Ba shi da wahala a yi girma taba ko shag. Sau da yawa ana tambayar mu game da wannan tsari, kuma, hada gwanintar mutum da shawarar ƙwararrun masu karatu, gami da masu karatunmu, mun yanke shawarar buga wannan kayan. Dole ne in faɗi cewa aiwatar da tsiron taba ba ya bambanta da girma, alal misali, tumatir. Amma har yanzu, girma taba, kuna buƙatar sanin wasu fasalolin wannan shuka. Game da wannan shine littafin mu.
Taba fure.
Babban bayani game da tsiron sigari
Taba (Nicotiana) - asalin halittar perennial da tsire-tsire na shekara na dangin Solanaceae (Solanaceae) Girma ya sami wadatattun kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kayan taba. A al'adance, galibi nau'ikan galibi ana samun su:
- Sigari na yau da kullun, ko Siyar taba, ko taba mai zaƙi (Nicotiana tabacum) Itatuwa mai tsayi har zuwa 3 m tare da furanni ruwan hoda, nimbus mai tubular mai kaifi, lobes-lanceolate ganye, sessile. Real taba ne sosai thermophilic, saboda haka yana musamman samar girma cikin yankuna zafi. Mun yi tsiroran taba sigari na kudu maso kudu na 55 ° arewa (wannan kusan latti ne na Ryazan, Smolensk, Ulyanovsk, Ufa, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Omsk, Novosibirsk da Kemerovo). Cigaba da taba sigari a cikin ƙasashe da yawa na duniya kuma yana da ire-irensu.
- Shag na yau da kullun, ko taba mai sikari (Nicotiana rustica) - Itatuwan ya fi ƙanƙan taba fiye da na yau da kullun (har zuwa 120 cm tsayi), furanni masu launin shuɗi, corolla tare da ɗan gajeren bututu da lobes mai zagaye, ganye suna ovate, kunkuntar, maras ban sha'awa a ƙarshen. Ganyen wannan bishiyar da babu tsari a ciki yana dauke da rabin sinadarin nicotine.
A cikin karni na sha tara a Rasha an horar da shag a ma'aunin masana'antu ko'ina (har ma da Urals da Siberiya). Kuma yanzu, wasu ƙauyuka bisa ga al'ada suna yin wannan shuka daga tsirransu.
Bolivia da Peru suna matsayin wurin shan taba sigari; balaguron Christopher Columbus ya kawo shi Turai. Yankunan haɓaka na al'ada sune Arewacin Amurka, China, Indiya, da Asiaan Asiya .arami. A yankin tsohuwar USSR, ana siyar da sigari a cikin Transcaucasia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Ukraine, Crimea da Territory Krasnodar. Taba sigar tsirrai ce mai zafi, mafi yawan zafin jiki lokacin zafi shine kimanin 30 ° C. Dace da ita akwai m, haske, sako-sako da yashi kasa. Taba yana yaduwa ne ta hanyar tsaba, yana girma seedlings daga gare su, wanda sannan aka dasa a ƙasa.
Dukkanin sassa na shuka sun ƙunshi nicotine (a cikin ganyen nicotine mafi yawan - 0.75-2.88%). Nicotine wani abu ne mai mahimmanci na neurotoxin da cardiotoxin wanda ke haifar da cutar sankara. Yin amfani da taba sigari ta fuskoki daban-daban kuma ta hanyoyi daban-daban (shan sigari, tauna, sniffing) yana haifar da dogaro na jiki da tunani. Nitotine mai guba ne sosai. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka samo a taba suna maganin carcinogenic. Saboda haka shan taba sigari yana da haɗari ga lafiya.
Shin taba sigari ya girma?
A ce kana mai shan sigari, kuma kana da wadatar zama a wani wuri a kudancin Rasha ko a Ukraine. A cikin aikinku kuna da gonar kadada ɗari da yawa. Me zai hana a gwada kan aikin Philip Morris, ko aƙalla Jack Vosmerkin, Ba'amurke ne?
