M kwari a cikin lambu

Ofaya daga cikin hanyoyin nazarin halittu na kariya daga tsirrai a cikin gonar ya ƙunshi amfani da kwari masu amfani kamar abokan halitta na kwari, nazarin su da taimako a cikin sake gina gonar da rayuwa a ciki. Wadanne kwari ne suke da amfani? Bari mu kusa da su.

Kwari masu amfani suna jan tsire-tsire na fure zuwa lambun. © Froinda

Budurwa

Ladybug sananniyar kwari ne mai amfani a cikin lambu. Ya kasance ne don zagaye beetles kuma, dangane da nau'in, yana da tsawon 4-9 mm. Mafi yawan matannoni bakwai masu gani. Irin ƙwaro ya sami sunan 7 dige baƙi a kan jan elytra. Amma kuma akwai beetles tare da elytra mai rawaya da ɗigon baki ko gwal mai duhu tare da aibobi mai haske ko ba tare da su kwata-kwata. Hakanan, adadin aibobi ko tsarin fuka-fukan za'a iya bambanta. Gabaɗaya, muna da kusan nau'ikan dabbobi 70 na manyan dabbobi, daga cikinsu kusan nau'ikan 50 suna ciyar da aphids masu ɓarna, sauran kuma akan aphids da kwandon gizo-gizo. Barfafawar fure tare da sauran masu ɓarna a cikin ɓoye aphid sune mahimmin mataimaka a gonar.

Adult ladybugs hunturu a cikin ƙasa bude, misali, a ƙarƙashin ganye ko bushe ciyawa. A cikin bazara, ladybugs suna kwance 10-20 qwai tsaye a cikin rukuni a kan rassa ko a gefen ciki na ganyen kusa da yankuna na aphid. Egg larvae tafi ta hanyar matakai 4. A koyaushe ana fentin su a cikin launin toka mai duhu tare da launin rawaya ko ruwan hoda. A ƙarshen lardin mataki, ladybugs fara pupate da saya, a matsayin mai mulkin, launin rawaya launi. Bayan fitowar Chrysalis, irin ƙwaro yana buƙatar wasu kwanaki 2-3 kafin ya sami launi na ƙarshe. Yana da mahimmanci musamman cewa larvae da beetles kansu suna cikin jinsunan kwari na kwari kuma suna ciyar da aphids.

Dandalin dusar ƙanƙara bakwai da aka sani a cikin ƙasar suna lalata kusan aphids 150 a rana, ƙaramin nau'in - har zuwa 60. Koda yake larvae, kwari suna cinye kusan 800 aphids. Don haka, ƙwaro irin ƙwaro na lalata kusan aphids manya 4,000 a rayuwarsa.

Yaro, dattijuwa bakwai masu gani (Coccinella septempunctata) manya. © Cesare Oppo

Bakwai-dot ladybug larva (Coccinella septempunctata). Ghi Cristian Arghius

Pupa na mace mai hawa bakwai (Coccinella septempunctata). © Gilles San Martin

Maimaitawa a gonar:

Lokacin amfani da ladybug azaman kariyar shuka, yakamata a yi la’akari da hanyoyin haɓakawa!
Don hunturu, samar da kwari tare da tsari (ganye, dutse, haushi, da sauransu).

Gallitsa

Yawancin nau'ikan dangin gall Midge sun fi kyau sanannun masu son 'yan lambu kamar cutarwa masu cutarwa (larvae na wasu nau'ikan da ke haɓaka a cikin kyallen tsirrai, haifar da haifar da galls) fiye da taimakawa a yaƙi da kwari. Tsawon jikin gall midges ya bambanta daga 1 zuwa 5 mm. Mashahurai karin kwari a gonar sun hada, misali, pear gall midges.

