Ceri mai dadi. Iri da kuma namo

Cherry - Berry wanda ya zo kan teburin mazaunan ƙasashe daban-daban, yana da dubban shekaru. A karo na farko, waɗannan tsoffin berriesan itacen suna ɗanɗanar tsohuwar Romawa, suna hutawa a cikin hutu a cikin ƙaramin garin Kerasunte, kuma ya ba su suna Kerasunta 'ya'yan itace. Tun da berries aka so shi ba kawai ta sojoji ba, har ma da tsuntsaye, an ƙara maimaita ma'anar da sunan - tsuntsu. 'Ya'yan itaciyar tsuntsaye na Kerasunta, bayan sun wuce ɗaruruwan ma'anoni da kwatancin, sun sami suna a Latin Cerasus avium, a fassarar - "ceri tsuntsu". Game da mafi kyawun nau'in cherries don yankuna daban-daban da dabarun aikin gona don haɓakawa - labarinmu.

Fruitsan itacen ceri a kan itace.

Tarihin ƙoshin ceri mai daɗi a Turai

A wasu ƙasashe, har zuwa yau akwai sanannen suna don cherries - "cherry zaki", "farkon ceri". Gaskiyar cewa cherries da cherries sune al'adu daban-daban, kodayake sun kasance cikin gida ɗaya, an tabbatar da hakan ne ta hanyar masana kimiyyar nazarin tsire-tsire a cikin 1491.

A cikin abin da ake tsammani a baya, bisa ga kwatancin matafiya-masu bincike game da yanayi, cheraunar daji ta girma cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasashen Bahar Rum, Gabas ta Tsakiya da China da kuma wasu ƙasashe na Minaramar Asia. Dangane da ramuka da kwatancin haka, an girma cherries a cikin lambunan Pontius tun daga shekara ta 73 BC.

Romawa sun kawo cherries zuwa Turai, kuma tuni a cikin karni na 2 ya mamaye makwancinta a cikin Lambuna na Jamus. A Tsakanin Tsakiya, Yammacin Turai da Tsakiyar Turai, arewacin Italiya, Kudancin Sweden sun san ɗanɗano daga cikin mayukan 'ya'yan itace masu ban mamaki. A cikin Turai, kayan lambu na ceri kusan shekara dubu biyu ne.

A Rasha, ƙwayar ceri na farko ya bayyana a ƙarni na 12, na farko a kudu, sannan a hankali, godiya ga masana kimiyya na halitta, zaɓi da aikin masu shayarwa, wannan amfanin gona ya fara motsawa zuwa arewacin yankuna masu sanyi.

A halin yanzu, ana samun nasarar yin ingantaccen cherry akan sikelin masana'antu kuma a cikin lambuna masu zaman kansu a cikin yankuna na kudanci na kasashen CIS (a Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia). A cikin Rasha (a cikin yankuna masu ɗumi), bishiyoyi masu cakulan sun mamaye wurare da yawa a cikin ƙasa ta Krasnodar da Caucasus. Tun rabin karni na 20 na karni na 20, cherries suna girma a cikin lambuna masu zaman kansu a kan latti na Yankin Moscow da St. Petersburg, a wasu yankuna na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Siberiya.

Botanical halaye na cherries

Cherry a cikin tsarin shuka

A cikin tsarin tsirrai, ya kasance na dangin ruwan hoda, na sihiri ne "Plum", wani nau'in "Cherry" tare da sunan kimiyya na duniya Prunus avium. Sunan daidai kuma mafi yawan suna don ceri mai zaki shine kalmar synonym (a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya) Crysus avium bird cherry. A Rasha da ƙasashen CIS ana kiranta ceri mai zaki.

Bishiyar Cherryan itace da .a fruitsan itãcen marmari.

Short bayanin cherries

Ceri mai zaki shine ɗanɗanar shuka na gungun bishiyoyi na girma na farko. A karkashin yanayin yanayi, tsayin bishiyun ya kai mita 10-20 a tsayi. Ana nuna al'adun ta hanyar haɓaka cikin sauri a ƙarami. A wuri guda, cherries na iya girma har zuwa shekaru 75, amma a cikin al'adun gargajiyar ana amfani da shekarun farko na 15-20. Kambien itacen ba shi da wata ma'ana, ana yinsa, an jera shi sama.

