Alayyafo asalin tushen ƙarfe yake. Wani bangare ne na haemoglobin, wanda ke samar da iskar oxygen ga dukkan sel. Musamman shawarar ga mata, yara da matasa.
Lambar Alayyafo (Spinacia oleracea) - wani nau'in halittar Halin Gidan Amaranth na dangin (Amaranthaceae); a cikin tsofaffin rarrabuwa - Hazel. Al'adar ta girma kusan ko'ina. Amma idan akwai wani sirri don kula da alayyafo, zaku gano ta hanyar karanta wannan labarin.
Alayyafo
Takaita Labarin Labarun Batsa
Alayyafo tsire-tsire ne na shekara-shekara mai tsire-tsire mai tsire-tsire mai tsire-tsire mai zurfi 30-45 cm mai tsayi tare da ganyayyaki mai siffar triangular na yau da kullum Fam ɗin furanni masu launin kore, ƙarami, aka tattara a cikin inflorescences spike-paniculate. An tattara furanni na pistil a cikin glomeruli wanda ke cikin axils na ganye. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari - ƙwararrun kwayoyi waɗanda aka tattara a cikin glomeruli tare da takalmin gyaran kafaɗa. Yana fure a watan Yuni-Agusta.
Homelandasar mahaifin alayyafo shi ne Gabas ta Tsakiya. Noma ya fara, kamar yadda aka yi imani da shi, a cikin Farisa. A Tsakiyar Asiya, an samo isnadi a matsayin sako. Dangane da sigar gama gari, sunan alayyafo a cikin yaren Turai ya koma hannun “koren hannu” na Farisa.
A farkon karni na 20, alayyafo sanannen abu ne a cikin kasashen Yammacin Turai. A wannan lokacin, an yi imani da kuskuren cewa alayyafo shine samfurin abinci mai ƙarfe mafi yawan (35 MG na baƙin ƙarfe a kowace g kayan lambu 100). Likitoci musamman sun ba da shawarar alayyafo wa yara. A zahiri, abun cikin baƙin ƙarfe alayyafo ya ninka sau 10. Rikicewar ta taso ne saboda wani mai bincike wanda ya manta da sanya maki mai kyau a lamba. Rage gaskiyar wannan tatsuniya ta bayyana ne a 1981.
Dangane da wani fasalin, kuskuren ya tashi a cikin 1890 sakamakon binciken bushewar alamomi wanda masanin Switzerland Gustav von Bunge ya yi. Sakamakon von Bunge (35 MG na baƙin ƙarfe a 100 g na samfurin) daidai ne, amma bai yi nazari ba sabo, amma busasshen alayyafo. Fresh alayyafo ya ƙunshi 90% ruwa, wato, ya ƙunshi ba kusan 35 ba, amma game da 3.5 mg na baƙin ƙarfe.
Irin shuka
Alayyafo farkon kayan lambu ne wanda yake toho, sabili da haka, an gabatar da daskararren ciyawa ko humus a matsayin taki mai sauri a ƙarƙashin amfanin gona. Musamman mahimmin shine gabatarwar humus a farkon al'adun gargajiya da albarkatu masu kauri.
Preparationasa shiri
Alayyafo yana kan buƙata a kan takin ƙasa, saboda haka an sanya shi a cikin yankin da ake noma mai arziki a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Yana ba da mafi yawan amfanin ƙasa a kan kasa loamy; a kan yashi, don samun yawan amfanin ƙasa mai kyau tare da ganye mai kyau, kuna buƙatar sau da yawa alayyafo. Asa da babban acidity na farko dole ne ya zama liming. Mafi kyawun magabata don alayyafo kayan lambu ne, wanda aka sa takin gargajiya.
Preparedasan da aka shirya alayyafo an shirya a faɗo: an gina shafin zuwa cikakken zurfin humus ɗin humus kuma ana amfani da takin ma'adinai (30 g na superphosphate, 15 g na potassium chloride a 1 m2). A lokaci guda, idan ya cancanta, iyakance kasar gona. A farkon bazara, da zaran kasar gona ta cikakke don namo, urea a cikin adadin 20 g da 1 m2 ana amfani da shi a karkashin rake.
Ba a bada shawarar amfani da takin gargajiya na zamani (danshi, dusar ƙanƙara, da sauransu.) Ba a amfani da shi kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin al'adun alayyafo, tunda suna cutar da ɗanyen ganyen.
