Matasan lambun. Andaukaka da fahariyar kowane mazaunin bazara. Matasa ba su cika murna da kananan bishiyoyi ba a cikin kayan lambu na bazara. Wani lambu yana girma ... Amma a cikin sashin waje na kambi ta Apple, pear, apricot, da sauran albarkatun gonar, busassun kayan ya bayyana a lokacin harbe matasa. Bushewa na fi na harbe yada daga sama zuwa kasa. A cikin kowane bishiyoyi, an fiɗa fiɗa duka. Kuma ya zo lokacin da mai shi ya fahimci cewa lambun ta faɗi rashin lafiya tare da rashin bushewa. Cutar ta shafi tsawon rai na gonar da kuma irinta. Idan bishiyar daban ta kamu da rashin lafiya, to dalilin na iya zama ya sabawa fasahar aikin gona. Idan cutar ta ci gaba kuma ta bayyana kanta akan bishiyoyi da yawa, dalilin na iya kasancewa kamuwa da cututtukan su da lalacewa ta hanyar kwari. Wajibi ne a fahimci dalilan sannan a dauki matakan rigakafin cutarwa da warkewa.
Naman itacen apple. © Dauda HYadda za a tantance musabbabin bishiyoyin bushe?
Babban bayyanar rashin bushewa shine bushewa daga matasa harbe da kuma rassan babban matakin kambi. Mafi sau da yawa, rashin bushewa yana bayyana kanta a cikin bazara, wani lokacin a farkon rabin bazara. Dalilan farkon bushewa ya dogara da dalilai da yawa. Ana iya lalacewa ta hanyar cin zarafin agrotechnical (dasa da kulawa) ko bukatun agrochemical (abinci mai gina jiki) na al'ada, shan kashi na cutar (monilial, ƙonewar ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta) ko kwari (chafer larvae beetle, barkono irin ƙwaro, da sauransu).
Tare da amfanin gona da aka shuka yadda yakamata, firan bishiyoyin za su bushe na ƙarshe. A wannan yanayin, bushewa daga kananan harbe da kuma perenni rassan yakan fara ne da mutuwar ƙananan rassan, wilting daga cikin ganye taro, canza launinta, zubar fure, kuma kawai sai bushewa da harba da kanta farawa kai tsaye.
1. Rage bukatun aikin gona
Lambun yana buƙatar ƙarancin iska-da ruwa mai ruwa wanda ke da tsari iri ɗaya kuma an wadatar da shi da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki a cikin bayanin. Bishiyoyi ba za su daɗe ba kuma za su samar da ƙarancin abinci mai tsiro a cikin ƙasa mai nauyi, tare da kusancin abin da ke faruwa ƙarƙashin ƙurar shara, yashi, da sharar gida.
Lambun yana buƙatar babban abin da ya faru na ruwan ƙasa, ba kusa da 1.6 m zuwa ga ƙasa farfajiya ba. Bishiyoyi tare da tsarin tushen sanda suna shiga zurfi a cikin ƙasa har zuwa 1.5-2.0 kuma ƙari mita suna da hankali musamman ga ƙasa, tsayayyen ruwa / tsauraran ruwa. Tare da tsayin daka na ruwan karkashin kasa, an keta dokar iska. Oxygen da kusan bai isa asalin tsotsa ba, tushen tsarin yakan sha ruwa, ruwa kuma baya shiga saman kambi sai bishiyar ta mutu.
Acidity da salinity na ƙasa ba su da tasiri a kan ci gaba da haɓaka bishiyoyi. Suna ci gaba da talauci kuma bayan shekaru 5-8 ko suka mutu nan da nan.
Ba daidai ba dasa na seedlings: take hakkin wurin da tushen wuyan, wurin da maganin, rashin magudanar ruwa (idan ya cancanta), wani rami mai saurin sauka wanda tushen sa yana hade, tare da lanƙwasa, da dai sauransu.