Da amfani gall midges ciyar a kan mataki na aphid larvae. Mafi mahimmancin jinsunan sune Aphidoletes aphidimyza. Matar (kimanin 2-3 mm a girman) tana sanya ƙwai 50-60 kusa da mazaunin mallaka na aphid a cikin tsawon rayuwar guda 1 na mako. A ranar 4-7, ƙyan fata orange-ja ƙyanƙyashe. A karshen ciji aphids da kafafu da allura ruwa mai rauni. Abubuwan da aka ci daga Bithids suna mutu kuma ana amfani da tsutsa don abinci. Bayan makonni biyu, tsutsa mai cikakkiyar sifa ya faɗi ƙasa ya juya a ƙasa ya zama rago. Bayan makonni 3, ƙyankyasar brood ta biyu, wacce lardinin hunturu a cikin kwakwa a ƙasa kuma ƙyanƙyashe a cikin bazara, kamar manya.

Galicia larva aphidimiza (Aphidoletes aphidimyza). © agralan

Maimaitawa a gonar:

Babu wasu yanayi na musamman da ake buƙata banda cikakken wariyar amfani da magunguna a cikin lambun.

Kasan irin ƙwaro

Leasa irin ƙwaro larvae ciyar a kan qwai na kwari kayan lambu, kananan kwari da larvae, tsutsotsi, slugs. Ba a ganin waɗannan irin ƙwaro kamar rana a cikin lambu ba, suna ɓoye cikin mafaka. Irin ƙwaro yana da tsayi har 4 cm; yana da hannu sosai. Yawancin jinsunan ba sa iya tashi saboda haka suna aiki da dare. Launin irin ƙwaro ƙasa yana da banbanci sosai: an san nau'ikan baƙar fata baki ɗaya da launin rawaya gaba ɗaya. Insectswararrun kwari na hunturu a cikin lambun a cikin sansanonin ɓoye, alal misali, ƙarƙashin gida ko katako.

Manyan ƙwaroran ƙasa suna kwance ƙwai 40-60 daban a cikin ramuka mara zurfi a cikin ƙasa. Bayan kwanaki da yawa, ƙirar larvae daga ƙwai da ƙyanƙyashe, dangane da nau'in, a cikin shekaru 2-3 kafin pupa. Bayan lokacin ɗalibi mai ɗorewa kimanin makonni 2-3, manya (haɓaka) ƙasan irin ƙwaro suna ƙyanƙyashe daga gare su. Tare da withasayayyiyar ƙasa, galibi suna rayuwa a duniya, akwai kuma itace da kuma nau'in tsuntsaye. Suna ciyar da ƙananan kwari da tsutsotsi sabili da haka suna rayuwa cikin abubuwa masu lalacewa, alal misali, a cikin takin.

Gwanin ƙwaro irin ƙasa (Carabidae). © Dauda Ball

Maimaitawa a gonar.

Ya kamata a samar da irin ƙwaro tare da mafaka (ganye, tsirar ruwa da shasha, kananan tsibin duwatsu), suna zaune a ƙasa buɗe, wani lokacin suna ɓoye a cikin matattarar yumɓu.
Magungunan rigakafi - mafi girman makiyin ƙasa beetles!

Gourds

Creepers suna da matukar mahimmanci a cikin aikin gona, kamar yadda lardinsu ke ciyar da aphids. Larvae ci gaba a cikin yanayi daban-daban - a cikin gona, dung, ko tsire-tsire. A zahiri, garter yayi daidai da na ɗabiba, tsawon shekarun mutum shine 8-15 mm. Tasirin kwaskwarimar, da aka ambata a cikin sunayensu, shine cewa a cikin jirgin zasu iya kamar su daskare a wuri, suna yin sautin kamar suna gunaguni da ruwa.

Creepers (Syrphidae). Ick Mick Talbot

Kwai-kwanciya yana faruwa a cikin masarautan aphid. Qwai 1 mm cike da fararen fata. Hanya daga qwai, larvae basu da kafafu kuma suna motsawa kamar katantanwa. Su masu launin fari ne ko rawaya kuma suna kama da larvae na ƙudaje.

Don farauta ga aphids, zakaru suna amfani da jajayensu-da sikirin, wanda ke riƙe abin da ke cikin, yana tsotse shi. Ci gaban larva zuwa ga dalibi mataki yana makonni biyu. A wannan lokacin, tsutsa yana cin abinci har 700 aphids. Kudancin Creeper suna aiki da yawa a cikin dare kuma tafi farauta ba da yamma ba. Matan irin ƙwaro suna ɗanɗano wani matakin ɓoye a cikin kwasfa a cikin hanyar droplet, wanda ba shi da nisa daga mashigar aphid akan ganye ko a ƙasa. Wasu nau'ikan ana lalata su da tsararraki da yawa, mafi yawa - har zuwa 5 a shekara. A wasu nau'in, mata suna hibernate a cikin hanyar kamar larvae ko pupae. Beetawan beetalesan da kansu suna ciyar da fure da ƙurar zuma, da kuma ɓoyewar aphid.

