Orchid Phalaenopsis

Phalaenopsis orchid (Phalaenopsis) shine tsire-tsire na herbaceous na kabilar Vandaceae Orchidaceae dangi. Herazanta isin ta kasance gandun daji mai sanyin Kudu maso gabas Asiya, Australia da Philippines. Yawancin waɗannan orchids sune epiphytes, yayin da suke girma akan bishiyoyi, amma a wasu lokuta ana iya haɗuwa da su ta hanyar girma akan duwatsu. Georg Rumf, wani masanin kimiyyar halitta na Jamusawa, shine farkon wanda ya samo irin wannan tsiro yayin da yake ɗayan ɗayan Moluccas. Karl Blum, darektan gandun daji na Leiden, wanda ake kira wannan orchid phalaenopsis, ya taba bincika wannan tsiro tare da binocular kuma ya yanke cewa furanni furanni ne na gaske, kuma phalaenopsis yana nufin "kamar asu". A yau, ana kiran wannan fure wani lokacin "malam buɗe ido orchids." Wannan Halittar ya haɗu da kusan nau'in 70. Irin wannan tsire-tsire yana da mashahuri sosai ga masu noman furanni, saboda ana rarrabe shi ta hanyar fasaharsa da tasirinsa, wannan kuma saboda gaskiyar cewa wannan orchid yana da sauƙi a kula da shi.

Short bayanin girma

Gudun ruwa. Zai iya yin fure a kowane lokaci, tsawon lokacin fure shine watanni 2-6.
Haske. Yana buƙatar watsa haske mai haske (dacewar gabas, yamma da windows maso gabas) ko a cikin karamin inuwa.
Zazzabi. Matsakaicin zafin da aka yarda dashi shine kimanin digiri 42, kuma mafi karancin shine digiri 12. Furen fure yana da dadi a zazzabi na 15 zuwa 25.
Watse. Ana aiwatar da wannan hanyar bayan substrate a cikin tukunya ya bushe.
Jin zafi. Daga 30 zuwa 40 bisa dari, yayin da ɗakin ya kamata samun iska mai kyau.
Taki. Sau ɗaya a mako tare da maganin cikakken takin ma'adinai.
Lokacin hutawa. Ba sosai furta.
Juyawa. Lokacin da cakuda ƙasa ya zama acidified da wuri, a matsayin mai mulkin, sau ɗaya kowace shekara 2-4.
Kiwo. Kayan lambu (harbe na gefe).
Cututtuka masu cutarwa. Mealybugs, gizo-gizo gizo-gizo, thrips, sikelin kwari, slugs.
Cututtuka. Fusarium, tsatsa, anthracnose, spotting, baki, launin ruwan kasa, launin toka da tushe mai ruɗi.

Fasali na Phalaenopsis orchid

Don haɓaka orchid na phalaenopsis a cikin yanayin ɗaki, kuna buƙatar sanin wasu fasaloli, saboda irin wannan shuka ba sabon abu bane a tsakiyar latitudes. A cikin daji, irin wannan fure ya fi son girma a cikin laima mara laima da gandun daji, yayin da yake girma a kan bishiyoyi, dangane da wannan yana buƙatar microclimate na musamman, kuma zai zama dole don ƙirƙirar shi a cikin dakin da wucin gadi. Mafi mahimman kayan aikin irin wannan orchid:

Amfani da akwati da akwati wanda orchid yake wurin ana buƙatar shi kawai don tallafi.
Tushen tushen dole ne ya kasance a cikin iska, kuma yana buƙatar haske.
Tushen irin wannan tsiro kore ne, a cikin daji suna fitar da ruwan sama da danshi daga yanayin, kuma suna ɗaukar abinci mai gina jiki daga hawan itacen. Suna da hannu kai tsaye a cikin photosynthesis, sabili da haka suna buƙatar isasshen haske.
Irin wannan shuka yana da tushen iska, suna reshe kuma suna neman abubuwan gina jiki. A wannan batun, ya zama dole a kula da kullun cewa ba su fada cikin tukunyar fure kusa ba.