Ba daidai ba watering. Wani lokacin maharbi yan lambu sun wuce gona da iri, suna imani da cewa bushewar rassa da harbe alama ce ta rashin ruwa.
Yaya ake hanawa da fada?
Yi alamar lambun gonar ba ta sauri. Lambun da aka dasa cikin sauri (da sauri) ya lalace. Domin gonar ta ba da 'ya'ya kuma su kasance lafiya ga duk lokacin da aka ba ta, ya zama dole a hankali cika sharuddan fasahar aikin gona.
Orchard kullun an ɗora shi a kan m, danshi- da kuma breathable kasa tare da tsaka tsaki dauki ga acidity, pH wanda ya kamata 6.5-7.2. Abun da ke faruwa a cikin ƙasa shine mafi kyawun 2.0-2.5 m daga farfajiyar ƙasa. Idan rukunin yanar gizon bai cika waɗannan buƙatun ba, ya zama dole:
Rage ƙasa kuma ya kawo asalinta a cikin ganiya ta amfani da garin lemun tsami ko garin dolomite.
Tare da kusancin abin da ya faru na ruwan ƙasa, saman farko ya lalace, sannan gabaɗaya itacen. A irin waɗannan yankuna, ana iya dasa bishiyoyi a tsaunuka masu tsayi, kuma ana iya yanke magudanar rami tsakanin layuka. Idan gonar ta ƙunshi bishiyoyi da yawa, to, a cikin ramuka na dasawa kuna buƙatar sanya magudanar ruwa mai tsayi zuwa 20-25 cm, rufe 2/3 na ramin tare da cakuda ƙasa mai cakuda. Don sanya shinge ko zagaye a kan ƙasa kuma ya rufe shi tare da ragowar cakuda ƙasa. Matsayi tushen tsarin seedling a cikin babba na ramin dasawa da tudun dafaɗa saboda ba a bayyana tushen wuyan, kuma wurin grafting yana saman ƙasa. Tushen da aka fallasa ana kula dashi tare da nau'in lambun ko cakuda-lãka kuma an rufe shi da ƙasa. Bayan an yi ruwa, dole ne a dasa ƙasa 5-6 cm tare da ƙaramin ciyawa.
Don wuraren da suke da tsaftataccen ruwan karkashin kasa, ya fi amfani da nau'ikan columnar ko seedlings akan dwarf da root -cks dwarf rootstocks. Wannan zai iya kiyaye tushen tsarin kayan amfanin gona daga samun rigar yayin tsaurin ruwa akan kasa mai yawa ko babban wurin da ke cikin ruwa.
Bushewar peach. L Robert Ll. MorrisIdan ƙasa ta wuce danshi da sauri (yashi, peaty), to wannan busasshen saman za'a iya danganta shi da rashin danshi a cikin hunturu. Tushen tushen bishiyar 'ya'yan itace na iya bushewa lokacin da yawan zafin jiki ya danganta da canjin daga narkewa zuwa sanyi. Gidajen gonar da ke kan irin wannan ƙasa suna buƙatar ban ruwa na hunturu mai yawa. A wannan yanayin, tushen tsarin zai bayyana lokacin da ƙasa ke daskarewa a cikin kwasfa kankara, wanda zai kare shi daga bushewa.
Idan moles, beraye da sauran manyan kwari na kwari suna rauni a cikin lambu, dole ne a dauki dukkan matakan fitar da su. Mole, Motsi podzryzki tushen tsarin kuma haifar da mutuwar amfanin gona.
2. rashin abinci mai gina jiki
Idan an cika duk bukatun agrotechlete, to, sanadin ci gaban bushewar na iya zama cin zarafin abincin bishiyoyi. Rashin lalacewa ko keta hadaddun kayan abinci na yau da kullun da sauran abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin jiki ba bayyana kawai ta bushewa ba, amma kuma ta raguwar ingancin 'ya'yan itatuwa. Yana da mahimmanci musamman don saka idanu a kan tsarin abinci mai gina jiki yayin kwanciya a kan ƙwayar cuta, gandun daji, launin toka, yashi, sod-podzolic, carbonate da farfadowar ƙasa, tsirar peatlands, da sauransu.
