Dill (Anethum) shine asalin monotypic na tsire-tsire na shekara-shekara na dangin Umbrella (Umbelliferae) dauke da ra'ayi guda daya - Dill dill, ko Lambun Dill (Anethum kabari) A cikin daji, ana samun dill a kudu maso yamma da tsakiyar Asiya. Kamar yadda shuka take, dill ta yaɗu ko'ina cikin duniya.
Sunan Latin na shukaAnethum kabari ya fito ne daga sunan Latinized Girkanci na Dill - anethon kuma daga latin kabarinka - kamshi mai ƙarfi. Consideredasar dill ana la'akari da Kudancin Turai, Misira, Minan Asiya, inda aka san shi daga zamanin da.
Fennel kamshi, ko Dill Dill (Anethum buriolens). Cos ecos de pedraSunayen dill a duniya
Baƙin Amurkawa a cikin ƙarni na sha bakwai da na sha takwas kafin hidimar ikkilisiya mai tsawo sun bar 'ya'yansu su ɗanɗano zuriyarsu don kada su yi barci - aƙalla, wasu masanan ilimin harsuna suna bayyana ɗaya daga cikin sunayen Amurka don haɗarin dill zuriyar - “iri don taro”.
Koyaya, wannan juyi ya sake canzawa ta wani Ingilishi (har ma da Jamusanci, Yaren mutanen Norway da kuma Yaren mutanen Sweden) na sunan dill, wanda yake da alaƙa da tsohuwar kalmar Icelandic dilla - “kwantar da hankula, kwanciyar hankali”.
Hakanan, an dade ana amfani da dill don rage zafin da ke tattare da gas a cikin jarirai, saboda haka watakila 'yan Puritans din sun ba' '' ya'yan taru '' saboda dalilai daban daban.
Akwai wani, mafi sauƙin fasalin asalin kalmar dill - daga Jamusanci Dolde - laima (inflorescence).
Amma kalmar Dill ta Rasha ita ce mafi yawancin lokuta saboda gaskiyar cewa a Rasha ganyayyaki galibi suna yankan gari sosai kuma sun “yayyafa” tare da su kafin yin hidima. Max Fasmer, marubucin Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language, ya danganta shi da kalmar yayyafa, kuma Dahl a cikin ƙamus ɗin nasa ya ambaci irin wannan tsohuwar ma'anar kalmar kalmar Dill a matsayin "jirgin ruwa na coci wanda suke riƙe da ruwa mai tsarki" (sannan kuma yayyafa shi da muminai. )
Ban da haka ma, ana kiran ruwan zãfi da ruwan zafi a "kudu" a kudancin Rasha, don haka "zubar dill a cikin kwalin" yana nufin ƙosar da shi don tsabtatawa; Af, a cikin yankin Pskov “dill” an taɓa kiranta da teapot.
Har yanzu mutane suna kiran dill daban - coper, copier, creep, amfanin gona, spawning, Fennel, cumin, dac.
Dill yana da kamshi. Ily Lily lucioleTarihin Dill
Abin takaici, ga wasu dalilai da ba a san su ba, kusan duk sanannen tsoffin likitocin, ciki har da babban Avicenna, sunyi la'akari da wuce kima da tsawaita amfani da dill mai cutarwa ga kwakwalwa kuma sunyi jayayya cewa manyan sashi na haifar da rauni na gani, mai yiwuwa ne saboda mayu na tsaka-tsaki. ba wai kawai amfani da shuka a matsayin magani ga muguntar ido ba, har ma da ƙara wa kusan duk ƙaunar potions.
Abin mamaki, tsaba, ganye, mai tushe da inflorescences na dill a Turai sun fara zama a cikin biredi, marinades, pickles da pickles kawai bayan ƙarni na 16. Wataƙila, nuna wariyar ra'ayi ya samo asali ne daga sakamakon tasirin kwaɓo. Manyan allurai na saurin saukar karfin jini, wanda hakan na iya haifar da yanayin hypotonic, wanda ke nuna kansa a cikin rauni, rauni na gani na lokaci, har ma da asarar gaba daya. Don kawar da mummunan sakamakon, tsoffin likitocin sun ba da shawarar shan dill tare da zuma, cloves ko kirfa. Koyaya, Turaiwa masu haɓaka waɗanda suka hadu da dill kusan lokaci guda tare da shaye-shaye masu ƙarfi sun koyi yadda ake amfani da kaddarorin amfani masu amfani da su a cikin “alamun karbo,” wato, tare da wani ƙaramin abu.
