Mutanenta sun kira kyawawan gandun daji na Rasha. Kuma wa zai iya shakkar amincin wannan sunan? Slender, mai farin gashi, tare da rassa mai bakin ciki da kyawawan ganye, ta kan jawo sha'awar da farin ciki koyaushe, tunda zamanin da ya kasance wata alama ce ta duk wani kyakkyawan matasa, da keɓaɓɓe, tsarkakakku, kyakkyawa.
Farin Birch! Da yawa waƙoƙi aka rubuta game da ita, da yawa ayoyi an rubuta, yaya mukan yi magana game da ita a Rasha: "birch", "birch", "hanya kamar mahaifiyar mahaifiya ce!"
Amma ba wai kawai kyawunta shi ne alkalinmu ba. Da yawa mutane sun san cewa ita ma wata alama ce ta mu'ujiza, kuma shugabar majagaba da ... Duk da haka, zamu gaya komai cikin tsari.
Birch (Birch)Or Georgi Kunev
A cikin Tarayyar Rasha kadai, sama da kadada miliyan 90 na gandun daji na birch. Amma birch yana aiki sosai a cikin sababbin wurare, galibi shine farkon ya mamaye wuraren da aka kwace daga gandun daji. Musamman bisa ga yardar rai da sauri da kuma daidaita birch a wuraren yankan suturu, gandun itacen Pine, har da gobarar daji. A cikin dan kankanen lokaci, tsirinta ya mamaye wurare masu yawa, daga baya suka samar da wadataccen itace, bishiyoyin Birch suna girma sosai. Kowace shekara, Birch yana shuka manyan fili tare da miliyoyin ƙananan, waɗanda ba su da tushe. Abubuwan Birch suna ƙanƙanana kaɗan, kuma an rufe su a cikin ɗan ƙaramin Birch ƙanana.
Yana da m don lura da mu'ujiza seeder Birch a wurin aiki. Za ku yi tafiya tsakanin farin ciki, daɗaɗɗan bishiyoyi masu launin fari tare da huhun farko na kaka, ɗan ƙaramin iska mai iska da ganye, ganyayen fari na farko sun yi yaushi, suna saukowa a hankali har ƙasa. Bayan ganyen, guda biyu, mai-firam biyu masu kama da fikafikan fara farawa, kuma ba da daɗewa ba za su fara tashi a cikin rundunoni marasa yawa, kamar ƙananan jirage ba. Kimanin 5000 na waɗannan tsaba suna cikin gram ɗaya, kuma a kan kadada na Birch yana shuka su daga kilo 35 zuwa 150. Kusan kusan miliyan 100 ana shukawa kowace shekara ta Birch akan hectare ɗaya.
Shukayen Birch ba zasu dade da shigowa ba. Gaskiya ne, aan ƙaramar tsaba da suka faɗi ne kawai zasu iya shuka, amma wasu seedlingsa seedlingsan seedlings suna gudanar da fashewa daga ƙasa lokacin faduwa. Kuma da zaran dusar ƙanƙara ta sauko, hunturu na birch na farko zai bayyana tare ... Smallarami, m, tare da ganyayyaki biyu ko uku kawai, ƙwayoyin Birch sunyi kama da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu ganye. Ba zan iya ma yi imani da cewa bishiyoyi masu kyau da yawa za su yi girma daga wannan ruwan wukake.
Birch (Birch)Da farko na madaidaicin zafi, tsire-tsire Birch suna ƙaruwa sosai ga haske da kuma kula da ƙimar girma cikin sauri na shekaru 15-25 na gaba. A wannan zamani, sun kai kololuwarsu. Abin mamaki sosai, amma ya kasance lokacin balaga, shekaru 25-40, lokacin da tsiron bishiyoyi ya sami ƙarfin ƙarfi kawai, yanayi ya taso wanda daga ƙarshe zai kai ga mutuwarsu. A wannan lokacin, tsirar da kansa na yaduwa yana fitowa a ƙarƙashin wata alfarwa daga dajin Birch. Smallarami, kamar abin wasa, mazauna bishiyar Kirsimeti suna ƙaruwa kowace rana, suna girma da sauri, kuma a tsawon shekaru fiye da shekarunda sukai girma. Kuma a sa'an nan da spruce, ƙara da rikice da Birch itatuwa amfani da su da yawa haske, fara zalunta su da kuma. A tsawon lokaci, maƙarƙashiya mai ƙwanƙwasa gwiwa zata murƙushe gaba ɗaya, ko kuma, kamar yadda gandun daji ya faɗi, zai rayu, tsohon uwargidan waɗannan wurare - birch. Kwararrun sun kira wannan wasan kwaikwayo na gandun daji canjin nau'in halitta.
Amma Birch-sowers kansu ba tare da sojoji ba. Ba wai kawai suna iya yin saurin bincika filayen filaye masu ɗorewa ba, amma galibi, a cikin cikakkiyar ma'anar kalmar, suna cinye wuraren da ba za'a iya gane su ba ga bishiyoyi. Akwai lokuta da yawa inda bishiyun birch ke girma cikin nasara tsawon shekaru akan tsoffin bangon tubali, akan gidajen majami'u da aka watsar, har ma a cikin manyan bishiyoyi.