Macro- da microelements shigar da tsire-tsire ta hanyar tsarin tushe. Tare da raunin abinci mai gina jiki, an rarraba wasu abubuwan abubuwa tsakanin gabobin shuka. Akwai fitarwar daga tsofaffin ganye zuwa fruitsa fruitsan itace da gabobin matasa. Amma akwai abubuwanda aka gano waɗanda basu da ikon sake fasalin su. Waɗannan sun haɗa da boron, zinc, jan ƙarfe. Rashin su ko cin zarafin rabo tare da manyan abubuwan abinci mai gina jiki suna haifar da rashin bushewar amfanin gona.
Rashin ƙarancin Boron
Rashin ƙarancin Boron an bayyana shi a cikin dakatar da ci gaban ganyayyaki na sama. A ƙarshen harbe, ganye ya fi girma, ya zama ƙarami ya faɗi a kashe. Tare da babban rashi na boron, da babba rassan fara bushe fita, kuma pungent ulcerations bayyana a cikin 'ya'yan itãcen, da ɗanɗanar' ya'yan itacen tsiro halayyar m aftertaste. Tare da isasshen wadataccen kayan amfanin gona tare da phosphorus da alli, gabatarwar boron a cikin tushen tushe da kuma saman kayan miya yana zama wajibi, musamman a cikin shekarun bushe. Duk da haka, babban allurai na boron suna haifar da guba gaba ɗaya na itaciyar. Don cire "guba" ta boron, wajibi ne don ciyar da tsirrai tare da phosphorus da alli. Zai fi kyau a ƙara takin boron tare da sinadarin phosphorus lokacin ciyar da takin zamani. Ka tuna, a cikin shekaru bushe kuma tare da rashin danshi, raunin boron a cikin gabobin tsire-tsire yana ƙaruwa.
Shortagearancin jan ƙarfe
Ana buƙatar farin ƙarfe musamman a cikin albarkatu na 'ya'yan itace yayin girma da fure. Idan a wannan lokacin saurin girma na harbe ya fara fitowa, toshewar ruwan chlorine ya bayyana akan ruwan ganye a tsakanin jijiyoyin, kuma bushewar abubuwa daga tukwicin harbe har zuwa sama, hakan na nuna cewa bishiyoyin sun kamu da rashin inganci sakamakon karancin farin karfe. Don hana bushewa na harbe na sama, dole ne a ƙara taki da ke ɗauke da jan ƙarfe a cikin miya. Baya ga kasancewa mai aiki a cikin dukkanin hanyoyin tafiyar matakai, shirye-shiryen tagulla suna haɓaka sanyi, zafi da haƙurin fari. A cikin ƙasa da aka ƙera, ana rage yawan jan ƙarfe ga tsire-tsire, saboda ana amfani da shi ta hanyar ƙwayoyin ƙasa. A wannan yanayin, a farkon bazara, kafin a buɗe furanni, ya wajaba a bi da bishiyoyin 'ya'yan itace tare da sulfate na jan karfe (1%), ruwa na Bordeaux (3%) ko wasu shirye-shiryen tagulla waɗanda ke ɗauke da ciyar da takin na tagulla ko kuma hadaddun tsarin microelements a lokacin girma. Idan babu takin mai dauke da jan ƙarfe ko kuma abubuwanda aka gano, zaku iya maimaita magani tare da Bordeaux ruwa (1%) tare da mazugin kore da bayan fure. A lokacin girma, zaku iya ciyar da ash.