Basal Rossette ya ƙunshi faranti na ganye mai laushi wanda aka shirya a jere biyu. Hanyoyin zamani masu tsayi suna da tsayi. Inflorescences-dimbin yawa yana hade da furanni na malam buɗe ido. Furen furanni ana iya fentin su da launuka daban-daban, misali: Lilac, rawaya, ja, purple, fari, kore, launin ruwan kasa, da sauransu. Yawancin lokaci, leben furanni a bayyane yake a kan asalin tiger, yayyafa, a bayyane ko raga raga, tunda yana da launi mai bambanta . Wannan nau'in orchid na monopodial, wanda ke nufin cewa ba ya samar da kwan fitila. Irin wannan fure ba ya bambanta cikin lokacin hutu na hutawa. Ana lura da fitar da ruwa sau biyu a shekara (a cikin bazara da damina), amma tare da kyakkyawar kulawa zasu iya yin fure sau 3 a cikin shekara 1.

Phalaenopsis orchid kulawa a gida

Don haɓaka orchid na phalaenopsis a cikin yanayi na ɗaki, kuna buƙatar nemo wurin da ya fi dacewa da shi, zaɓi yanayin da ya dace na ciyarwa, shayarwa da zazzabi, kuma kuna buƙatar kare furen daga cututtuka daban-daban da kwari masu cutarwa.

Haske

Don sanya tukunyar fure, ana bada shawara don zaɓar taga gabas, yamma ko arewa maso gabas. A cikin yanayin yayin da ya zama dole a saka shi a kan windowsill, wanda ke kudancin ɓangaren ɗakin, to, ana sanya tukunya a kan teburin, wanda ke tsaye kusa da taga ta rufe da labule, saboda abin da aka ƙirƙiri ƙaramin girgiza. Idan haskoki na rana kai tsaye suka faɗo akan phalaenopsis, to ƙone-ƙone zai bayyana a farfajiya na fure da furen, waɗanda ke daidai da kamannin tabo. Don kada daji ya yi girma a karkace ɗaya, yakamata a juya digiri 180 sau ɗaya a kowace kwanaki 15-20. Koyaya, yayin ƙirƙirar buds, daji baya buƙatar damuwa.

Yanayin Zazzabi

Itatuwa na fure a cikin wani wuri mai inuwa a zazzabi na 18 zuwa 25, yayin da daji zai iya tsayawa na ɗan gajeren lokacin zafi (har zuwa digiri 42) ko cikin sanyin jiki (aƙalla digiri 12). Koyaya, wannan bai kamata a zalunce shi ba, zai fi kyau idan daji yana cikin zazzabi da ya fi dacewa da shi (daga digiri 15 zuwa 25).

Jin zafi

Danshi kada ya yi yawa sosai (kashi 30 zuwa 40 cikin ɗari), yayin da dakin ya kamata ya kasance da iska mai kyau. Idan gumi ya ƙasa, to kuwa ciyawar zata ɓoye ɓacin ranta, furannin zasu fara tashi. Don hana wannan, ya kamata a saka tukunyar orchid a jikin allon da ke cike da pebbles mai laushi. Tare da babban zafi mai wuce kima, rot na iya bayyana akan Tushen, kuma aibobi akan ganye. Masana sun ba da shawara humidifying orchid daga sprayer ko da a cikin tsananin zafi, tun da ruwa ruwa a cikin drains ganye da kuma cikin zuciyar, kuma saboda wannan, rot na iya bayyana a kai. Kuma yayin da ruwa ya nitse daga saman daji, konewa na iya samarda akan sa.

Taki

Ya kamata a ciyar da shuka a lokacin shayarwa, yayin da ake ƙara cikakken hadaddun taki Kemira-Lux a cikin ruwa (gram 1 na ruwa a lita 1). Matsakaicin saurin saka miya sau 1 a rabin wata. Za'a iya aiwatar da suturar sama ta 1 lokaci a cikin kwanaki 7, duk da haka, a wannan yanayin, ɗaukar cakuda abinci ya zama ƙasa mai rauni. Wajibi ne don ciyar da shuka bayan shayarwa.