Babban wurin da ke cikin tushen ceri a cikin ƙasa shine a kwance. A cikin shekaru, Tushen mutum ya canza yanayin girma kuma ya zurfafa zuwa ƙananan yadudduka zuwa 1.0-1.5 m. Chingaddamarwa mai yawa na tushen tsarin lokaci akan lokaci, wanda dole ne a ɗauka a cikin zuciya lokacin ƙayyade tsarin tsarin al'adu.

A lokacin da yake karami, busasshen kayan kwalliyar ceri a kan karar da kuma rassan kwarangwal masu narkewa suna da laushi, launin ruwan kasa-ja a launi, watakila azurfa. An rufe shi da lentil da yawa ko ratsi iri-iri. A lokaci mai tsawo, ana iya jujjuya fim tare da wasu fina-finai daban.

An kirkiro nau'ikan buds guda uku akan kambin ceri mai zaki, waɗanda ke kan haɓakar girma da harbe 'ya'yan itace:

• ciyayi;
• halittar;
• gauraye.

Ganye mai cakulan mai sauƙin launi, mai haske, petiolate, kore cikin inuwar launuka daban-daban - daga haske zuwa koren duhu. Afwarafin area arean Eliliptical, obovate, eateated ovate da sauran siffofin tare da gefe mai faɗi. A ginin petioles 2 gland shine yake.

Blossoms fure tare da farin whisk, actinomorphic, bisexual, a cikin fewan lamuran fure fure. Blossom kafin ganye mai ganye.

Fruitsa Cherryan itãcen marmari masu drupes, mai haske, akan tsawon petioles.

Tsaba suna cikin mai sihiri ko dan kadan elongated, shugaba tare da m pericarp m. A launi na ceri pericarp, dangane da iri-iri, na iya zama rawaya, haske rawaya-ruwan hoda, ruwan hoda-rawaya, ja, burgundy, burgundy baki (kusan baki). Girman 'ya'yan itatuwa a cikin nau'ikan cherries daga 1.5 zuwa 2.0 cm a diamita.

Dangane da abun da yaduwa da yawa daga ɓangaren litattafan almara, nau'in cherries ya kasu kashi biyu:

• "gini", wanda furanninsa basu da ingancin kiyayewa; ana amfani dasu sabo ne kawai;
• "bigarro", wanda daskararren daskararren amfanin sa za'a iya amfani dashi sabo, ana jigilar shi zuwa wasu yankuna, anyi amfani dashi wajen yin cakulan, cukurkuka, wuraren sarrafawa da sauran kayayyaki.

Chungiyar cherries “Rainer” (Prunus avium 'Rainier').

Cherannen ceri mai ɗorewa don namowa a yankunan kewayen birni

Cherry a kudu alama ce farkon bazara, saboda itace farkon 'ya'yan bazara. Da farkon farfadowa, cherries sune kawai na biyu zuwa honeysuckle Berry bushes. Lokaci na ceri a cikin yankin yana farawa a cikin shekaru goma na ƙarshe na Mayu kuma ya ƙare zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuni.

Aikin lambu na zamani yana da nau'ikan 4,000 da kuma nau'ikan cherries. Giantsungiyar masu mita 20 suna ba da kyawawan furannin tsuntsayen abubuwa ne na da. Dwarf iri daga 3.5 zuwa 5.0 m bayyana, daga abin da yake mai sauki girbi, kare shi daga voracious garken tsuntsu "barayi."

Masu shayarwa sun buge da sabon iri da kuma nau'ikan kabewa mai zaki don 'yan kudu, iri na musamman don Siberiya mai sanyi, yanayin daskararren dankali a tsakiyar yanki na Rasha da yankuna na Arewa maso Yamma, da kuma iska mai nisa da iska ta busa.