Shin, ba ka lura kuma cewa kokwamba da kokwamba, da kyau tare da dill, taimaka "bayan jiya"? Ga dalilin sananniyar mashahurin turancin Ingilishi Daskararren Dankali - yayyanka yankuna a duniya ana yinsa da kifin da aka soya da gishiri, kayan abinci masu sanyi, har da mai shayarwa da naman sa. Ko da ɗayan Germanan Jamusanci don Dill Gurkenkraut (a zahiri: "kokwamba ganye") a fili yana nuna hannu a cikin wani irin abincin tsintsiya - daskararre da daskararre an daɗe ana son su a Jamus. A ƙarshe, kuma ba mu kasance ƙasa da "Busurmans" a cikin ikon da wani irin abincin tsami cucumbers.
Bayanin Botanical
Dill shine tsire-tsire na shekara-shekara na Umbrella, ko dangin Celery, tsayin 40-120 cm. mahon yana da guda ɗaya, ana jigon shi, tare da madadin, sau uku-ko ganye mai ganye-hudu; lobules na ganye sune filamentary linear, ƙananan akan petioles, a gindi an fadada shi zuwa farjin ƙwaƙwalwa mai faɗi, har zuwa 2 cm tsayi; babba na bakin farjin a farji, karami, kamar yayi, ba a watsa. A inflorescence is located a kan fi na mai tushe a cikin wani nau'i na hadadden laima har zuwa 15 cm fadin. 'Ya'yan itacen sigar tsallake ne ko kuma yadudduka elliptic grayish-launin ruwan kasa biyu-iri seeded, blooming a watan Yuni-Yuli.
Lambun Dill. Cos ecos de pedraSiffofin girma Dill
Don ganye, ana shuka tsaba a cikin kananan batir a cikin kwanaki 10-15. A shekaru 25-30, lokacin da tsirrai suka kai tsayin 10-15 cm, ana amfani dasu don abinci. Don kayan ƙanshi, dill yana girma don kwanaki 55-60 (kafin fure da iri iri: a wannan lokacin sun fi ƙanshi).
Karin-farkon shuka dill mai yiwuwa ne, tunda an fara zuriya iri ɗaya a zazzabi na 3game daC, da shuka girma a 5-8game daC. Ko yaya, zafin jiki da ya fi dacewa da ci gaban shuka shine 16-17game daC.
Duk da undemanding zuwa girma yanayi, Dill bukatar watering da takin gargajiya don fin fin kaka (6 kg 1m2), da nitrogen (20 g), phosphorus (30 g) da potash (20 g da 1 m2).
Kasar gona shiri don Dill - a matsayin mai radish. Don dasa shuki a kan ganye, hanyoyin ya kamata ya zama bayan 15 cm, kuma don kayan yaji - bayan cm 45. Ana shuka tsaba zuwa zurfin 1.5-2 cm. Idan aka jika tsaba kafin a shuka tsawon kwanaki 2-3, sannan sai su yi saurin girma; shi wajibi ne don canza ruwan yau da kullun. Don kayan ƙanshi, ana iya amfani da dasa dill dill akan amfanin gona kayan lambu. A wannan yanayin, lokacin da weeding, ya zama dole don barin madaidaitan adadin tsirrai.
Iri na dill
A halin yanzu, sanannun nau'ikan nau'ikan tarin dutsen 20 an san su a cikin Rasha. Anan ga wasu daga cikinsu wadanda suka tabbatar da kansu sosai:
- Dill "Gribovsky" - Mafi na kowa, precocious, unpretentious da cuta-resistant iri-iri. Lokaci daga fitowar zuwa girbi ganye ne kwanaki 32-35. Tana da ƙanshin ƙarfi.
- Dill "Grenadier" - An farkon cikakke iri-iri wanda aka yi nufin duka ganye da laima. Lokaci daga fitowar zuwa girbi ganye ne kwanaki 35-40. Shuke-shuke da wannan iri-iri da sauri ci gaba zuwa samuwar inflorescences.
- Dill "Richelieu" - The iri-iri ne tsakiyar kakar. Lokaci daga fitowar zuwa girbi ganye ne kwanaki 40-42. Darajar don ganye mai launin kore-mai haske tare da ƙanshin ƙarfi.
- Dill "Kibray" - The iri-iri ne marigayi cikakke, saboda haka yana da shawarar shuka shi da wuri da kuma girma a cikin ƙasa kariya. Ganyen suna da kyau, fadi da yawa, amma suna kula da canje-canje kwatsam a zazzabi.
Dill tsaba. Andreas BalzerMaganin albarkatun kasa
A hukumance magani raw kayan ne Dill. A cikin maganin gargajiya da kayan abinci, ana amfani da ciyawa. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari ne cikakke, bushe, an raba su kashi biyu, abar kulawa, maɗaukaki, tare da tsagi. Tsarin 'ya'yan itace 3-5, kauri 2-3 mm. A waje na 'ya'yan itacen akwai haƙarƙari guda biyar: matsanancin suna da elongated a cikin fuka-fuki masu yawa, launin kore-launin toka a launi, tare da ƙanshin ƙanshi mai ƙanshi, ɗanɗano mai yaji.