Na farko, a bit of fun ilmin lissafi. Sigari ɗaya ya ƙunshi gram na taba. Kuma mai rahusa da sigari, da ƙasa da shi akwai. Wannan shine, a cikin fakitin kusan gram 20. Idan mutum yayi sigari a rana, to zai buƙaci kimanin kilo 6 na taba sigari a shekara.
Taba
A ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau, ana iya samun 30 g na taba sigari daga shuka ɗaya, kuma ana iya sanya tsire-tsire shida shida ko bakwai akan miti 1. Yawan dasa shuki daga manyan nau'ikan ganye shine 70 × 30 cm, kuma taba tare da ganye mai matsakaici da shag shine 70 is 20 cm. Yana nuna cewa tsire-tsire 270-300 suna buƙatar girma, suna mamaye kusan murabba'in 40. m. mãkirci Haka kuma, idan taba ta zama '' mugunta '' sosai, ana iya lalata shi da mai tushe.
Saboda haka, daga yanayin tattalin arziki da kudi, yana da fa'ida ga mai shan sigari da sigari.
Siffofin haɓakar taba
Ci gaba a cikin labarin za mu yi magana game da haɓaka taba. Idan ka yanke shawarar girma shag (Nicotiana rustica), to, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan nasihun ba zaku buƙaci ba, shag yafi sauƙin girma da ƙasa da zafi-ƙauna. Don rariya ta tsakiya, ana yin shuka ne a cikin Mayu a cikin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin fim ko kayan rufe, kuma yana sarrafa girma da samar da amfanin gona.
Don haka, abu na farko da ya kamata a lura da shi shine tsirrai da dasa su. Yanzu ana sayar da tsaba a Intanet akan shafuka da yawa, kawai kuna buƙatar zaɓar wani kantin sayar da mai dace da sigari don ku.
Daban-daban na taba
Akwai nau'ikan taba mai yawa. Yana da kyau a faɗi hakan na tsawon lokaci daga 1990 zuwa 2010. A cikin Kwalejin Bincike na Duk-Rasha na Taba, fiye da 20 sababbin samfurori na nau'ikan sigari da cututtukan da ke iya kamuwa da kyawawan halaye sun haɓaka.
Kamar yadda yake a cikin kayan lambu, yana da kyau a zaɓi nau'in gida don rukunin yanar gizonku. Don haka, zamu lissafa wasu wuraren da aka yanka don yankuna na tsohuwar USSR da nau'ikan sanannun:
- Kubanets Trapezond. Shekarar girma daga dasa shuki zuwa na ƙarshe watsewa kwanaki 103-134. A zahiri Fit ya bar matsakaicin 27 inji mai kwakwalwa. Farin Nicotine 2.6%.
- Trapezond 92. A iri-iri ne resistant zuwa yawa dalilai tareda damata, hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri cututtuka. Tana da ɗan gajeren girma girma. A matsakaita, kwanaki 98 bayan dasa, ana yin watsewar ganye.
- Samsun 85. Yawancin nau'ikan yana da nau'ikan tsiro da yawa, tsakiyar kakar - yawan kwanakin daga dasawa zuwa watsewar ganye zai kasance kimanin kwanaki 105-110. Yawan adadin ganyayyaki a cikin fasaha daga daji guda ɗaya shine kusan inji 50.
- Sabuwar Shekarar 142. Lokacin ciyayi daga dasa shuki zuwa bishirowa na 'yan kimanin tsawon kwanaki 78, har sai lokacinda aka raba kwanaki 82 kenan. Abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarin nicotine a cikin ganyen 2.0-2.1%. Daban-daban suna da cikakkiyar juriya ga cututtukan taba.
- Holly 316. Late-cikakke form, m irin ganye ripening. Kaɗan a cikin nicotine. Daga dasa shuki zuwa ripening ganyen karshe watse kwanaki 120.