Kasuwancin jihar sun hada da nau'ikan cherries sama da 40, wanda:

• mafi yawan 'ya'yan itatuwa suna kafa cherries Tyutchevka da Iput;
• ƙarshen nau'in cherries na yanki - Tyutchevka, Veda, Golubushka, Lezginka, baƙar fata Faransa, Annushka;
• farkon wadanda aka raba su sune Goryanka, Iput, Ariadne, Dana, kayan zaki, Dagestanka;
• mafi yawan lokutan cherry-Hardy na hunturu na arewacin Rasha, ciki har da Siberiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya - Rechitsa, Odrinka, Tyutchevka, Revna, Bryanskaya ruwan hoda, Bigarro Burlat, Ceri mai zaki Sakhalinskaya, Ordynka;
• cherry na farkon - Ovstuzhenka da wuri, Tyutchevka, Fatezh, Symphony.

Rieswararrun cherwararrun arewararrun arewararrun fata ne masu saurin kai kuma koyaushe suna buƙatar pollinators. A cikin lambun, yana da matukar kyau a shuka itace 3-4. Kyakkyawan pollinators sune Iput, Veda, Sheepskin.

Ana iya zaban cherry na lambun ku ta launi na 'ya'yan itãcen:

• Cherry ruwan hoda: lu'u-lu'u mai ruwan hoda, Bryansk ruwan hoda, Leningrad ruwan hoda, ruwan hoda na Oryol, Rashin ruwan rana.
• Riesanyen Reda fruan itace: Teremoshka, Red Hill, Iput, don tunawa da Astakhov, Raditsa, Valery Chkalov.
• Rieswallon rawaya: Drogana rawaya, Zhurba, Chermashnaya.

Fruitsa Cherryan itãcen marmari na launuka daban-daban.

Iri iri-iri na cherries na tsakiyar Rasha

Wadannan nau'ikan ceri mai zaki don tsakiyar Rasha ana misalta da wadannan bayanai:

• Mafi yawan nau'ikan hunturu-Hardy. Bishiyar sanyi ba ta da muni zuwa -32 ° C.
• Su ne resistant zuwa bazara dawo frosts.
• Dandanawar dandano na berries akan dandano mai dandano 5 shine maki 4-5-5.0 don nau'ikan da aka lissafa a ƙasa.
• Yawancin nau'ikan suna cikin rukunin Bigarro.
• Tsarin albarkatu mai dorewa daga shekaru 4-5 na rayuwa.

Arewacin, Hasken rana, Rana, Tyutchevka, Red Hill, Fatezh, Memory of Syubarova, Revna, Ovstuzhenka, Bryanochka, Raditsa, Rechetsa, Iput, Bryanskaya ruwan hoda, Teremoshka, Firaminista, Leningrad ruwan hoda, Sinyavskaya, Italiyanci, ruwan leyol ruwan hoda da sauransu.

Iri iri-iri game da cherry na Yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya

Bayanin rajista na yanki na tsakiyar chernozem ya hada da nau'ikan cherries 10, wanda kusan 7 ana gwada su lokaci-lokaci:

Farkon ruwan hoda, Italiyanci, Iput, Zhukova kyakkyawa, Ariadne, Gida na gida, Falo na Orlovskaya, ruwan hoda na Orlovskaya, Adeline, Poetry.

Magana game da takaddun shekara-shekara na nau'in amfanin gona na 'ya'yan itace, yana yiwuwa a zaɓi nau'in ceri mai zaki da aka ba da shawarar don ƙarin yankuna na kudanci na tsakiyar Russia don tsakiyar yankin chernozem (mafi daidaituwa ta yanayin yanayi).

Lokacin zabar nau'ikan cherries iri-iri, wajibi ne don kula da yanayin yanayin yankin a cikin bazara. Zai fi dacewa don zaɓar nau'ikan farkon-ripening na matsakaici da na marigayi ripening. Idan babu sanyi dawowar bazara tare da mummunan yanayin zafi a yankin, zaku iya tsayawa a farkon iri.

Lokacin zabar nau'ikan ceri mai zaki, babban abinda ya faru shine cewa su kasance cikin yanki ƙarƙashin yanayin damina na yankin zama.