Gwajin ƙwayar ƙwaro (Syrphidae). Ine Pauline Smith

Maimaitawa a gonar:

Yankunan da tsire-tsire masu fure, amma ba shimfidu masu kyau sosai ba, sun fi dacewa da hovercraft. Musamman kamar ƙananan tsire-tsire, fure furanni rawaya.
Don sa ɓoyayyen ƙwaro, zaku iya barin ƙananan kwalaye na katako waɗanda ke cike da bushe ko ciyawar shaya.

Lacewing da larvae - Long zaki

Yankin yadin, tare da ladybirds, abokin gaba ne na aphids. A cikin lambunan mu, mafi yawan nau'in kore tare da idanu rawaya. Irin ƙwaro ya samo sunan daidai ga waɗannan idanun. Wani tsoho yana da fikafikai har zuwa cm 3. Tsutsotsi masu kore suna ɗauke da fuka-fuki tare da jijiyoyin gani a cikin gidan, suna jera su a ƙananan ɓangaren tsohuwar jiki.

Lacewing (Chrysopidae). Conall

Mace ta sanya kimanin ƙwai 20 na launin kore mai launi daban ko a cikin rukuni a kan haushi ko ganye. Yawan shayarwar ƙwayaye daga ƙwai yakan haɗu da yanayin yanayi na makonni 2-3. Tsawonsu kawai 7 mm ne, jaws suna da tsawo, masu lafiya kuma masu kaikayi. Larvae ciyar a kan kananan kwari, musamman aphids. Mutane daban-daban na iya lalata kusan aphids 500 a lokacin haɓaka.

Bayan kwanaki 18, larvae ya ɓoye a wani wuri mai kariya, suna ɗaure kansu kuma sun zama fararen kwandon shara. Bayan yadin ya fita daga gidan wankin, mai zuwa tsara zai fara. Iyali 2 ne kawai zasu iya bayyana a shekara. Mutane manya sun ciyar, a matsayin mai mulkin, a kan dew zuma da pollen, a wani lokaci ba ƙyamar daga kananan kwari. Wani lokacin farin ciki na lacewinter a nooks, saboda wani lokacin ana iya same shi a wuraren zama. A lokacin hunturu, kwaro na iya samun launin rawaya ko launin shuɗi, amma a lokacin bazara sai ya sake zama kore.

Kwancen ƙwai. Co Daniyel Cohen

Zakin da ya mutu

Tare da ido-ido-ido na kowa muna da kusan nau'ikan zaki 42 na zakoki, waɗanda, kamar ƙuƙwalwar ido, suna cikin na ido na gaskiya. Ofaya daga cikin shahararrun jinsunan suna da fuka-fuki (takamaiman launin ruwan kasa) na kusan cm 3. Mutane manya da larvae suna ciyar da aphids kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga ma'aunin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin yaƙi da wannan kwaro.

Maimaitawa a gonar:

Sun fi son rukunin yanar gizo masu arziki a tsire-tsire masu fure.
Green-idanu suna buƙatar mafaka don hunturu a cikin nau'i na ƙananan gidaje na katako waɗanda aka shafe tare da bambaro.

Tsutsa na lacewing zaki ne mai mutu. © Gilles San Martin

An gwada amfani da yadinan lacewings don kariya ga kwayoyin halitta na tsirrai a cikin gidajen kora da kan kasa mai kariya kuma an samar da sakamako mai kyau. Don wannan, ya wajaba a sanya ƙwai biyu masu lacewing, waɗanda za'a iya siyan su a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwajen ƙirar halitta na musamman, ga kowane muraba'in murabba'in ƙasa.