Dasa tsaba
Muna ba da shawarar farkon shekara don shuka bushesan bushes. Don haka kuna gwada ƙarfin ku kuma koya duk matakan aiwatar da aiki. Saboda haka, don farawa, kuna buƙatar ƙarancin 'yan ƙanana. Abubuwan taba suna ƙura da ƙura. A cikin gram daya game da 12,000-h na taba tsaba, kuma shag game da 4 dubu guda. Idan ana son shan sigari na shekara-shekara, “kawai, kuyi shuka kwata na gram na tsaba na taba sigari ko kashi uku na gram na shag. Ba lallai ne ku sayi ƙarin tsaba ba. Bushes biyu ko uku zasu basu fiye da dole don shuka hectare.
Abubuwan da ke tattare da sigari suna riƙe da tsiron su na dogon lokaci, don haka shuka shima zai yiwu tare da tsohuwar tsaba, kodayake dole ne a ɗauka a zuciya cewa ƙarfin ƙwayar su yana raguwa akan lokaci.
Za'a iya dasa tabar wiwi a cikin shuki a kann taga, tare da ko ba tare da ɗauka ba. Zamanin da ake buƙata na seedling shine kwanaki 40-45. Amma irin wannan dabara tana da kyau kawai ga ƙananan (har zuwa rubu'in ƙarni) kundin. Koyaya, a gwajin farko ba mu buƙatar ƙari. Lokacin girma taba a cikin manyan kundin, ana dasa shi nan da nan a cikin ƙasa (a cikin tsaunukan dumi) ko ana amfani da gidan katako da wuraren kiwo.
An shuka tsaba sigari sama sama, yana yayyafa su a kan ƙasa mai daɗaɗa.
Batu mai mahimmanci. Zurfin dasa ƙwayoyin taba sigari bai wuce 0.7-0.8 cm (0.3-0.5 cm don shag). Bayan shuka, an dannan dan kadan ne kawai a cikin ƙasa kuma ana shayar da su sosai don tsaba ba suyi zurfi ba.
Kuna iya shuka ba bushe tsaba, amma hatching. A wannan yanayin, kwanaki 4 kafin shuka, ana girbe tsaba a cikin tsabtataccen ruwa mai tsabta kuma an sanya shi a kan zane mai bushe. Wannan zai hanzarta germination na tsaba da rage lokacin distillation na seedlings da mako guda.
Matsakaicin zafin jiki na yaduwar ƙwayar taba shine + 25ºC ... + 28ºC. Idan zazzabi yayi ƙasa, wannan na iya jinkirtar da tsire-tsire, ko ma lalata su.
Shan ruwa, da kuma overdrying seedlings ba shi yiwuwa. Zai fi kyau a sha ruwa kaɗan a kowace rana.
Dasa shuka
Ana shuka 'ya'yan itace lokacin da ya kai tsawo na 15 cm, yana da 5-6 ainihin maki fox da tushen tsarin da aka haɓaka. A wannan lokacin, haɗarin lokacin bazara na bazara ya wuce waje da taga, kuma ƙasa a zurfin 10 cm ya kamata ya dumama sama da 10 ° C. A yankuna daban-daban, wannan lokacin ya bambanta, amma, kusan, yana daga ƙarshen Afrilu zuwa ƙarshen Mayu.
Mako guda kafin dasa shuki, kuna buƙatar fara taurara seedlingsan seedlings, rage ruwa da kuma shigar da shi don buɗe iska. Kwanaki 2-3 kafin dasa shuki, an tsayar da shuka ciyawa tare da komai, ana shayar da ruwa sosai sa'o'i 2-3 kafin dasawa.
Ana shuka tsire-tsire ɗaya a lokaci guda a cikin rijiyoyin, a baya suna zuba 1 lita na ruwa a cikinsu. Gabaɗaya, tsari yana da alaƙa da dasa shuki tumatir. Kuma hakika, kowane juzu'i shine abin firgitarwa ga shuka. Saboda haka, yana da bu mai kyau don adana ƙasa wacce seedlingsaƙa ke girma.
Kulawa
A lokacin girma, ya zama dole don sassauta ƙasa a kai a kai, cire ciyayi, abinci da ruwa. Kuna iya ciyar da tsire-tsire bisa tsarin al'ada na tumatir. Watara yawanci ana iyakance ga ruwa biyu ko uku a kowacce bazara, ana kashe lita 6 na ruwa kowace shuka. Kyakkyawan shayarwa bai isa fiye da yawan dumama ba.