Ana cire dill lokacin da kashi 60-70% na tsaba a cikin lamuran sun isa launin ruwan kasa. Ana aiwatar da tsabtace hanya. An sanya ƙananan tsire-tsire a cikin bunches, an dakatar da su a cikin ɗaki don bushewa, bayan bushewa, an ɗauke su kuma an yi toka tare da haɗuwa don ware 'ya'yan itacen.
Don samun man mai mahimmanci, ana girbe dill a cikin zamani na farin-kakin zuma ripeness na tsaba a cikin babban laima na inflorescence. Ana dasa ciyayi a tsayin 18-20 cm daga farfajiyar ƙasa kuma ana sarrafa su ta hanyar hydrodistillation.
An girbe Dill akan ganye a cikin Yuni-Yuli (da rana, lokacin da babu raɓa). Tsire-tsire suna tsagewa, girgiza ƙasa, saƙa a cikin bunches. Ganyen kore yana bushe a cikin ɗakuna na musamman waɗanda ke da iska mai kyau. Adana ciyawa a cikin akwati da aka rufe. An girbe ciyawa a watan Yuli kuma ana amfani dashi a magungunan mutane.
Abubuwa masu aiki na kwayar halitta
Dangane da rarrabewar pharmacognostic, 'ya'yan itatuwa Dill suna cikin kayan albarkatun da ke ɗauke da furanochromony - visnagin da kellin.
Hakanan, 'ya'yan itacen Dill suna da wadataccen mai da mai mai. Babban abubuwanda ke tattare da mahimmancin man sune carvone (40-60%) da kuma maganin dabbobi (har zuwa 50%). 'Ya'yan itacen Fennel suma sun ƙunshi sauran kayan haɗin: terpenoids dillapiol (19-40%), dihydrocarvone, carveol, dihydrocarveol, isoeugenol.
Man mai yana ƙunshe har zuwa 93% na glycerides na mai mai, wanda ya haɗa da linoleic, palmitic, oleic, petroselin. Coumarins, acid phenolcarboxylic (chlorogenic, maganin kafeyin), flavonoids, kakin zuma, resins, furotin (14-15%), abubuwa na nitrogenous, da fiber an samo su a cikin 'ya'yan itacen.
Dill ganye ya ƙunshi 0.56-1.5% na man mai mahimmanci tare da ƙananan abun ciki na carvon (har zuwa 16%) idan aka kwatanta da mai 'ya'yan itace. Ya ƙunshi bitamin C, B1, B2, PP, P, provitamin A, alli, potassium, phosphorus, baƙin ƙarfe, folic acid, flavonoids (quercetin, isoramnetin, campferol).
Propertiesabi'ar Pharmacological na Dill da amfani a magani
Dill jiko yana da tasirin antispasmodic a cikin hanji, rage peristalsis, ƙara diuresis.
Ana amfani da ƙwan Dill azaman jiko don ƙwanƙwasawa kuma azaman expectorant. Ana zuba tablespoon na zuriya tare da gilashin ruwan zãfi, an dage don minti 10-15, a tace, a ɗauka a cikin tablespoon sau 3-6 a rana mintuna 15 kafin abinci.
Aka sanya shi cikin mawuyacin bayyanannun bayyananniyar gazawar jini.
Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar ƙwayar Dill azaman diuretic mai haske.
Lokacin yin jiyya tare da dill, ana bada shawarar yin hutu bayan kwanaki 5-6 na kwanaki 2-3.
Inflorescences na Dill. Pa Martin PavlistaAmfani da dill akan gona
Dill ana amfani dashi sosai azaman kayan yaji. Ganyenta an haɗa su a cikin salads, miya, miya, miya, nama, kifi, kayan lambu da kayan miya. Don canning, ɗauki Dill tare da fi, wato, laima na fure. A sprig na Dill a cikin furanni aromatizes vinegar. Ganye yana bushe don haɗuwa tare da wasu ganye don samun cakuda mai yaji.
Ruwan dusar mai ƙwanƙwasa yana rasa ƙanshin sa, kuma sanya shi a cikin miya da aka yi da miya, kayan lambu da aka dafa, kifi, salatin nama. Yayi kyau sosai tare da madara soups da biredi. Yana ba da ƙanshin ƙanshi na musamman ga matasa dankali, wake da aka dafa, ƙanshin yaji mai cuku, cuku gida, omelet; inganta dandano da soyayyen dankali, dafaffen kabeji ja.
Tsaba na Dill aromatize shayi, vinegar, marinades. (Yana da kyau musamman don sarrafa kifi tare da su.)