Masu hawa

Hayaƙi haɓaka, kamar parasites, a kan runduna daban-daban, waɗanda zasu iya zama kwari da yawa, ban da gizo-gizo. Ga masu lambu, mahaya suna da mahimmancin gaske, tun da suke sun lalata caterpillars na butterflies, larvae na kwari da aphids. Bayyanan mahaya suna kama da wasps kuma a mafi yawan lokuta duhu ne ko kuma an makare su. Darajarsu ba ɗaya ba ce kuma jeri daga ƙasa da 1 mm zuwa sama da mm 10. A matsayin misali, ambaci ya kamata a yi 2 nau'ikan mahaya daban, na musamman. Nau'in na farko yana ɗauka ne akan cincin kabeji, na biyu - akan aphids. Mahaya yakan sanya kwai a jikin kwaro, tsutsa, masara ko a jikinsu tare da taimakon wani abu na musamman wanda ya jefa jikin wanda aka cutar da saurin walkiya. Wani tsutsa daga cikin nau'in doki mai doki ya tsere daga kwan ya shayar da “rundunar”.

Naedgik is an arasitic wasp ne daga dangin Braconidae (Braconidae). © Dauda Ball

Masu hawa kan iya hibernate kamar tsutsa, chrysalis ko balagaggu. A cikin lokaci 1, mace ta sanya kimanin ƙwai 30 a cikin masalin kabeji. A cikin duka, tana iya sa har ƙwai 200. Bayan ƙwanƙwasa larvae cikin masara, da kwasfa na jikinta, ta saki larvae, wacce daga baya ta zama pupae.

Cieswayoyin halittar parasitizing akan aphids suna sa ƙwai a cikin jikin aphids. Tsutsa tsutsa daga kwai ya tsotse da amino daga ciki, don haka ya ciyar, kuma ɗalibai a cikin kwandon shara. Bayan ilmin almajirai, mahayi ya bar kwandon shara ta hanyar karamin rami a cikin kwarin aphid. Kimanin aphids 200 ke wahala daga kowace mace. Haɓakar kwari, daga kwai zuwa matakin ɗaliban, ya ɗauki kimanin kwanaki 10, saboda haka ƙarni da yawa na iya bayyana a cikin shekarar. Aphids da maharan ke shafawa suna da halayyar jan ƙarfe da gangar jikin silima.

Kwayoyin cuta sun kamu da kwayayen mahaya. © itchydogimages

Maimaitawa a gonar:

Wajibi ne don shirya "gidajen" hunturu a cikin ciyawa mai tsayi ko a cikin tushen ƙarƙashin wani daji, da dai sauransu.
Mahayin yana son yin laima a cikin tsire-tsire (dill, coriander, lovage, caraway, bump, da sauransu)

Abun kunne na yau da kullun

Sanannen kunne na gama gari, mallakar ga dabbobin dabbobi ne masu fuka-fukai, sanannu ne ga masu lambu da kuma lambu. Tsawon jikin mutum shine 3.5-5 mm, fuka-fukan gaba suna da kafaffun, fikafikan hular hijabi ne. Haka kuma akwai siffofin marasa kayu. Claarfin kumatunsa da ke a bayan jikin yana da ban sha'awa. Na'urar kunne ta farauta galibi a maraice da daddare, kuma a lokacin day a ɓoye cikin duhu kunkuntar abubuwa.

Ta hanyar kawar da kwari masu cutarwa, irin su dahlias, ƙwaƙwalwar kunne na iya lalata tsirrai matasa masu ƙyalƙyali.

Abun kunne na yau da kullun, earwig na Turai, ko kaska (Forficula auricularia). Ces Francesco

A cikin bazara da kaka, macen tayi sama da ƙwai 100 a cikin kwalliya, wanda take jan kanta, tana kare su kuma tana kula da zuriyarta - da farko game da ƙwai, daga baya kuma game da larvae. Earwigs overwinter a cikin mafaka - a bishiyar itace, ginin fasa, a cikin kasa, tukwane na fure cike da kyawun shadda ko wasu kayan, kamar gansakuka.