Rooan daji da ke da toka yana iya samun tushen har zuwa mita da yawa, kuma yawancin masu noman sigari suna ɗaukar shukar ciyayi bushes cutarwa. Koyaya, fewan kwanaki kafin girbi, zai yi kyau a sha ruwan.
A cikin tsire-tsire na fure, an cire inflorescences (budding) da harbe na gefen (pinching) a kai a kai.
Furen figa.
Ilasa
Ana shuka tabar wiwi a cikin ƙasa mai sabo, don rashin irin wannan, ana sanya shi ko dai bayan tururi, ko bayan amfanin gona na hunturu ko wasu tsire-tsire, ana gabatar da buƙatu daban-daban a cikin ƙasa dangane da abubuwan gina jiki. A saboda wannan dalili, bai kamata a dasa taba, misali, bayan beets da dankali.
Mafi kyawun ƙasan don tabawa ya kamata a yi la’akari da ƙurar lada, wanda ke nuna kasancewar potassium da nitrogen, lallai ne don shuka sigari.
Kamar kowane mutane daga Sabuwar Duniya, taba yana saurin lalacewa ƙasa. Amma maganin sananne ne - takin mai magani takan magance wannan matsalar.
Mafi kyawun takin zamani ga sigari shine dattin saniya. Tsarin tsintsayen tsuntsaye, da kananzir ana kuma ɗaukar taki mai amfani don sigari. A kan kasa mai rauni a cikin lemun tsami, ana amfani da liming, yana da amfani mai amfani ba kawai a kan amfanin gona ba, har ma da cikar konewa daga tsiron sigari.
Girbi yana farawa lokacin da launin ganye da sigari ya canza daga kore zuwa launin kore-rawaya ko haske mai haske. Tunda koda akan daji ɗaya za'a sami ganyen launuka masu launuka iri daban, sannan tsabtace na iya shimfiɗa tsawon makonni.
Cututtuka da Cututtukan Taba
Taba ta lalata da yawa kwari, sune:
- Peach aphid, Gyaran kore, Aphid taba. Kwaro mai cutarwa. Wani nau'in halitta mai yaduwa wanda ke ciyar da tsire-tsire masu yawa da ciyayi. Peach aphid ya mamaye duk gabobin da ake sigarin sigari kuma suna shan ruwan ɗinsu daga gare su, wanda ke haifar da raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa da ingancin albarkatun albarkatun ƙasa.
- Kafa baki. An bayyana ta hanyar masauki da kuma yawan mutuwar ƙwayoyin cuta. Gashin tushe mai tushe shine mai bakin ciki da jujjuyawa. Wuraren launin ruwan kasa ko farar fata yana bayyana akan abin da ya shafa. Hanyar causative an adana shi a cikin ƙasa.
- Powdery Mildew Ana lura da shi jim kaɗan bayan dasawa seedlings a cikin ƙasa. A kan ƙananan ganyayyaki, keɓaɓɓun aibobi tare da murfin cobweb-powdery ya bayyana; sannan plaque ya zama mai kauri kuma ya rufe ganyen. Naman kaza overwinters a kan tarkace na shuka. Cutar na rage daukar hoto (photosynthesis), take kaiwa zuwa hanawar tsirrai. Yana rage yawan amfanin ƙasa da ingancin kayan albarkatun ƙasa.
- Black tushen rot mafi sau da yawa yana shafar seedlings, amma tsire-tsire masu girma su ma ba su da lafiya. A kan seedlings da abin ya shafa, ganye suna bushe, juya launin rawaya da bushe, Tushen sun juya launin ruwan kasa ko baƙi kuma galibi sukan mutu. A cikin tsire-tsire na manya, ganye suna ɗaure, da baƙi da fari aibobi suna a ƙarshen Tushen.
