iya za'ayi a ƙarshen kaka ko farkon bazara. A aikace, dasa shuki da albasarta ake fin so. Climatic cataclysms na 'yan shekarun nan na iya tsokani farkon seedlings da mutuwarsu a lokacin dawo sanyi, kuma sa m shuka da tsaba a cikin hunturu. Halin damuwa na tsire-tsire zai haifar da samuwar ƙananan kwararan fitila.

Ya danganta da yanayin yanayin ƙasa da dumamar ƙasa, an shuka arbazheika a yankuna masu ɗumi a cikin shekaru goma na Maris da farkon Afrilu, a cikin sanyin sanyi (layin tsakiyar) - a ƙarnin da ya gabata na Afrilu-farkon Mayu. A cikin yankuna na arewacin kasar bayan wucewa dusar ƙanƙara da dumama ƙasa zuwa + 6 ... + 10 ° С.

Matsakaicin zafin jiki na ƙasa don shuka shuka shine + 10 ... + 12 ° C, da iska + 3 ... + 5 ° C.

Albasa seedlings zai bayyana a kan 5th-6th rana. Idan kun shuka shuka a cikin ƙasa mara tsami, hakan zai fara harba. Idan kun makara don dasawa, to, sau ɗaya a bushe, ƙasa mai zafi, albasa za ta rage ci gabanta kuma ba za ta samar da babban albasa ba. Wato, don samun babban albasarta albasa, yana da matukar muhimmanci a kula da lokacin dasa shuki.

Albasa na tsire-tsire masu jure sanyi-sauƙi kuma suna iya jure sanyi-na -3 -C. Amma yayin dasa shuki da farkon bazara dawowar daskararru, tsirrai masu girma tare da raguwar zazzabi -3 ... -5 ° C dakatar da haɓaka, wanda daga baya ya shafi girman kwararan fitila.

Shiri iri domin dasa:

• Zabi don dasa shuki mai cikakken albasa mai kyau;
• An yanke bushewa a saman saiti a hankali tare da almakashi;
• Don kare saitin daga cututtukan fungal, tabbatar da kare tare da ruwan zafi, maganin daskarar da potassium, da sauran hanyoyin da aka sani. Albarkatu da aka yayyafa a zazzabi a daki suna bushewa zuwa bushewa. Kafin dasa shuki, an adana shi a cikin murɗa mai laushi.
• Kashegari, dasa a cikin ƙasa tattalin

Kasa bukatar

Albasa ba zai iya jure wa acidified ƙasa da sabo kwayoyin halitta. Sabili da haka, lokacin da aka girma a cikin kewaya al'adu, ana ƙara ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da deoxidants shekaru 2-3 kafin a dasa albasa a ƙarƙashin amfanin gona na baya. Albasa baya son liming na kasar gona, sabili da haka, idan ya cancanta, deoxidation a cikin shekara ta dasa don babban tillage an yi shi da gilashin 3-4 na ash a kowace murabba'in mita. m square.

Don al'ada na al'ada da haɓakar tsire-tsire, ƙasa a ƙarƙashin albasa ya kamata ya kasance tsaka tsaki na pH = raka'a 6.4-6.7, zama danshi-ruwa, ruwa-mai-amfani, m.

Aikace-aikacen taki

Albasa suna ɗaukar abinci mai yawa daga ƙasa tare da amfanin gona, amma basu buƙatar ciyar da su. Ko da wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki da danshi a lokacin girma zai taimaka ga ci gaba da girma da albarkar ciyawa. A kan kasa mai datti da yawa, daga kaka, a ƙarƙashin babban tono ƙasa na albasa, ana kawo matattarar haɓakar humus sama da 1 / 3-1 / 2 buhu a kowace murabba'in mita. m ko seeded siderata.

Rye, hatsi, mustard, rapeseed suna da kyau kwance. A kan kasa mai iyo iyo, za ka iya amfani da mustard tare da Legrip, Clover, vetch-oat cakuda. Cakuda al'adun gargajiya na hade ba kawai zai shimfiɗa ƙasa ba, har ma ya daidaita shi da kayan abinci mai gina jiki.

Daga takin ma'adinai a karkashin albasa suna yin nitroammophosk 50-60 g / sq. m. ko kawai phosphorus-potassium mai, bi da bi 25-30 da 15-25 g / sq. m, kuma a cikin bazara a ƙarƙashin shuka, an ƙara urea ba fiye da 20-25 g / sq ba. m

Idan ƙasa ta cika kuma ana buƙatar ƙimar taki mai yawa, to, zai fi kyau ƙara 2/3 na kashi a cikin fall, kuma amfani da ragowar a cikin bazara kafin dasa shuki.

Dokokin saukowa na Arbazheika

Za'ayi shuka ne a cikin ƙasa da aka shirya a cikin hanyar guda ɗaya ko a ƙananan ƙananan 2-zuwa-3. A cikin kintinkiri tsakanin layuka suna barin 8-12 cm kuma tsakanin haƙarƙarin - 20-25 cm.