A matsayinka na mai mulkin, ba wani fili na musamman da aka keɓe don amfanin gonar alayyafo; mafi yawan lokuta, ana shuka shi a cikin bazara a matsayin mai girbin amfanin gona kayan lambu mai tsananin zafi. A cikin ƙananan yankuna, an shuka shi a matsayin babban komputa (a tsakanin sauran kayan lambu ko a cikin hanyoyin lambun).
Shuka alayyafo a cikin greenhouses
A cikin bazara, a cikin ƙasa mai kariya, alayyafo an girma ne a cikin gidajen kora da kan ƙasa mai daɗe. A karkashin waɗannan yanayin, ana iya samun kyakkyawan sakamako kawai akan ƙasa tare da babban adadin humus. Yawancin lokaci, don greenhouses suna shirya cakuda humus da sod ko ƙasa mai gona (a daidai adadin).
Alayyafo hoto ne mai hoto, saboda haka amfanin gona na bazara a cikin ƙasa wanda aka keɓe zai fara a yankin Moscow ne kawai daga ƙarshen Fabrairu. Shuka ne da za'ayi ta hanyar shuka mai shuka, nisan da ke tsakanin layuka shine 6 cm. m an shuka 20-30 g na tsaba. Lokacin da kuka girma cikin hotbeds, kula da yawan zafin jiki na 10-12 ° C - cikin hadari da 18 ° C - a cikin yanayin zafin rana.
A baya can, tsaba alayyafo ya kamata a saka shi cikin ruwa tsawon kwana ɗaya da rabi don samun harbe da farawa. Nan da nan kafin shuka, ƙwayoyin kumbura suna ɗan bushewa saboda kada su tsaya tare.
Alayyafo na fito.
Bude shuka
Alayyafo - da shuka ne quite sanyi-resistant da ke tsiro da kyau a cikin ƙasa bude. Inan shuka iri-iri sun iya yin tsayayya da sanyi har ƙasa zuwa -8 ° С. Alayyafo dasa kafin hunturu na iya hunturu a karkashin dusar ƙanƙara (a tsakiyar layi ba tare da ɗan tsari).
Shuka alayyafo a buɗe ƙasa mai yiwuwa ne lokacin da dusar ƙanƙara ta narke gaba ɗaya - daga tsakiyar Afrilu zuwa Yuli - don amfani da ganyen tsiro, har zuwa tsakiyar watan Agusta - don amfani da matasa. Ana yin amfanin gona mai ɗaukar tsaka-tsakin ranakun kwanaki 20-30.
A lokacin rani, amfanin gona alayyafo ne kawai za a iya aiwatar da su a yankuna da suka banka ta ban ruwa. Kafin fitowa, an shirya makircin tare da tsohuwar matting da sauran kayan domin hanzarta samar da shuka.
A kan tudun, an shuka amintaccen abu a cikin hanyar talakawa tare da jera kewayawa 30 cm, zurfin jigilar zuriyar 2-3 cm, yawan hatsi 4-5 g a 1 m2. Bayan shuka, an yayyafa ƙasa.
Don amfani da kaka, an shuka shi a watan Yuni-Yuli, kuma a yankuna na kudanci a watan Agusta, a matsayin amfanin gona na hunturu, wanda ya ba ku damar girbe shi a farkon bazara. A wuraren da yawan zafin jiki na hunturu baya sauka a kasa da 12 ° C, alayyahu da aka girma a kaka za'a iya girbe su a lokacin hunturu.
Kula da Alayyafo
Lokacin da seedlings suka girma (ganye na gaskiya na biyu ya bayyana), an girbe amfanin gona, suka bar tsirrai a nesa daga 8-10 cm daga junan su, tunda 'Ya'yan biyun sun fito ne daga zuriya ɗaya daga cikin alayyafo. Albarkatun gona marasa amfani ne - tare da talauci mai rauni, haɗarin kamuwa da cutar mildew mai ƙaruwa yana ƙaruwa. Nisan dake jere tsakanin tsirrai yakamata yakai cm 15. Yana da muhimmanci sosai ayi aiki da hankali, yin hankali kada ka lalata sauran tsirran. Bayan thinning, ana shayar da kayan alayyafo.
Don hana tsirrai shuka a lokacin bushe da yanayin zafi, alayyafo ya kamata a shayar da su sosai. Idan ya zama dole, ana haɗa ruwa tare da miya ta saman tare da takin nitrogen (10-15 g da urea a 1 m2). Ba'a bada shawara don ciyar da alayyafo tare da takin zamani da takin mai magani na potassium, kamar yadda suke taimakawa hanzarta harbin tsire-tsire.