- Broomrape na gama gari. An rarraba ko'ina a kudu da kudu maso gabashin Kazakhstan. M gurbi a kan tushen taba da kuma ci gaba saboda rundunar shuka, forming mai ƙarfi branched tushe na m launi. Sakamakon kamuwa da cuta na yawan tsire-tsire tare da tsintsiyar broomrape, ƙirar taba da ingancin kayan abinci suna raguwa. Broomrape yana yaduwa ta hanyar tsaba waɗanda suka nace a cikin ƙasa shekaru.
- Musa. Ganyen tsirrai masu tsire-tsire suna da facin koren al'ada wanda zai canza launin kore mai haske. Daga baya, karancin nama na faruwa. Babban tushen kamuwa da cututtukan ƙwayar cuta shine ragowar girbin-tsire na tsire-tsire masu cuta, duka a cikin gidaje da kuma cikin fage.
- Kwayoyin cuta na fata. A kan ganyen ganyen seedlingsan matasa ko kuma a gefuna ganyayyakin, mai mayi ko hawaye masu bayyana. A cikin yanayin rigar, suna lalata, kuma tsire-tsire gaba ɗaya na kamu da cutar daga gare su. Round chlorotic aibobi suna bayyana akan ganyen tsire-tsire masu girma, wanda aka haɗu don samar da faci na tsohuwar nama. Causative wakili na cutar an adana shi a cikin ganyen taba, a cikin ƙura taba, a kaya.
Taba shan taba da kuma fermentation
Da kyau, mafi mahimmancin sashin shan taba sigari shine bushewa da kuma shayarwa. Zamu yi ajiyar wuri nan da nan: idan ba shan taba, ba ku da gogewar da ta gabata game da amfani da taba, zai kasance da wahala a gare ku ku tantance matsayin shiri. Za ku iya ko dai ba bushe shi ba, ko juya shi. Koyaya, bari in tunatar daku cewa kakanninmu sunyi girma da bushewa ba tare da ilimi mai zurfi ba.
Bushewa
Bayan an girbe, an rataye ganyen sigari har ya bushe a ɗakin da yake iska, kuma yana da kyau a sanya kwantena na ruwa a can don ƙara zafi. Bar bushe a game da wata daya.
Sannan a bushe ganyen da ya bushe dole ne a jika shi da ruwa mai tsabta daga kwalban da aka fesa shi, a rufe shi da polyethylene, a kuma bar shi ya tsaya har zuwa rana don ma sanya danshi. Bar ya kamata ya zama mai taushi amma ba danshi. Bayan wannan, ganye, duka duka ko yanke, ana sata cikin kwantena gilashin da aka rufe (bankunan) don fermentation.
Taba
Fermentation
Fermentation wani tsari ne na kera-mai-rai wanda yake faruwa a kullun zafin jiki na 50 ° C na tsawon makonni. Taba ana amfani da taba don rage ƙarfi, canza ɗanɗano don mafi kyau, rage nicotine da resins. Ana iya yin wannan, misali, a cikin tanda na lantarki a zazzabi + 50ºC ... +60 ºC. Wani lokaci ya fi dacewa don bushe ganyen da ake yanka maimakon duka.
Sakamakon taba za'a iya sha cikin bututu, a cakuda sigari, mai kyau, injinan rubutu da takarda sigari yanzu ana sayar da su a wurare da yawa. A ƙarshe, zaku iya ƙoƙarin yin sigari - yana da sauƙi kuma mai ban sha'awa.
Tabbas, kayanmu basuyi kama da littafi mai cikakken bayani ba, kuma yawancin hanyoyin da basa fahimta. Kuma idan kun sha noman sigari da mahimmanci, kuna buƙatar nazarin wannan batun sosai. Amma don samun amfanin gona na farko - kun riga kun san isa.
Za mu yi farin ciki don karanta nasihunku da sirrinku akan haɓuwar taba, bushewa da kuma shayarwa.
Kuma a ƙarshe, muna tunatar da ku kuma: shan taba sigari ne da cutarwa ga lafiyar ku. Idan ba shan taba, kar a fara. Idan kun sha taba - watakila lokaci yayi da za a daina? Nerd da shan sigari!
