Tun zamanin da, mutane suna ta cin apple da kuma adana su don lahira: lokacin da aka tona wasu shafuka na Tsarin Dutse, alal misali, a Switzerland, an samo 'ya'yan itacen' ya'yan itacen ɓauren daji masu yawa. Kamar ciyawar da aka shuka, itacen apple ya girma a Misira da Babila (a cikin lambuna na rataye na Babila, ba ta mamaye shi ba). Bayyanai da sunayen nau'ikan apple suna cikin ayyukan masanin falsafar Girkawa da masanin kimiyyar dabi'a Theophrastus da marubucin Roman da kuma Citoron masanin kimiyyar gama gari.
Tsohon tsofaffin tatsuniyar da mutum ya kirkira kuma suna da alaƙa da itacen apple: Tuna aƙalla misalin misalin itacen sanin nagarta da mugunta, ko tatsuniyar Girkanci ta tuffa ta rarrabuwar kawuna, wanda shine ya haifar da Yakin Trojan.
Bayani na farko game da bishiyoyin apple a cikin Rasha, wanda ya zo mana a cikin ƙididdigar shekara, ya zuwa 1051. A cikin karni na XIV-XV, furannin apple masu girma sun kewaye Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov. Lambunan Kursk, Tula da Oryol sun shahara saboda 'ya'yansu. Yawancin baƙi da ke tafiya a kusa da Rasha a wancan lokacin sun yi mamakin musamman "manyan ɓoyayyen apple" waɗanda yammacin Turai ba su taɓa gani ba. Masu shayarwa na jama'a, waɗanda har yanzu ba a san su ba, sun kirkiro da kyawawan nau'ikan irin su Antonovka, Aport, Farin farin da sauran wasu apples, waɗanda yanzu shahararrun duniya ne.
Itacen apple "Golden Hornet - Golden Hornet" (Apple Tree Golden Hornet)Martin M. Martin Vicente
A cikin Russia shine itacen apple mafi girma a duniya. A tsibirin Valaam, wanda ke arewa maso yamma da Lake Ladoga, kusan bishiyoyi apple 400 na nau'in tamanin da shida sun yi girma a kan dutse.
A ƙarƙashin Peter I, a cikin Lambun Hutu na St. Petersburg, tsakanin sauran tsire-tsire na ornamental, akwai bishiyoyin apple. Yawancin samfuran herbarium yanzu an adana su a Cibiyar Botanical. V. L. Komarova a cikin St. Petersburg. Kimanin nau'ikan bishiyoyi ashirin ne ana sanannu - Ruby, Yakhontovy ... - tare da furanni masu haske mai launin shuɗi da shunayya .. A lokacin bazara, da alama waɗannan bishiyoyin suna cikin wuta. Akwai bishiyoyin apple tare da furanni biyu har ma da furanni masu kama da fure a cikin ƙaramin.
Yanzu bishiyoyin apple suna girma a duk faɗin duniya, ban da wuraren wurare masu zafi. Amfanin apple na duniya ya wuce tan miliyan 23 a shekara. Na biyun ne kawai ga ire-iren ire-iren Citta Kusan kowace ƙasa tana da nata nau'ikan ƙasa, amma akwai waɗanda na duniya waɗanda za a iya samu a Turai, da a Amurka, da kuma a Ostiraliya - Jonathan, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious da sauransu. Ana yaba su ko'ina don tsayayyen manyan eldsa ,an itace, dandano, inganci da adon fruitsa .an itaciya. Kuma a cikin duka, fiye da 15,000 iri na apple bishiyoyi da kuma da yawa miliyan zabi matasan seedlings an san. 'Ya'yansu' ya'yan itatuwa sun bambanta cikin dandano da ƙanshi, a launi, sifa da girma. Akwai tuffa, ɓangaren litattafan almara mai launin ja, kamar ceri.Ha akwai nau'ikan pear. Fruitsananan 'ya'yan itatuwa - itacen apple na Siberian - girman sanda. Carl Linney an ba ta lakabin “baccate”, wanda ke nufin "Berry". Amma mafi yawan 'ya'yan itatuwa - nau'ikan Knysh da Rambour - fiye da gram 900. Duk da haka, ga masu cin abinci mafi ƙarancin ƙwayar apple shine 120-180 grams; kowane abu mafi girma galibi ana jujjuya shi.
Apple itacen (Apple)Abubuwan launuka masu launin launin shuɗi, ɗan adam na manyan nau'ikan masana'antu, yanzu suna cikin babban buƙatar akan kasuwar duniya. A karo na farko, an gano wani maye gurbi mai canza launin launi a cikin sanannun iri iri mai ɗorewa, waɗanda whosea fruitsan itakunsu yawanci ana rufe su da ƙananan ratsi. Da zarar kwatsam sai aka hango reshe mai 'ya'yan itatuwa masu launuka masu haske akan bishiya. Yanke daga wannan reshen ya haifar da sabon nau'in 'ya'yan itace mai haske, wanda ake kira Starking. Ba wani abu ba banda launi, Takawa daga Mai ban sha'awa babu bambanci. Bayan haka, an samo irin wannan maye gurbi a wasu nau'ikan apples - saboda a cikin lambu sun fi sauƙin lura fiye da maye gurbi wanda ke shafar, faɗi, ɗanɗano. Yanzu masu launi masu launin fari sun mamaye magabata masu rauni a kasuwar duniya. A kansu ne sabbin kayan aikin gona na zamani suka dore.