Iri iri-iri game da yankin na Yammacin Yammacin Rasha

Musamman ma yankuna na Arewa-maso Yamma babu cherries. Dole ne su yi latti da wuri. Wannan ita ce, farkon farkon furanninsu an cire su kuma ana yin saurin fitar su cikin sauri. Daga cikin nau'ikan cherries da aka ba da shawarar ga yankin na tsakiya, Tyutchevka, Fatezh, Symphony ya samo asali a Yankin Leningrad.

Daban-daban na Seda da Yurga na tsaka-tsakin yanayi na tsaka-tsaka da tsaka-tsaki na tsaka-tsaki na yankin Arewa-maso-Yamma. A halin yanzu suna fuskantar gwaji iri iri don gabatarwar su cikin Rajistar Jiha.

Iri iri-iri na cherries na Siberiya

Daga cikin nau'in cherries bred don tsakiyar Rasha, ana iya amfani da mafi sanyi-sanyi da marigayi-fure don yankuna na arewacin Rasha. Me yasa marigayi blooming? Don kauce wa bazara mai sanyi. Haka kuma, da aka basu damar haihuwa da al'adun, dole ne a dasa su akalla 2-x-3 daban-daban.

Mafi kyawun nau'in cherries da aka sani don Arewacin Rashaana nuna shi da tsananin juriya (-30 ... -32 ° С): Rechitsa, Revna, Symphony, Odrinka, Tyutchevka, Bryanskaya ruwan hoda, Fatezh.

A cikin wurare masu zaman kansu na masu sha'awar aikin lambu, ana samun girbi na matsakaici iri-iri wanda aka girka: Arewa, Leningrad ruwan hoda, A ƙwaƙwalwar Astakhov.

Iri iri-iri game da cherry na gabas ta gabas

A Gabas ta Tsakiya, a cikin yankuna masu haɓaka aikin gona (Khabarovsk Territory, Primorye, da dai sauransu), cherries suna girma kuma suna ba da 'ya'ya a cikin lambuna masu zaman kansu: cheran ƙwallo mai ban sha'awa Sakhalin, Ordynka, Bigarro Burlat, zaki da ruwan hoda mai ruwan hoda.

Kusan kowace shekara, ana samun girbi na cherry na nau'ikan Francis, Ariadne, da Dragan rawaya.

Girma da kula da cherries a cikin gidajen rani

Ceri mai zaki shine al'adar sauyin yanayi mai dumama. A cikin yankuna na kudanci, yana girma cikin yanci kuma ba ya buƙatar kulawa ta musamman. A cikin wadanda ke arewa, saboda tsananin sanyi, sukan tanadi itatuwa na hunturu. Developedanyen ceri masu zaki da suka yadu iri-iri waɗanda aka haɓaka su musamman irin waɗannan yankuna.

Kasa bukatar

Duk nau'in ƙasa mai laushi, duka loamy da loamy, sun dace da cherries. Rashin yashi mai yashi, mara nauyi a yankuna marassa kyau basu dace da cherries ba. Al'adar ba ta yarda da yankuna tare da babban matakin abin da ya faru a cikin ruwa. Idan ruwan karkashin kasa ya kai tsayin mita 1.5 daga ƙasa, ba a iya dasa ceri ɗin. Tushen tsarin al'adun za su kasance cikin tsananin zafi, wanda zai kai ga juyawar asalin sa.

Wannan lokaci na dasa ceri seedlings

A cikin yankuna na kudanci, ana shuka ƙwayar ceri mai zaki a cikin kaka a ƙarshen Oktoba - Nuwamba. Kafin farko na sanyaya akai, tushen seedling zai ɗauki tushe, zai yi sanyi da kyau. A irin waɗannan yankuna, ana iya dasa shuki a bazara.

A yankuna tare da farkon farko na kullun sanyaya, an fi dasa shuki a farkon bazara. A lokacin bazara, seedlingsanyen ryan cakulan mai daɗi suna da tushe sosai a ƙasa mai ɗumi kuma suna girma cikin yanayin dumi. A cikin hunturu za su bar saba.

Yarinyar ceri.