Rashin zinc
Karancin zinc an bayyana a fili da farko ta hanyar samuwar (rosettes) daga shuki da ganye, kuma daga baya akan fara bushewa. Musamman da sauri a amsa rashin zinc na apple da pear. Acarfafa rashin zinc shine gabatarwar manyan allurai na takin zamani da kuma iskar ƙasa. Ya kamata a biya kulawa ta musamman ga babban takin da kuma kayan miya da aka saka akan chernozmes, ƙwallan ƙwallon ƙwal, launin ruwan kasa da ƙwallafa ƙarancin podzolic. A lokacin girma, miya tare da abubuwan da aka gano, ash yana da tilas. Ana bayar da kyakkyawan sakamako ta hanyar amfanin gona na hunturu na hunturu na kore.
Dry rassan a kambi na 'ya'yan itace. © tikiwanderer3. Kwaro da kwari suka haifar
Rashin bushewar albarkatu na 'ya'yan itace, musamman a wani matashi, ana iya lalacewa ta hanyar bayyanar da kwari masu haɗari, duka ƙasa da daidaitawa a kan matasa ciyayi harbe na kambi (larvae na May irin ƙwaro, aphids, tururuwa, haushi beetles, caterpillars na itace da sauransu). Musamman sau da yawa sau shekaru 4 na bishiyun bishiyoyi na bishiyoyi, Quince, apple, plum, pear sun lalace. Kowace bazara da kaka, 'yan kananan bishiyoyi suna yin bincike sosai. Mafi sau da yawa, haushi da aka lalace shine filin kiwo da wurare don cikewar kwari da yawa. Idan fashe ta faru a cikin bawo, dole ne a gyara su, duk raunin da ya kamata ya zama lalatacce, gangar jikin da rassan kashin da aka zana tare da fili mai santsi ko fenti na musamman na fenti. Musamman babban lalacewar kananan bishiyoyi ana lalacewa ta hanyar larvae na ƙwaro na Mayu. Kawai lardin 2-3 ne suka sami damar rusa wata bishiya, suna lalata tsarin tushenta. A hankali duba fi na matasa harbe. Idan ganyayen bushe suka bayyana a kansu a farkon rabin lokacin bazara, wannan na iya zama alama ta bayyanar itacen ɓarnuwa. Bishiyar malam buɗe ido na sanya ƙwai a kan ƙananan harbe a gindin ganye na ganye. Muguwar da aka ɓoye cikin sauƙi ta shiga cikin ƙaramin matasa (karamin rami yana bayyane a wurin gabatarwa, wani lokacin akan wasu nau'ikan albarkatu - ɗanɗano na iyo) kuma yana fara ciyarwa da ƙarfi. Samun da aka lalatar da itace, yana shiga cikin zurfi yadudduka, kuma ciyawar ta lalace ta bushe. Maballin ya sa hibernates cikin sassa na huhun ciki kuma a cikin bazara yana motsawa saman bisa gwargwadon abubuwan motsawa. Zazzabin ya jefa farfajiyar sa ta hanyar bude kofofin ciki. A caterpillars na gabas codling asu da glasshouse bar guda alamu.
Matakan kariya
Don lalata kwari da ke haifar da bushewar bishiyoyi saboda mummunan aikin su, ana cire rassan da aka shafa tare da kama 15-20 cm na itace mai lafiya. BI-58, mai rikon kwarya, mai sarrafa kansa, karbofos da sauran kwari suna fara alluran cikin ramuka da aka yi a cikin ramin gwanayen rassan kwarangwal da gungumen tsakiya tare da irin ƙwaro, itace, sannan an zuba shi da nau'in lambun ko sumin ruwa, kuma ana ɗaukar sauran matakan kariya daga kwaro. A lokacin girma, ana aiwatar da dukkan ayyukan don kula da amfanin gona na kwari daga kwari, ta amfani da shirye-shiryen maganin kwari.