Birch (Birch)Kuma me game da amfanin Birch? A zamanin da mutane mutane suka rera wakar kamar itace "kusan abubuwa huɗu": "abu na farko shine haske ga duniya, abu na biyu shine kwantar da kukan, abu na uku shine warkar da mara lafiya, abu na huɗu shine a tsaftace". Bayan haka, tare da faci na birch lit up da wutsiya peasant gida bukkoki; Birch ya ba da tar, wanda ke yawo a cikin kowane hanya da jigilar dutsen doki; An bi da marasa lafiya tare da maganin warkarwa na birch, kodan, jiko na ganye; wanka da tsintsiya da tsintsiya sunyi aiki tare da tsabta da kuma tsabta.
Amma a zahiri, birch ya kasance kuma ya kasance itace mafi amfani. Ba za mu yi magana game da manyan sifofinsa na ado ba, waɗanda suke da matukar muhimmanci ga birane da ƙauyuka. Amma ta yaya ba za a lura da babban darajar itacen bishiyoyi masu launin shuɗi ba, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su sosai ga tattalin arzikin ƙasa? Wannan kyamara ne mai inganci, da kayan kwalliya, wadanda ke tattare da yanayi mai kyau, asali, akwatunan farauta, bindigogi; daga itacen birch ta hanyar distillation samun giya methyl, vinegar, acetone.
Kawai yanzu, a cikin gini, birch, saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin katako, an yi amfani da shi kaɗan kaɗan har kwanan nan. Amma yanzu, saboda sunadarai, ta ɗauki fansa a nan. Ba zan iya ma yarda cewa gina gonakin da aka yi da irin wannan itace ba su da ƙasa da ƙarfi ga tsarin ƙarfe kuma a lokaci guda sun fi sau goma wuta. Irin wannan itace ba shi da ƙuri'a, ƙashin bayan gida, ko wasu lahani na yau da kullun; ba ta sani ba kuma tana jujjuyawa, ba ta tsoron dam, kuma tana tsayayya da kwari da yawa har ma da wuta. Wannan kayan baya tsoron fargabar canji mai zafin gaske kuma komai ya fi rahusa da karfe.
Birch (Birch)Masana'antu na zamani ba za su iya yin abin da ake kira katako na itace ba, daga inda ake yin bera, giya, da gas. Waɗannan samfuran suna sananne ne ta hanyar ƙarfi da ƙarfi, ba ƙasa da wannan dangane da kayayyakin ƙarfe.
Abin ci gaba mai mahimmanci da kuma "dalili na uku" na birch - "marassa lafiya don warkarwa." Shirye-shirye da aka yi daga ƙananan namomin baƙar fata (ƙarfe tirin fungi parasitizing akan bishiyoyin birni), da aka sani da chaga, anyi amfani da su na ɗan lokaci don yaƙar cututtuka. Mutane sun dade suna amfani da Chaga infusus a matsayin maye gurbin shayi kuma a matsayin magani, kuma yanzu bincike na likita ya tabbatar da babban ingancin chaga wajen magance matakan farko na cutar kansa. Ruwan Birch yana dauke da sukari har zuwa kashi 20 cikin ɗari kuma ana amfani dashi azaman sha kuma don shiri na syrups na magani. Ganyayyaki da haushi Birch ma ba su da amfani. Ganye (suna da tannin da yawa) abinci ne mai kyau ga awaki da raguna. A saman Layer na Birch haushi - Birch haushi - shine mafi kyawun albarkatun ƙasa don keɓaɓɓen kwalta da mayukan mayukan da yawa. Daga tar, bi da bi, suna karɓar samfuran masana'antu masu yawa masu mahimmanci.
Ma'aikata suna yin kyawawan abubuwa da amfani ga gida daga ɗumbin birch: kwandunan buɗe wuta, kwandon gishirin, gurasar burodi. Kuma Birch haushi a matsayin papyrus na Rasha?
Birch (Birch)Har izuwa yanzu, muna ta zancen farin Birch na yau da kullun, kamar yadda ake kiran wannan itaciyar. Koyaya, tana da (da yawa kamar 120!) Kusa da dangi, mafi yawansu fari ne. Af, birch shine kawai itace a cikin tsararren tsire-tsire wanda ke da dusar ƙanƙara mai dusar ƙanƙara, kuma tana launinta fari da wani abu mai launi na musamman - betulin, mai suna bayan farka kanta (a cikin Latin, birch shine betula).
Akwai nau'ikan Birch waɗanda basu da betulin, wanda haushi shine ceri, launin rawaya, shuɗi mai duhu, launin toka har ma baki.