A tsohuwar lambun gargajiya, ana dasa bishiyun bishiyoyi akan tsire-tsire masu tsayi. Itatuwan sun yi girma, saboda haka aka dasa su a nisan nisan kusan goma daga juna. A wani kadada na gonar mafi yawanci ana samun kusan bishiyun bishiyoyi ɗari. Sun fara kawo 'ya'ya a shekara ta takwas zuwa ta tara. Girbi irin wannan lambu - tan talatin na hectare. Yanzu an dasa ciyawar ciyawar da kuma tsirarwar dwarf na rabin-dwarf: har zuwa bishiyoyi 420-500 da suka rigaya sun dace da kadada. A cikin itatuwan apple, tsayin dutsen da girman rawanin ya ragu, ya fi sauƙi a kula da su, ya fi sauƙi girbi. Itatuwan bishiyoyi masu saurin girma suna bada 'ya'ya a cikin shekara ta huɗu ko na biyar. Amma babban fa'idodin irin wannan lambun shine yawan haɓaka da aka samu zuwa tan 50-70. New Zealand tana riƙe da rikodin duniya: tan miliyan 150 na hectare na orchard. Wannan shi ne abin da yanayi mai kyau, ƙasa mai dausuwa da rashin cututtuka na nufin! Ba abin mamaki ba ana kiran waɗannan sassan "apple aljanna."
Kuma rakodin a cikin “skating skating” nasa ne ga itacen apple mai shekaru 27 na Sara synap iri daban-daban da ke girma a Crimea: an cire ton 2 na apples daga rassansa.
A ƙarshen karni na hamsin an gano ƙwayoyin maye gurbi a cikin itatuwan apple; suna bayar da dwarf ko rabin dwarf bishiyoyi waɗanda basa buƙatar girka su a kan dwarf hannun jari. A cikin kakar, da internodes a kan harbe sun fi guntu, saboda haka, ciyawar ta yi kauri fiye da na sauran bishiyoyi. Wannan ba kawai gaskiyar magana ba ce: yawancin ganyayyaki a jikin bishiya, da yawaita bea fruitan itace.
Tare da mafi kyawun zaɓi na nau'ikan apple da mafi kyawun makirci don sanya su a cikin gonar a kan kadada ɗaya na ƙasa, ba za a sami bishiyoyi fiye da 600 ba. Wannan iyaka ya dogara da ilimin halittu na bishiyoyi: rawanin yana buƙatar haske, duhu mai rawanin yana rage yawan amfanin ƙasa. Saboda haka ƙarasawa da cewa shi ne mafi m shuka apple apple ba tare da kambi da kõme, kamar alkama: a cikin bazara don shuka tsaba, kuma a cikin kaka don yanka da girbi tare da hada. Sannan zai yuwu a kara yawaitar dasawa, amma a lokaci guda zai zama da sauki a tattara 'ya'yan itacen.
Itacen apple "Golden Hornet - Golden Hornet" (Apple Tree Golden Hornet)Mataki na farko na wannan jagorar an koma da shi a cikin 1968. An kirkiro makiyaya a tashar Long Ashton Experimental Station a Ingila. An dasa dwarf rootstocks a nesa na 30 cm daga juna, suna ajiye kimanin tsire-tsire dubu 100 a kan kadada ɗaya. Lokacin da annuals ya kai tsawo na 80 cm, an fesa su tare da maimaitawa - wani abu wanda zai iya hana ci gaban harbe a tsayi, amma yana ƙarfafa samuwar adadi mai yawa na fure tare da tsawon tsawon lokacin zana. A shekara mai zuwa, m harbe harbe blousely. Da kaka, suna cike da apples. Lokacin da 'ya'yan itatuwa suka farfado, sun fara harvester, wanda ke shukar tsire-tsire kuma ya raba apples daga harbe da ganye. Kuma gaba bazara, sababbin harbe sun girma daga hemp.
Irin wannan lambu-makiyaya yakan haifi 'ya'yan itace sau ɗaya a kowace shekara biyu, amma yalwace: tan 90 na apples a kowace kadada.
Yanzu shayarwa na duk duniya suna fuskantar aikin adana nau'ikan apples iri ɗaya ba tare da rasa iri ɗaya ba. Lokacin da sabbin nau'ikan suka zo gonar, tsofaffin, idan ba'a kula dasu ba, zasu iya mutuwa har abada. Amma wani lokacin ƙarami, rubutun marasa tushe, apple maras nauyi yana ɗaukar kwayoyin halittar da suka wajaba don haɓaka wani nau'in.
A cikin kasarmu, iri da yawa suna girma waɗanda ba su da alaƙa a duniya. An yi bayanin wannan ta yanayin ire-iren yanayin damina a cikin ƙasar da kuma nau'in babban nau'in halitta da nau'in bishiyun apple apple. A Siberiya da Urals, nau'ikan nau'ikan sanyi da ake iya jurewa a duniya suna ba da amfani; a cikin Turkmenistan, mafi tsananin fari-mai tsaurin zafi. An kuma dasa bishiyar apple a cikin tsaunuka: wataƙila bishiyun 'tsayi' masu girma a ƙasarmu - a Yammacin Yamma, a ƙauyen Lyangar, a nisan mil 3000 sama da matakin teku.
Ba abin mamaki bane cewa mafi girma tarin tarin bishiyoyi a duniya suna fure a cikin lambunan Cibiyar Shuka Shuka. N.I. Vavilova - samfurori 5500. An sake cika shi daga shekara zuwa shekara bayan balaguro biyu a ƙasarmu da ƙasashen waje. Wannan tabo na tayin bishiyar itacen apple itace kayan zaɓi masu mahimmanci. Yau da gobe.