Maimaitawa a gonar:

A matsayin mafaka zaka iya amfani da tukwane na fure cike da murhun itace, gansakuka ko ƙamshi. Irin waɗannan tukwane ana shuka su ne tsakanin kayan lambu ko an rataye su a bishiyoyi.
Don hunturu, ya kamata a tsabtace tukwane kuma a cika shi a cikin bazara.
Digging a kusa da kututturen bishiyoyi na ba da gudummawa ga aikin al'ada na kwari. Yawancin lokaci kuma earwigs suna neman mafaka don hunturu kawai a ƙarƙashin bishiyoyi, a cikin ganye mai faɗi.

Kwari

A kwari kwari ne ga aji na weevils. Kabila iri daban-daban suna da takamaiman wuraren abinci. Ga waɗansu, wannan ruwan 'ya'yan itace ne na wasu shuka, ga waɗansu, kwari. A lambu ne da farko sha'awar karshen, wanda a tsakanin sauran abubuwa halakar aphids. Waɗannan sun haɗa da kwari mai laushi da kwari, a cikinsu akwai wasu nau'ikan da ke ciyar da kwari na ƙwararrun gizo-gizo.

Tsarin furanni wasu ƙananan kwari kwari ne na mm 3-4 mm. Na tsawon lokaci 1, mace ta sanya sama da qwai 8, akasarinsu tare da gefuna ganye. Tsawon shekara guda, kwari suna haifan ƙarni 2, kuma cikin yankuna masu sauƙin yanayi har ma 3. Tsutsotsin hunturu sun cika shekaru biyu kamar manya. Manyan nau'in kwayoyi na fure suna ciyarwa a kan ƙananan magudana.

Bug Gminatus australis tare da kwaro da aka kama. J JJ Harrison

Maimaitawa a gonar:

Babu wasu buƙatu na musamman da shawarwari, ban da banbancin amfani da samfuran kariyar tsire-tsire kariya.

Yadda za a jawo hankalin kwari zuwa gonar?

Idan muka dauki yawancin kwari masu amfani a wani wuri kuma muka sake su cikin gonar, sakamakon zai zama kawai a takaice. Yafi mahimmanci cewa kwari masu amfani suna da tushe a cikin lambun. Don yin wannan, ƙirƙirar yanayi masu dacewa a gare su. Da farko dai, wannan shine samar da abinci da wuraren samun mafaka da kuma kiwo da kwari masu amfani.

Don haɓakawa da haɓaka nau'ikan ƙwayoyin kwari masu amfani, gami da kayan dabbobi (entomophages), yana da mahimmanci la'akari da fasalin su:

insectswararrun kwari suna jawo hankalinsu daga tsirrai, ba kwari (phytophages);
Ana amfani da kwari iri don kiwo da lalata wannan nau'in “rundunar” watau kwaro a kan abin da suka ci gaba da kansu.

Don haka, kwari masu amfani suna jan hankalin zuwa ga lambun ta tsire-tsire na fure (ciyawar fure), ba kwari ba.

Kasancewar a cikin lambun da lawns, a cikin filayen fure nectariferous na fure, koda a cikin adadi kaɗan, yana ba da izinin kwari don aiwatar da ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin matakan haifuwa. Haka kuma, wasu kwari masu yanke shawara suna iya haihuwa yadda yakamata su hada abinci kawai tare da nectar ko paddy da masu cutar kwari. Saboda haka, kasancewar ciyawar ciyawar fure, har ma a filayen da ake shuka amfanin gona, a matakin ƙasa ƙasan tattalin arziƙin cutarwa, yana ƙaruwa da ingancin ƙwayar kwari kuma ana ganin ya dace.

Dole ne ko da yaushe akwai adadin kwari iri daban-daban a cikin lambu domin tsintsaye masu amfani su rayu.

Insectswararrun ƙwararrun ƙwaro suna neman “maigidana” watau kwaro a kowane daga cikin lambobin. Sabili da haka, sake, a cikin lambu ya kamata koyaushe ya kasance da adadin kwari daban-daban, duk da haka wannan muryoyin yana! Yawancin lokaci ana shuka tsire-tsire a cikin shinge a kusa da lambun wanda kwari ke ci gaba da kwari masu lalata. A wannan yanayin ne kawai zasu iya hana barkewar kwaro. Kwayoyin dabbobi na Polyphagous suna nuna sha'awa ga ɗaya ko wata nau'in kwari kawai lokacin da lambar ta kasance mai yawa, saboda haka yawanci suna latti.