A duk lokacin girma, dole ne a saki ƙasa a kai a kai. A cikin yanayin bushe, tsire-tsire suna buƙatar yin ruwa don samar da amfanin gona mai kyau da bayyanar kyakkyawa. Yawancin lokaci, 2-3 na ruwa a kowace mita mai layi na layi ya isa sau 2-3 a mako. Danshi na kasar gona na yau da kullun yana guje wa ciwan baya.
Girbi
Girma alayyafo yana farawa lokacin da aka kafa ganye 5-6 akan tsire-tsire. An shuka ciyawar bazara ta shirya don girbi mako 8 bayan fitowar, bazara - 10-12. Yana da mahimmanci girbi a cikin lokaci: idan tsire-tsire sun daina, ganye zasu zama m da m.
An yanke Rosettes a ƙarƙashin farkon takardar ko an ja shi tare da tushe. Amma zaku iya jan ganyayyaki kamar yadda ake bukata. Zai fi kyau a cire alayyafo da safe, amma ba nan da nan bayan an sha ruwa ko ruwan sama ba, tunda a wannan lokacin ganyayyaki suna da rauni sosai kuma a warke.
Alayyafo ana girbe a matakai da yawa, kamar yadda tsire-tsire suke girma kuma sabbin ganye, suka tashi, har zuwa lokacin harbin mutane.
Amfanin kayan yaji shine 1.5-2 kg a 1 m2.
Hakanan za'a iya jigilar su kuma ajiye su a cikin bushe bushe. Adana alayyafo a kasan shiryayye na firiji a cikin jakar filastik ba fiye da kwana biyu ba. Don girbi don hunturu, za'a iya daskarewa - a cikin daskararren tsari yana riƙe kyawawan abubuwansa.
Cututturar Cutar Inji da kwari
Aphids da son zuciya shirya a kan m ganyen alayyafo, da kuma larvae na karafa kwari ci su. Maɗauraran tsummoki da katantanwa kuma suna son wannan kayan lambu. A ƙarshen bazara, mily milyw na iya bayyana a cikin ganyayyaki, musamman idan plantings suna da yawa. Sau da yawa tsire-tsire suna shafar kwari daban-daban.
Alayyafo a gonar.
Abu ne mai wahala ka iya magance wadannan kwari da cututtuka, tunda kayan lambu masu ganye ba a bada shawarar a fesa su da magungunan kashe qwari. Sabili da haka, don rigakafin, yana da mahimmanci a tsayar da tsayar da fasaha na aikin gona da cire tarkacewar lokaci. Don kauce wa mildew powdery, ya fi kyau zaɓi zaɓi iri-iri masu jure shi ('Spokane' F1, 'Sporter' F1).
Shoan ganye alayyafo da ƙananan tsire-tsire za a iya shafar tushen rot. Tushen wuya wuya, inji ya bushe, sannan ya mutu. Matakan sarrafawa - thinning, loosening. Ba za ku iya sanya amfanin gona ba bayan beets.
Alayyafo ya lalace da larvae na miner gwoza gardama da aphid. An yayyafa amfanin gona iri-iri tare da anabazine sulfate a cikin kudi na 15 cm3 a kowace l 10 na ruwa ko phosphamide (0.2%). Kada a fesa kayan amfanin gona.
Fa'idodi game da Alayyafo
Ganyen feshin yana dauke da sunadarai, kitse, sugars, fiber, acid Organic, flavonoids, tare da daidaitawar multivitamin hadaddun - bitamin na rukuni B, C, P, PP, E, K, mai wadataccen bitamin A (carotenoid), har ma da mahimman gaske. ma'adanai - baƙin ƙarfe, potassium, magnesium.
Yi amfani da alayyafo don rigakafin cututtukan gastrointestinal; tare da anemia, anemia, gajiya, ciwon sukari mellitus, hauhawar jini; ba wa ƙananan yara a cikin nau'i na mashed dankali don rigakafin rickets. Alayyafo kuma yana hana lalacewar baya, yana da sakamako mai laushi, kuma yana ƙarfafa hanji. An bada shawara ga mata masu juna biyu, kamar yadda ya ƙunshi adadin mai folic acid. Babban abun ciki na bitamin E yana kare sel jikinsu daga tsufa.