4. Fari sakamakon kamuwa da cuta
Wani lokacin maɗaurin yana da alaƙa da lalacewar ƙwayar cuta-ƙwayar cuta ga albarkatun gona. Abubuwan ban tsoro na harbe-harben harbe-harben wani bangare na kambi galibi suna nuna farkon cututtuka masu yaduwa (moniliosis da ƙonewar ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, da sauransu). Daga cikin cututtukan fungal, fi na bishiyoyi suna bushewa da moniliosis, ƙona ƙwayoyin cuta da mildew powdery. Mafi sau da yawa, moniliosis yana shafar 'ya'yan itatuwa dutse: apricots, dogayen sanda, peaches, cherries. Bayyanar waje - blackened firam na harbe da rassan, furanni launin ruwan kasa. Rassan da aka shafa suna kama da wuta. Haka kuma, bishiyoyi sun kamu da rashin lafiya a zahiri. Bayan faɗuwar furanni da abin ya shafa, an rufe rassan da ke da cutar tare da wasu ƙananan wuraren da ke nuna ɗanɗano. Single, sauran rayayyun fure samar da mummuna, scabby, 'ya'yan itãcen ɗanɗano.
Powdery mildew, kamar, ke kula da matasa harbe da ganyayyaki. Idan aka bar itaciyar ba ta kulawa, to kuwa ba za a fara sare tsiran da ke tashi a kusa da bishiyoyin makwabta ba, kuma matansu suna fara bushewa.
Cutar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta wacce ke haifar da bushe da rassa tana bayyana azaman ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ko ƙone ƙwayar cuta. Ta hanyar bugun zuciyar katako, ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta haifar da gudanawar ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki ga manyan rassan. Karshe ya bushe. Burnonewar ƙwayar cuta yana haifar da kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta. Lura cewa ƙone ƙwayar cuta cuta ce mai keɓewa. Fiye da shekaru 1-3, bishiyoyin da abin ya shafa suka mutu.
Itace reshe a kambi na 'ya'yan itace. Jeffrey M.Matakan kariya
Lokacin kwanciya lambu, ana amfani da nau'ikan albarkatun gona da ke tsayayya da cututtukan fungal da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta.
A cikin gidajen lambun da ke kamuwa da cuta, yana da matukar wahala a rusa tushen kamuwa da cuta. Saboda haka, yana da sauƙin hana shi ta hanyar ɗaukar dukkan matakan kariya na kariya daga lokaci don yaƙar kamuwa da cuta daga baya, musamman a farkon albarkatun gona. Yin rigakafin - farkon farkon bazara da ƙarshen kulawar kaka da maraice tare da magunguna: Skor, Horus, Topaz, Ordan, Ridomil da sauran waɗanda aka amince dasu don amfanin amfanin gona. An bada shawara don fesawa kafin budding tare da ruwa na Bordeaux 3% ko bayani na 1% na sulfate jan karfe. A kan mazugi kore da bayan fure - bayani na 1% na ruwa Bordeaux, wanda kuma zai kasance babban miya. A lokacin girma, ana sarrafa gonar da tsare-tsaren biofungicides bisa ga shawarwarin. Dole ne a tsabtace rikicewar haushi (fasa), rami da sauran lalacewa kuma an rufe shi da kayan ado na furen, fenti, sumunti, duk wani kayan don hana shigowar kayan bazara da ƙwayoyin cuta. Mafi kyawun magani don ƙone ƙwayar cuta shine amfani da maganin rigakafi.
Idan matakan kariya basu taimaka ba kuma itaciyar ta kamu da rashin lafiya, lallai ne a datsa rassan da abin ya shafa kuma a ƙone su. Ana amfani da bishiyoyi nan da nan tare da shirye-shiryen da suka dace da ciyar don ƙara juriya don ci gaba da kamuwa da cuta. Ci gaba da duk lokacin girma girma na bishiyoyi daga lalacewar-na kwayan cuta. A cikin bazara da kaka, bi da ƙasa a cikin kambi tare da maganin urea 4%.