Dokokin Watering

Ruwa furen bayan kawai substrate ya gama bushewa, amma bai kamata ya bushe tsawon lokaci ba. Lokacin girma shuka a cikin tukunya mai ma'ana, ɓacewar danshi daga bangon alama ce don shayarwa. Idan shuka ba shi da isasshen ruwa, to, launi na tushen kore zai zama mai kashewa. A yanayin yayin da tukunyar tukunya ta kasance opaque, zai zama dole don goge cakuda ƙasa don bincika nawa ya bushe. A lokacin ban ruwa, ba shi yiwuwa ruwa ya faɗo a kan ganye, don haka dole ne a zuba shi kai tsaye a cikin cakuda ƙasa ko ta amfani da ƙananan hanyar shayarwa, saboda wannan tukunyar yana nutsuwa a cikin kwandon cike da ruwa, kuma abin da keɓaɓɓen dole ne ya cika da ruwa ta hanyar buɗewa wanda aka yi nufin malalewa.

Rage ban ruwa ya zama mai taushi da tsabta, ya kamata a wuce shi ta hanyar matatar, sannan a tafasa. Rarraba ruwa kuma ya dace da wannan dalilin. Da zarar kowane mako 4 shuka zai buƙaci yin wanka, ko kuma a maimakon haka, ana iya wanke shi ƙarƙashin famfon. Sannan daji yana goge sosai. Ba shi yiwuwa a overmoisten fure, tunda ɗanɗano zai fara bushewa, kuma akwai yiwuwar lalacewar yanayin girma. Wannan na iya haifar da yin tazarar harbe-harben kuli-kuli, amma a mafi munin yanayi, wannan zai haifar da mutuwar daji.

Juyawa

Yaushe ake irin wannan orchid dashi? Ana yin wannan idan ya girma a cikin cakuda ƙasa guda ɗaya da damar don shekaru 2 ko 3. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, a wannan lokacin cakuda cakuda ƙasa yana faruwa, haɓakarsa, sakamakon, ya zama bai dace da girma ba, don haka dole ne a maye gurbin abin da keɓaɓɓun. Wataƙila ana buƙatar buƙatar juyawa a cikin yanayin lokacin da tushen tsarin ya fara reshe sosai kuma yana girma ta ramuka don magudanar ruwa. Ana aiwatar da wannan hanyar lokacin da daji ya bushe.

Idan phalaenopsis yana da cikakken ƙoshin lafiya kuma ya girma a cikin wani ɗan ƙaramin juzu'i, to, a hankali an juye shi zuwa sabon tukunya mafi girma, a kasan wanda akwai kyakkyawan kyakkyawan magudanar ruwa. Idsarewar da ke cikin tukunya cike da sabon abu, yayin da abin da ya ƙunsa ya haɗa da ɓawon burodi na matsakaitan da ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa, kuma ya kamata a ƙara sphagnum a ciki. Shagon yana da kayan da aka shirya don orchids, amma zaku iya yi da kanku, don wannan dalili, ana yin kyakkyawan magudanar ruwa daga ƙananan ƙwayar polystyrene kumfa ko kuma yumɓu da yumɓu a gindin kwandon, sannan ɓoye na ɓoyayyen juzu'i, sannan kuma kyakkyawan juzu'in, wanda dole ne a haɗe shi da murƙushewar sphagnum, an zuba . Ya kamata a ɗauka cikin zuciya cewa yayin da haushi ya bushe, yana wucewa da ruwa mai sauƙi da sauri. A wannan batun, kafin fara shirye-shiryen abin da keɓaɓɓen, ya kamata a wanke haushi sosai, to, an bar shi har tsawon kwanaki 2 a cikin ruwa don ya zube. Sannan a sake wanke haushi da ruwa mai tsabta.

Turawa

Bayan daji ya fadada, kuna buƙatar tsayar da tsohuwar kibiya don wani lokaci. Idan kibiya ta bushe da launin toka, to lallai a yanke shi. Koyaya, idan kibiya tana da daɗi ko kore, to akwai yiwuwar bayan wasu watanni hutu na fure ya huta to zai iya kafawa akan sa. Ya kamata a ɗauka a hankali cewa sabon kibiya dole ne yayi girma kafin a ɗora kan fure fure. A cikin abin da ya faru cewa tsohuwar kibiya yana da tsayi sosai, ya zama dole a rage shi, yayin yankan dole a yanke shi sama da ƙirar haɓaka ta 10 mm. Ya kamata a ɗauka a hankali cewa mafi girma an yanke ciyawar fure, flowersan furanni zasu samar akan kibiya gefen. Koyaya, farfajiyar ba za a iya yanke shi ba a ƙasa na uhuwar na uku, in ba haka ba shuka ba zai yi fure na ɗan lokaci mai tsawo.