Dokoki don dasa shuki ceri seedlings

Varietiesa'idodin cherry waɗanda aka liƙa a kan tsayi scaries ana shuka su ne a jere bayan mita 4-5 kuma a jere jaka na aƙalla 7. M Amfani da iri akan matsakaitan matsakaici da rauni, layuka da safuyoyi suna barin mita 6x4 da 4x3, bi da bi.

Kafin dasa shuki bincika ceri seedling. Sai kawai an cire tushen da ya fashe, sauran ba a yanke su ba, kuma a cikin ƙasa, saboda kar su karye, sun danne kadan.

• An haƙa rami mai girman har zuwa girman tushen.
• An dage fitar da magudanar ruwa a gindi.
• Humus da nitrophosphate 50-60 g an haɗa su a ramin.
• An kafa wani gefen motsi wanda tushen sa yana daidaita.
• Saukowa don mafi kyawun ƙulli tare da ƙasa an haɗa shi kuma an shayar da shi. Ciyawa.
• Idan ya cancanta, yi girkin bayan gari.

A lokacin dasa shuki, ganyen cherry an killace shi don hunturu, ana ɗaukar matakan kariya daga lalacewar hares, bera da sauran kwari.

Kulawar Siyarwa

A cikin hanyoyin kananan plantings, zaka iya shuka kayan lambu na dan lokaci. A kan kasa mai rauni, ya fi ƙara yawan takin ƙasa ta albarkatun gona na kore.

Daga shekara 2 zuwa 3, ana kafa kambin zaki mai daɗi. Suna tsabtace tushe daga rassan gefen, cire harbe, rage gundarin tsakiya. An cire ta a gefen harbi.

Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da al'adar har zuwa shekaru 15, sannan a maye gurbinsu da karamar seedling. A wata kwanan wata, itaciyar ta rage yawan aiki, fara rauni.

Cikakkun kayan miya

Endingarfafa yawancin adadin abubuwan gina jiki akan fure sannan kuma akan samuwar fruitsa fruitsan itaciya, cherries na buƙatar ƙarin abubuwan gina jiki. Yawancin furanni da ovaries suna fadowa ne sakamakon tsarin halitta na sarrafa kansa na amfanin gona da ke fitowa.

Farawa daga shekara ta 5 na rayuwa, ana amfani da takin gargajiya da na ma'adinai a shekara a ƙarƙashin ƙwallon mai zaki. Adadin tukunyar ma'adanai ya dogara da takin ƙasa da jeri (gwargwadon shekarun amfanin gona) daga 70 zuwa 200 g ƙarƙashin itaciya. Tuky yada diamita na kambi a karkashin ban ruwa. A baya za ku iya yin a hankali a yanka jujjuyawar gefen gefen kambi ko rawar rami inda za a cika taki.

Daga takin ma'adinai, ya fi amfani da nitroammophoska ko nitrophoska. Gabatar da tuks kafin fure.

Sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 3-4 a cikin kaka, ana sanya bokiti 1-3 na humus ko takin a ƙarƙashin itacen don ƙaramin karewa.

Ovaries na cherries.

Cherry ruwa

Tare da tsawan yanayin bushewa, ana shayar da bishiyoyi, amma kawai a farkon rabin lokacin. Kimanin kwanaki 20-30 kafin babban girbi, an daina hana ruwa ruwa. Berries crack da rot. Wasu nau'ikan suna rage ingancin kiyayewa yayin sufuri.

Kirkirar Kambi

Lokacin girma bishiyoyi da yawa a cikin lambun masu zaman kansu, ana amfani da samuwar kambi mai ƙyalli ko ƙyalli.

Tare da tsari mai ƙarfi-mara wuya, an aza harsasai 3 na rassan kwarangwal. A farkon bene 3-4, na biyu 2-3 kuma akan rassan 1-2 na ƙarshe. Nisa tsakanin fale-falen tazara na ƙ is aya itace 60-80 cm.

Tare da kambi mai siffar kambi, ana kafa matakin ɗaya na rassan 4-5. An cire mai jagoran tsakiya. Irin waɗannan rawanin cherries sun fi dacewa. Itace ba ta da tsayi, kambi ya yi haske. Abu ne mai sauki mu kula da ita, girbi da kariya daga hare-haren tsuntsaye (ana samun raga na musamman don siyarwa).