Saboda haka, don dorewar dokar yawan kwari, nau'in nau'in kwari mai mahimmanci ya zama dole. Kuma don fadada nau'ikan nau'ikan da yaduwa na kwari na dabbobi, ciyawar suctaronose ya kamata a shuka.Waɗannan su ne, a matsayinkaɗaice, ummi mai rikitarwa da tsirrai masu firgitarwa, ƙananan furanni waɗanda ke wakiltar yawancin hanyoyin da ke tattare da ciyawar nectar kuma suna haɗuwa da wurin da kwari masu amfani, gami da ƙudan zuma, da kuma malam buɗe ido.

Gidan don hunturu da amfani kwari. Ig wigglywigglers

Tsire-tsire suna jawo kwari masu amfani

Daga cikin tsirrai masu jan hankalin kwari - masu kariya daga lambun, ya kamata a lura da masu zuwa:

Tansy. Yana jawo hankalin matan baki, kwari na wayo, kananan parasitic wasps, lacewings da kwari da farko saboda darajar abinci. Tansy aphids, alal misali, ciyar a kan ruwan itace na shuka kuma sau da yawa tara a adadi mai yawa tare da gefuna na serrate ganye.
Amfanin tansy shine cewa jiko na ganye na tansy ya kange dankalin dankalin turawa. Zan ƙara da kaina, yawan ciyawa daga tansy yana da kyau a yi amfani da takin. A cikin wannan takin, lardin da beyar da kwaro na May ba zai fara ba.
Abubuwan kayan kwalliya na ganyayyaki da furanni tansy sun ƙunshi bitamin daban-daban, abubuwa masu mahimmanci, inganta dandano na kvass, kullu, jam daga fure.
Belly button. Perennial shuka kyau ga wasps da kwari. A lokacin furanni, an rufe shi da furanni masu rawaya masu yawa.
Lemon Marigolds. Ja hankalin kananan wasps da gizo-gizo. Ana shuka 'yan ƙwaya a cikin ƙasa a lokacin da hatsarin sanyi ya shude.
Cumin. Yana jan hankalin kwari da yawa, gizo-gizo, karamin wasps, kwayoyi da yadin da aka saka a lokacin furanni. Ana amfani da tsaba masu ƙanshi a cikin gidan burodi kuma don shirye-shiryen marinades.
Dill dill. Yana jan hankalin dalar mace-mace, gwoza, kananan wasps da gizo-gizo.
Buckwheat. Tsarin shuka ne mai tasiri wanda ke haɓaka abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta lokacin kamshi.
Itace zuma. Yana jawo hankalin ba kawai pollinating ƙudan zuma ba, har ma da kwari, dusar ƙanƙara, ƙananan ƙwaro, kwari.
Spearmint Ana amfani dashi don yin shayi mai annashuwa kuma azaman kamshi. Mint yana da kyau ga kwari da kuma gizo-gizo.

Yawancin nau'ikan legumes suna da ikon jawo hankalin kwari masu amfani, alal misali, Closon Clover, Creeping Clover, vetch. Suna ba da kwari masu amfani tare da abinci da danshi akai-akai, suna wadatar da ƙasa tare da nitrogen.

Don tabbatar da kasancewar furannin furanni masu kyan gani ga kwari masu fa'ida ga duk kakar, kuna buƙatar farawa da waɗanda suka yi fure a gabanin, kamar su buckwheat, waɗanda za a maye gurbinsu da dill mai ƙanshi. Nan da nan kuna buƙatar dasa marigolds, calendula, saboda sun kasance suna yin fure a tsakiyar lokacin bazara. Ya kamata ku girma tansy, Clover da cibiya, wanda fure na dogon lokaci daga shekara zuwa shekara.

Aiki na amfani da kwari masu amfani bawai kawai su lalata kwari ba, amma don sarrafa lambobin su.

Lokacin ƙirƙirar yanayi wanda zai haɗu da yanayi mai dacewa don kwari masu amfani da kwarjini, zaku iya samun daidaituwa na yau da kullun tsakanin ƙwararrun masu cutarwa da masu amfani.

Muna jiran shawarar ku da bayaninka!