Fitarwar cutar ƙwayar cuta

Phalaenopsis orchid yana da ikon yin fure a kowane lokaci na shekara; yanayin daji, da kuma yanayin yadda ake narkar da su, suna da babban tasiri akan hakan. Tsawon lokacin fure ya bambanta daga watanni 2 zuwa 6. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, daji yakan yi fure sau biyu a cikin shekara 1, amma wani lokacin yakan blooms a karo na uku cikin shekara 1. A diamita, furanni sun kai 2-15 santimita, yayin da akan kan layi 1 zasu iya zama guda 3-40. Matsakaicin yin saiti na shinge yana shafar adadin furanni da aka kafa da kuma yadda kyawawan yanayin girma yake ga irin wannan tsiron. Wani lokaci tsayin ɗakin zai iya kaiwa kusan cm 100, yayin da za a iya sanya furanni kusan 100 na manyan furanni a kai. Furanni suna da wari mai ƙyalli da launuka iri-iri: daga rawaya mai haske, ja, fari ko shuɗi mai launi zuwa launuka iri-iri, na fuka-fuka da jijiyoyi a kan asalin asalin.

Rashin fure

Watanni 3 bayan ƙarshen fure, ya kamata orchid ya sake yin fure. Koyaya, a wasu halaye, daji na iya girma cikin aiki, amma fure baya faruwa. Me za a yi wa phalaenopsis fure? Da farko kuna buƙatar fahimtar dalilin da yasa daji bai yi fure ba. Dalili mai yiwuwa:

Haske mara kyau sosai. Bayar da shuka da hasken al'ada, kuma zata yi fure.
Orchid ya cika da nitrogen. Wajibi ne a jira har sai an sarrafa orchid ɗin ta hanyar nitrogen, kuma a wannan lokacin ya kamata a ciyar da phosphorus kawai.
Dajin ya gaji sosai, kuma a gare shi ya sake samun ƙarfi, zai buƙaci ƙarin lokaci. Kuna buƙatar jira na ɗan lokaci, sannan kuma kuzantar da fure na orchids.

Don sa fure, yi amfani da hanyar wadataccen ruwa ta amfani da "Ovary" ko "Bud". Hakanan ana bada shawara don rage zafin jiki na dare, a sakamakon, bambanci tsakanin yanayin zafi dare da rana ya kamata ya zama aƙalla digiri 6-8. Godiya ga canjin yanayi mai tsayi, an habaka fure.

Bayan fure

A matsayinka na mai mulki, a ƙarshen fure, tsohuwar kibiya ta fara bushewa, sabili da haka an cire shi. Koyaya, a wasu halaye, kibiyoyi ba su bushe ba, launin su kuma ya kasance kore, a cikin wannan yanayi akwai buƙatar yanke shawarar abin da za a yi:

bar farfajiyar:
yankan farfajiyar wani yanki mai tsayi;
cire peduncle gaba daya.

A yayin da aka yanke farfajiyar, ana iya saukar da shi cikin ruwa idan ana so, kuma bayan wani lokaci jariri na iya kafa kan sa. Idan an bar tsohuwar kibiya akan daji, to bayan ɗan lokaci rassan suttura a kai, sannan furanni suka hau kansu, duk da haka, ya kamata a lura cewa a wannan yanayin fure bazai zama mai saurin bugawa ba idan aka kwatanta da wannan akan sabbin tsarukan.

Hanyar yadawa ta Phalaenopsis

Roduwaƙwalwar ƙwayoyin cuta daga yara

Akwai irin wannan orchids don yaduwar abin da suke amfani da hanyar rhizome rabo, amma wannan hanyar ba ta dace da phalaenopsis ba. A cikin daji, haifuwar irin wannan shuka tana faruwa ne da sababbin harbe da tsaba. Koyaya, ba za a iya yada shi ta hanyar tsaba a cikin yanayin gida ba.