Ana aiwatar da tsabtace tsabtace tsabtace fata da kuma sikelin kambi na cherries (idan ya cancanta) a shekara. Idan ya cancanta, musamman a cikin yin rauni iri iri, taqaitaccen pruning na harbe ne da za'ayi, har zuwa 1/3 na girma. Pruning zai fi kyau a farkon bazara ko bazara bayan girbi.

Kariyar cherries daga cututtuka da kwari

Cutar Ciyar

Cherries suna da ƙarancin haɗari kuma ƙananan cututtuka ba su da yawa fiye da cherries. Daga cikin cututtukan, lambu suna da masaniya sosai da tabo rami (kleasterosporiosis), launin toka na 'ya'yan itace da dutse (moniliosis), cocomycosis, da ƙonewar ƙwayar cuta.Ana yawan lura da cututtukan cututtukan fungal a lokacin bazara mai sanyi tare da raɓa mai yawa da yanayin zafi daga + 15 ... + 16 ° С. A cikin yankuna masu sanyi, aiki na lambuna dole ne a aiwatar dashi ba tare da faduwa ba, daidai da shawarwarin magance cututtuka.

Ana iya amfani da fungicides na antifungal da kuma maganin sauran magungunan kashe qwari (Bordeaux ruwa, vitriol, Skor, Horus, Khom, Abiga-Peak) sau ɗaya don farkon jiyya na bazara. Daga coccomycosis da moniliosis, ana iya kula da cherries mai zaki tare da mycosan, bisa ga shawarwarin hukuma. A lokacin girma, ya zama dole don canzawa zuwa shirye-shiryen kwayoyin phytosporin-M, trichodermin, pentophagus da sauransu. Ana amfani da duk magunguna a gwargwadon shawarar da aka bayar. In ba haka ba, sakamakon aikace-aikacen bazai yiwu ba.

Sweetan itacen ƙwallon mai zaki.

Karin kwari

Daga cikin kwari da ke cutar da ceri iri daban-daban ne nau'in ceri, ceri, ceri biyu, ceri, ceri, ceri, ceri biyu Akwai shawarwari da Actellik-500 EC ke aiwatarwa yadda ya kamata a kan jirgin cherry Ana amfani dashi a lokacin bazara kwari, da berries a wannan lokacin fara farawa (juya ruwan hoda). Shin kuna buƙatar irin wannan magani? Zabi naku ne.

Inganci jiko na Dalmatian chamomile. 200 g busassun kayan abu (saya a kantin magani) zuba ruwa 1 na ruwa kuma barin awa 12. Wannan giya ce ta mahaifiya. 5ara 5 l na ruwa. Tace. Fesa. Fesa akalla makonni 2 kafin girbi. Dalmatian daisy mai guba ne. Kuma maganinsa baya da wata illa, kodayake an shirya shi daga ciyawa.

Tun da kwari mai ceri yafi aiki da ƙarfi a cikin lokacin dumi, wanda ya zo daidai da samuwar amfanin gona, yana da kyau a yi amfani da gaurayawan tanki na bioinsecticides (bitoxibacillin, lepidocide, nemabact da sauransu) tare da biofungicides don sarrafawa. Magungunan suna da tasiri a cikin lokacin dumama. Amintaccen lafiyar lafiyar manya da yara, tsuntsaye da dabbobi. Kusan duk lokacin bazara za'a iya amfani dashi. Aiki tare da samfuran halitta kamar yadda aka bada shawara.

Ya ku masu karatu! Labarin bai lissafa duk nau'in cherries ba. Sashi na takin mai magani da shirye-shirye don cututtuka da kwari suna shawarar bada shawara. Idan kuna sha'awar labarin, rubuta mana. Raba abin da magunguna kuke amfani da su, yadda suke tasiri. Dangane da abin da kuke yin takin mai cherries kuma kuke takin su a duk shekara ko gwargwadon shirin ku (sauran). Masu karatu za su karanta bayaninka da nishadi kuma su tattauna.