A cikin hanyar farko, nisa tsakanin kwararan fitila na iya zama daban:

• Lokacin dasa "kafada zuwa kafada", yawaitar dasawa tayi yawa, tunda tsakanin tsaba a jere nisan nisan shine 1.0-1.5 cm. Tare da wannan hanyar dasa shuki, bakin ciki 2 ana yin su:
• a farkon bakin ciki, an kara nisa zuwa 4 cm, kuma ana amfani da karamin albasa-feather a matsayin abinci;
• bayan kwanaki 25-30, ana aiwatar da thinning na biyu, yana barin nisa tsakanin tsararrun tsire-tsire na 7-10 cm.

Hanya ta biyu ta sauka ne talakawa. An dasa Sevc a nesa a cikin jere bayan 8-10 cm, tsakanin layuka - cm 20. Ba a yin ɗaukar nauyi. Arbazheyka an sanya shi a cikin furrows a tsaye har zuwa zurfin 4 cm, barci a saman ƙasa ta hanyar 2.0-2.5 cm kuma an danƙaɗa shi da dabino.

Albasa kula a lokacin girma

Yana da mahimmanci a lokacin girma don sanya ƙasa ta yi laushi, sako-sako, ba tare da ciyawa ba. Edsaukar kaya na ɓoye maɓallin ƙwayar cuta a cikin tushen tsire-tsire kuma yana haifar da tarin cututtukan fungal.

Mulching bayan ban ruwa da albasarta wajibi ne. Theawon burodi da aka kafa bayan ban ruwa ya haifar da wadataccen danshi zuwa layin ƙasa na sama (wani lokacin bushe, sannan rigar), wanda ke rage yiwuwar samar da babban kwan fitila. Haɗuwa iska kawai ce, a cikin manyan hanyoyi. A lokacin da loosening a jere, lahani ga superficially tushen Tushen mummunan tasiri kan girma da kwan fitila. Albasa ba zai iya zama spud. Akasin haka, a lokacin haɓaka kwan fitila, "fashionista" suna buɗe kafaɗunsu zuwa rana. Muhimmiyar rawa a cikin samuwar babban kwan fitila mallakar ruwa ne na kan lokaci.

Watering albasa

Watsa da saman miya don albasa a farkon watanni 2-3 suna da mahimmanci musamman. Takaitawa game da samar da abinci mai gina jiki da kuma keta tsarin ban ruwa a wannan lokacin yana haifar da kananan shugabannin albasa da asarar dandano.

Kimanin yawan magudanan ruwa:

• Watan farko na ruwa ne da za'ayi sau ɗaya a mako tare da m loosening da mulching na crushed ciyawa. A ƙarƙashin babban ciyawa, kwari suka zauna, cututtukan fungal suka tara. Mularamin ciyawa yana kare ƙasa daga bushe saman Layer kuma da sauri bazu ƙarƙashin rinjayar danshi. A wannan lokacin, kasar gona a lokacin ban ruwa ne soaked zuwa 10 cm Layer.
• A watan Yuni, zuwa ga ci gaban kwararan fitila, an rage adadin ban ruwa zuwa hutun kwana 10, amma kasar ta yayyafi zuwa 20-25 cm daga cikin rufin. Saboda haka cewa babu wani tururuwa na ruwa, ban ruwa ne da za'ayi da lafiya spraying.
• A watan Yuli, ana yin shayarwa sau ɗaya a kowace rana ta 8-10 kamar yadda ya cancanta (hana ƙasa ta bushewa a cikin tushen tushe).
• A cikin rabin rabin Yuli, ana kiyaye farjin ƙasa kawai, kuma suna juyawa zuwa "bushe bushe." Kasa ta kwance, mulkinta, kuma tabbas an cire ta daga ciyawa.
• Makonni 2-3 kafin girbi, ana dakatar da ruwa kuma kwararan kwararan fitila daga ƙasa a hankali suna “fallasa”. Hanyar tana haɓaka ripening da kwan fitila, musamman tushe a gindi. Unripe mai tushe a cikin hunturu ana shafar fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta rot.

Watsa kurakurai

• Yin ruwa tare da matsanancin matsin lamba yana karya gashin tsuntsu, yana haifar da cikas a cikin kwararar abubuwan gina jiki a cikin shuka, yana raunana shi. Shuka tayi rashin lafiya.
• Karku ta da albasarta da ruwan sanyi. Lokacin yin ruwa da ke ƙasa + 18 ° C, al'adar tayi rashin lafiya tare da mildew powdery.
• Wajibi ne a kiyaye tsabtace tsabtace tsabtace daga ciyawa, ba da damar su girma sama da 5-8 cm.
• A kan weater, ba weeded kuma ba a shayar da yankin ba, tushen wuyoyin da albasarta ya kasance mai daɗi, wanda ke rage riƙe riƙe kwan fitila.

Albasa miya

Samuwar manyan kwararan fitila na buƙatar isasshen adadin abubuwan gina jiki. Shigowarsu ga al'adu ya kamata ya zama daidaitacce, ba tare da yunwar yunwa ba da wuce gona da iri. Zai fi kyau a hadasa albasa da maganin abubuwan gina jiki. Gabatar da bushewar miya ba ta da fa'ida.