Zai fi sauƙi yada irin wannan fure a cikin ciyawar, saboda wannan, an yanke harbe-harbe a farfajiyar ko a gindin ɓauren ganyen ganye. Yanke harbe har sai bayan fure ya ƙare, kuma daji ya huta tsawon watanni 1-2. Wadancan harbe kawai ana shuka su a ciki wanda aka kafa faranti 2, kuma tsawon Tushen iska ya kamata yakai 50 mm. Koyaya, bai kamata a bar yara su wuce gona da iri ba, saboda wannan zai cutar da yanayin mahaifa na mahaifa. Bayan rabuwa, ya kamata a bar jariri don awanni 24 don bushewa, sannan a dasa shi a cikin abin da ke kunshe da ingantaccen guntun haushi, kuma ya kamata a yi ƙaramin kananzir a kan harbi, inda zazzabi ya kamata koyaushe daga digiri 22 zuwa 25.

Tsarin Lateral a daji an kafa shi da wuya kuma kawai lokacin da babu sabani a cikin kula da furen. A wannan batun, idan daji bai ba da yara ba, to farkawar kodan bacci na iya haifar da wucin gadi. Don yin wannan, a ginin farfajiyar da ta lalace, kuna buƙatar nemo ƙodan bacci, ta amfani da kaifi mai kaƙƙarfan buƙatar kuna yin madaidaicin semicircular incision a gindin murfin suturar, to, an cire shi tare da hancin. Na gaba, ana bi da koda tare da sabo Birch Sp ko kuma mafita ta haɓaka wakili. A wurin da aka shirya, bayan watanni 1-2, fararen ganye wanda ya kunshi faranti da yawa ya kamata ya fara, kuma bayan watanni 3, Tushen zai bunkasa. Don hanzarta wannan tsari, kuna buƙatar saka jaka na polyethylene a daji, gaskiyar ita ce cewa microclimate mai laushi da dumi yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar yara sosai.

Kuna iya samun jariri tare da taimakon ingantaccen ciyawar fure. Da farko, cire Sikeli daga koda (yadda ake yin wannan, wanda aka yi bayani dalla-dalla a sama), to, tsintsin 40-70 mm na cikin nutsuwa ne na takin takaddun ma'adinai (0.005%). Ya kamata a sanya ciyawar furanni a cikin karamin shinkafa, kuma ana samarwa tare da sauyawa ruwa na yau da kullun.

Cututtukan Phalaenopsis da magani

Phalaenopsis orchid na iya samun duka cututtukan da ba na masu saurin kamuwa da cuta ba. Ya kamata a ɗauka a hankali cewa irin wannan fure na iya yin rashin lafiya kawai idan an kula da shi ba ta hanyar da ta dace ba.

Fusarium

Mafi yawancin lokuta, wannan orchid yana fama da cutar fungal kamar fusarium. A daji, tushen tsarin shine aka fara shafawa, bayan haka cutar ta yadu zuwa ga shuka gaba daya. Mafi sau da yawa, wannan cuta tana farawa idan akwai danshi mai yawa. Ba za a iya warke dajin da abin ya shafa ba, a wannan batun, ya kamata a ƙone shi.Koyaya, sauran rot (alal misali: launin ruwan kasa, launin toka, baki da tushe), harma da anthracnose, tsatsa da tabo, ana iya bi da su a wasu yanayi ta hanyar fesawa tare da maganin wani shiri na fungicidal (Topsin-M, Fundazol, da sauransu), 2 jiyya tare da hutu na 1 Makonni 5.

Urticaria

Ganye sau da yawa, orchid ba shi da lafiya tare da amya. A cikin tsiron mara lafiya, ana ganin raunuka na faranti na ganye, a farkon matakin da aka nuna ta manyan aibobi, a diamita ya kai 20-30 mm. Sanadin ci gaba da cutar za a iya ƙara zafi, matsanancin ƙarancin iska da ƙarancin iska a cikin ɗakin. Ya isa ya fara kula da fure sosai, zai murmure.

Cututtukan ƙwayar cuta

Phalaenopsis kuma yana haɓaka botrytis tare da zafi mai wuce kima da rashin iska mai kyau, furanni kuma suna shafar. Na farko, aibanan duhu launin shuɗi launin tsari a farfajiya na petals, sannan kuma sun bushe. Idan ka ƙara yawan zafin jiki a cikin ɗakin, cutar zata ci gaba da sannu a hankali. Bugu da kari, dole ne muyi kokarin inganta samun iska a cikin dakin, kuma mu kula da daji tare da wakilin kwayoyin cuta.