Ana amfani da Dill don shirya dill mai, ana amfani dashi a dafa abinci na gida da kayan kwalliya.
Ana amfani da man mai mahimmanci a masana'antar sabulu.
Kwari da Cututtuka
Anan mun kalli mafi yawan cututtuka da kwari na dill.
Fusarium rot na Dill asalinsu - Cutar ta yaɗu a sararin sama a ƙasa mai nauyi tare da kwararar ruwa. Naman gwari yana lalata tushen tsarin, yakan shiga tushe ta tasoshin tsire-tsire. Da farko, tsiron ya yi karfi sosai a girma, sannan ya zama ja, ya zama launin ruwan kasa kuma ya bushe. Cutar ta ci gaba a cikin ƙasa akan tarkacewar shuka da kuma a cikin tsaba da aka tattara daga tsiron mara lafiya. Amma mafi sau da yawa, shuke-shuke da cutar kamuwa da mutuwa mutu tun kafin tsaba ripen.
Matakan sarrafawa:
- Ana cire datti na shuka.
- Culling da abin ya shafa na tsirrai.
- Noma nauyi mai nauyi, i.e. gabatarwar kwayoyin halitta (takin, peat, taki mai ruɓa).
Rigar ruɓaɓɓen dill - bayyanar cutar sananne ne a kan rawaya, ganyayen ganye. Mafi yawan lokuta, ana yada cutar zuwa ganyayyaki daga tushen kamuwa da cuta. Tushen kamuwa da cuta shine tarkace na shuka a cikin ƙasa ko kuma ƙwayoyin cuta masu kamuwa da cuta. Duffai na ruwa mai duhu suna bayyana akan Tushen Dill, kyallen takarda suyi laushi, ɗamshi, wari mara dadi ya bayyana.
Matakan sarrafawa:
- Guda kamar da Fusarium rot.
Fomoz dill - cutar bayyana kanta a kan mai tushe, ganye, laima, tsaba tare da duhu elongated aibobi da yawa baki dotted pycnids. Tushen kamuwa da cuta shine halayyar mutum, yana biye da yadawa zuwa tushe. Tare da ƙara zafi, bazara sporulation tasowa, kuma spores mimic makwabta shuka. Kwayar cutar ta ci gaba a cikin ƙasa a kan tarkace tsire-tsire da kuma a kan ƙwayar cuta.
Matakan sarrafawa:
- Culling da abin ya shafa na tsirrai.
- Tarin tattarawa da rusa dukkanin tarkokin shuka.
- Yin amfani da tsaba daga tsirrai masu lafiya.
Dill. Enti VentilagoKaras gall Midge - karamin kwari da fikafikai biyu. An samo shi ko'ina, yana haifar da samuwar zagaye a cikin nau'i na murƙushe gindin dukkanin dunƙulewar dill ko ɗayan haskoki. A cikin matattara, tsutsa mai tsami mai tsami ke zaune da abinci; can, a cikin baƙin ciki, ta pupates.
Matakan sarrafawa:
- Yanke da lalata duk inflorescences na Dill tare da galls.
Caraway asu - 'yan kwalliya na launuka daban-daban: fikafikan gaba sune launin shuɗi ko ruwan hoda mai kauri tare da duhun duhu da fari ko baƙi, - fikafikan hindi suna da launin toka. Wingspan - 21-30 mm. Caterpillars duhu launin toka ko shuɗi-baki. Maƙasudin kuɗaɗen hibernate a cikin gida; a farkon Yuni sun sa ƙwai kan tsire-tsire laima; larvae yin wurare a cikin ganyayyaki, mine tsakiyar veins, ciji a cikin mai tushe. A lokacin da suka fara tsufa, suna canzawa zuwa inflorescences, wadanda suke cikin cobwebs; wajen cin furanni da kuma 'ya'yan kwai. A watan Yuli, matafila sun yi gamo a cikin cavities a cikin mai tushe da kuma pupate a can. Generationaya daga cikin ƙarni na tasowa a kowace kakar.
Matakan sarrafawa:
- Ara da kuma lalata duk abubuwan da ke faruwa a ciki tare da lalatattu.
Abubuwan haɗin:
- Mai lambu da lambun Siberiya: Krasnoyarsk: RIMP “Vita”, 1994 - 496 p. - tare da 441.
- Turov. A. D., Sapozhnikova. E. N. / Tsire-tsire masu magani na USSR da amfaninsu. - 3rd ed., Revised. kuma kara. - M.: Magani, 1982, 304 p. - tare da 171-172.
- Karairaya L. Yu. / Kariya daga gonar. Cututtuka, kwaro, kuskure a cikin kayan aikin gona. - M.: "Kladez Littattafai", 2007 - 123 p. - tare da 143-144.