Na farko ciyar da albasarta

Tare da isasshen miya na ƙasa, za a iya jinkirta farkon rigar albasa zuwa Yuni, kuma idan ya cancanta, ana aiwatar da shi bayan makonni 2-3 daga tsiro. Abunnin fuka-fukin hasken wuta alama ce ta ciyarwa.

Don ciyarwa a cikin l 10 na ruwan dumi, cokali na nitonium nitrate ko urea yana narkewa. Taimakawa tushen ginin don mitan layi na 10-12. Idan ƙasa ba (saboda dalilai daban-daban) ba a isasshen takin kafin shuka, to, takin na farko ya fi dacewa da cikakken takin, ta amfani da nitroammophoska, Kemiru-lux, lu'ulu'u a cikin hanyar samar da mafita (25-30 g / 10 l na ruwa). Bayan an sanya miya, ana tilas sai an tsabtace tsire-tsire tare da sha tare da kyakkyawan raga raga.

Na biyu ciyar da albasarta

An aiwatar da riguna na biyu na biyu a cikin shekaru goma na biyu na Yuni tare da bayani na kitse-potassium mai. A cikin 10 l na ruwa mai dumi, 20 da 10 g na superphosphate da potassium sulfate suna narkar da kuma gabatar da su a ƙarƙashin tushen tsire-tsire. A wannan lokacin, maimakon cakuda phosphorus-potassium, zaku iya sake ciyar da tsirrai tare da nitroammophos, ƙara maida hankali ne mafita ga 2 tablespoons a kowace lita 10 na ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana yin suturar saman foliar tare da microelements ko boron tare da ƙari da cirewar ash (0.5 l a kowace l l na ruwa).

Na uku ciyar da albasarta

Ana yin riguna na sama na uku idan ya cancanta, idan ci gaban kwan fitila ya gushe .. Ana yin rigar rigakafin ta uku yayin girman albasa tare da gyada mafi yawancin lokuta mafita ne na superphosphate. 40 g na superphosphate suna narkewa a cikin ruwa na 10 l. Yawan kwararar mafita shine kimanin 5 l / sq. m yankin saukowa.

Ya kamata a lura cewa albasarta a kan ƙasa mai kyau da takin ƙasa tare da takin ma'adinai ba za a iya ciyar da shi da takin mai magani ba, iyakance ga takin ƙasa tare da abubuwan da aka gano da kuma karɓar ash.

Kariyar albasa daga cututtuka da kwari

Don kare albasa daga cututtuka da kwari, ana kula da tsire-tsire tare da biofungicides (daga cututtuka) da bioinsecticides (daga kwari) a matsayin matakan hanawa. Mafi yawan abubuwan biofungicides sune Planriz, Haupsin, Alirin-B, Trichodermin, Gliocladin.

Ana neman magani daga kwari, "Aktofit", "Aversectin-S", "Bitoxibacillin", "Verticillin", "Bicol" ana amfani dasu. Ana aiwatar da mafita mafi kyau a cikin gaurayawan tanki. Zaɓin samfuran samfuran halitta, sashi da haɗuwa koyaushe ya kamata a aiwatar da su bisa ga umarnin. Albasa jiyya ana aiwatar da aƙalla sau 3-5 a lokacin girma da safe. Za'a iya aiwatar da aiki na karshe 2-3 kwanaki kafin girbi. Abubuwan da aka kera su na halitta bashi da aminci ga mutane da dabbobi.

Jiyya yana farawa a farkon canje-canje da aka gani a cikin launi na alkalami ko yanayin tsire-tsire.

Albasa mai Ruwa

Farkon girbi an ƙaddara shi da yanayin massan adam ɗin da ke sama. Ya danganta da iri-iri:

• dasa ganye juya rawaya
• kwanta
• rasa turgor, da sauransu.

Lokacin girbi, an cire albasarta daga ƙasa, an bar shi har tsawon makonni 1-2 a karkashin alfarwa don bushewa ta ƙarshe.An dafa albasarta mai bushe da kwararan fitila mai yawa tare da bushe tushen wuya, an rufe shi da busassun babba na sama, an dage farawa don ajiyar hunturu. Kafin kwanciya a cikin akwati don ajiya, an bushe mai tushe mai tsayi 3-5 cm a dunƙule ko an ɗora shi da ƙamshi kuma an dakatar dashi a cikin busasshen wuri mai ɗumi.

Don haka, girma albasa tare da manyan albasa na buƙatar aiwatar da ayyukan aikin gona, babban cikinsu sune:

• zaɓi na zoned iri-iri;
• ingancin iri;
• timeliness na shuka;
• bin ka'idodin kulawa, wanda ya haɗa da ban ruwa na zamani da kuma riguna masu sutura, abun ciki na ƙasa a cikin rigar, ƙasa mai-ciyawa, tare da isasshen tsire-tsire.

Cikakken ingancin bukatun fasahar noma na kirkirar dukkan abubuwan da ake bukata domin samun manyan albasa.