Ci gaban cututtukan da ba a iya jurewa ba yana faruwa saboda dalilai da yawa: haske mai yawa, ingantaccen ruwa, yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, ciyar da rashin kyau. A samfurin samfurin, tukwanen ganye farantin ganye fara bushewa, Tushen ya mutu, da sauran kyallen kwayar orchid shima ya shafa, kuma tabo daban-daban ke tasowa. Yi ƙoƙarin nemowa da kawar da dalilin da yasa daji ya kamu da rashin lafiya, kuma zaku sami damar kuɓutar da shi. Koyaya, yakamata a tuna cewa sake irin wannan tsiron yana da wahala.

Karin kwari na ƙwayoyin cuta da hanyoyin magance su

Yawancin kwari masu lahani suna wani lokacin kan irin wannan orchid.

Mealybug

Idan akwai mealybug a daji, to saboda wannan ne furen ya juya ya zama rawaya kuma ya tashi kewaye. Don kawar da shi, ciyawar da harbe yana buƙatar kulawa da maganin sabulu na wanki.

Spider mite

Wani gizo-gizo gizo-gizo zai bayyana a kan fure ne kawai idan yanayin zafi a cikin dakin yayi ƙasa sosai. Yana yiwuwa a fahimci cewa irin wannan kwaro ya bayyana a daji sakamakon kasancewar gizo-gizo gizo-gizo mai launi iri a kan ganye, wanda yake kamar allurar kwari. Idan babu irin wannan kwaro mai yawa akan shuka, to zaka iya kawar dashi ta hanyar magani tare da maganin sabulu, wanda kuma zai taimaka cire aphids da tsutsotsi daga orchid. Idan akwai firam ɗin da yawa a daji, to lallai zakuyi amfani da maganin maganin acaricidal don lalata su.

Thrips

Har ila yau, furanni waɗanda ke shafar furanni da faranti ganye kuma zasu iya daidaitawa akan phalaenopsis, an kafa filayen launin ruwan saman akan farfajiyar su. Don kawar da irin wannan kwaro, zai buƙaci magani tare da maganin kashe kwari (misali: Actellic, Isatrin ko Khostaquik), duk da haka, masana sun bada shawarar amfani da Fitoverm don wannan dalili, wanda ba shi da guba.

Garkuwa

Idan tubercles ya kafa akan farjin ganye, wannan alama ce da ke nuna cewa kwari masu kwari sun zauna akan shuka. Irin wannan kwaro ya tsotse ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga fure, kuma a hankali ya bushe. Kuna iya kawar da irin wannan kwaro mai cutarwa kamar yadda yake tare da tsutsa, domin wannan akwai buƙatar ku ninka orchid da ruwa mai soapy tare da tsawan kwana 7.

Matsawa

Mafi cutarwa fure sa slugs. Tun da wannan kwaro ya fi girma girman girma, yana da ikon cin abinci da sauri, fure da ciyawar shuka a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Don kama irin wannan gastropod, ya zama dole don yada kokwamba ko karas, a yanka gunduwa-gunduwa, a saman substrate, to kuna buƙatar jira har sai shimfidar juji ya fantsama daga matsuguni, bayan wannan za'a iya cire shi. Idan ba za ku iya kawar da irin wannan kwaro tare da taimakon baits ba, zaku iya kula da daji tare da shirin kashe kwari kamar mesurol ko metaldehyde.

Phalaenopsis ya bambanta da sauran orchids saboda yana da sauƙin girma. Idan kun yi duk abin da ya dace kuma ku ba da shuka yadda ya kamata, to, za ta yi ƙarfi da lafiya, kuma ba kwaro ko cuta guda ɗaya da za ta ji tsoron hakan ba. Wannan tsire-tsire a cikin yanayin birni, tare da kulawa mai dacewa, zai iya girma da girma har tsawon shekaru, yana farantawa kowa da kyawawan furanni. Babban abu shine a tuna cewa orchid ya kasance lafiyayye kuma yana fure a cikin lokaci, ya kamata a tabbatar da kyakkyawan yanayin ruwa da yanayin zafin jiki, isasshen haske da kuma kayan adon kai tsaye.