Iyalin Birch suna da bambanci da bambanci. Af, tare da Botanists bochin, alder genus, haus ɗin hazel, gabobin hornbeam, suna ɗauka a cikin su. Yawan nau'ikan birch, har ma da wakilan alder da hazel genera, sun daidaita kusan a duk faɗin duniya. A cikin Tarayyar Soviet kadai, sama da nau'ikan birch 40 suna girma, waɗanda suka mamaye wuri na farko tsakanin katako a cikin yankin. Ta hanyar girman yankin da aka mamaye, ba wani nau'in birch guda daya da zai iya gasa tare da warty Birch, don haka suna saboda ƙaramin, oblong, ɗan ƙaramin warts a kan rassan matasa. Ta sauka a filayen Yankin Turai da na Asiya na Rasha har zuwa gabar Tekun Okhotsk, a tsaunukan Caucasus da Altai; tana yin ɗan karamin itace a cikin Yammacin Siberiya da arewacin Kazakhstan. Babu wani nau'in halitta na birch, ko duk wasu membobin dangi na birch a hade zasu iya kiyaye ta.
Birch (Birch)Bayan haka, wasu nau'in birch ma abin lura ne. A cikin mawuyacin yanayi na Kamchatka, Sakhalin, da Okhotsk taiga, alal misali, birch dutse yana girma. Haushi ba shi da kyan gani, launin toka mai duhu, shaggy, amma itacen yana da matsanancin ƙarfi da ƙarfi. A Birch baƙin ƙarfe daga Taiga ta gabas, itace ba mai yawa bane, kamar baƙin ƙarfe, har ma yana da nauyi. Na tuna labarin wani mafarauci da ke Yankin Gabas game da yadda matafiya matafiya biyu suka yi aiki na kwanaki da suka gina raft daga irin wannan birran. Amma da zaran sun tura ƙarshen rafin a ruwa, sai ya gangara ƙasa da dutse.
Yawancin gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar sun nuna cewa ƙwayar baƙin ƙarfe ba ta da ƙarfi a cikin ƙarfin ƙarfe biyu kuma ga itacen ƙarfe mai haɗari mai ƙarfi - wanda aka amince da shi a matsayin "zakara mai taurin kai". Misali, bangarorin karfi na musamman, kamar su kera katako, ana yin su ne da birkin ƙarfe, ana amfani dashi a lokuta da yawa lokacin da ake buƙatar dogaro mai ƙarfi.
Iron birch yana da launin shuɗi mai duhu, kuma a cikin tsufa kusan baƙar fata. Wani lokaci har ma masana sun ƙi amincewa da birch a cikin irin wannan bishiyar launin baƙar fata.
Ana iya faɗi abubuwa da yawa game da 'yan uwan birch, amma mutum ba zai iya taimakawa ba amma in tuna ƙarami ɗayansu - Cinderella na gandun daji Karelian. Don haka cikin ƙauna kira Karelian Birch mutanen da suka san abubuwa da yawa game da itace. Kamar dai kunyar ɗan sa mai kishin ƙasa, yanayi ya ɓoye shi daga idanun mutane, a cikin kurma, ko kuma abin da ba zai iya yiwuwa ba. A cikin mafi yawan dazuzzukan daji na Karelia, wani wuri ne kawai a cikin Zaonezhie, wanda lokaci-lokaci mutum zai iya haduwa yanzu, sannan kuma wani ɗan karamin yanki na Karelian Birch.
Birch (Birch)Tun da dadewa don farautar Karelian a matsayin ganima mafi ƙimar gaske, mutane sun rigaya sun lalata hannun jari. Daruruwan kilomitoci yanzu ana iya tafiya ta hanyar taiga ta Karelia - kuma duk a banza. Tsoffin dattijai na cikin gida suna cewa daci sosai cewa binciken Karelian birch a lokacin ya yi kama da hakar wasu abubuwa masu daraja. Amma lokacin da karamin ɗan ɗan kurmi ya bayyana a tsakanin tarin giram na Karelian, da alama girgije mai dusar ƙanƙara ne ya sauko ƙasa.
Rushewar kyawun samfurori na yau da kullun kusan shine ya haifar da cikakken lalata lardin Karelian. Godiya kawai ga ƙoƙarin botanists da gandun daji ya sami damar dawo da tsohon ɗaukakarsa, kuma a lokaci guda don kawar da labarin rashin yiwuwar halittar mutum. An dasa shi tare da fasaha masu fasaha, kulawa mai kulawa, dan asalin Karelian yanzu an sami nasarar yin girma a cikin lambunan Botanical na Moscow, Kiev, Tashkent, kuma ana samun ƙari cikin sabon tsirrai na gandun daji. Karelia an riga an ƙirƙira wannan tsirarren itacen da ba kasafai ba.
An yi muhawara mai zafi game da Karelian birch. Wadansu sun dauke shi wani nau'in 'yanci ne, wasu kuma wani nau'i ne na warty Birch. "Wasan yanayi!" in ji na ukun. Amma a cikin ɗayan, kowa yayi baki ɗaya - cewa itace mai mahimmanci da ban mamaki.
Birch (Birch)Abubuwan bincike na archaeological a cikin yankin tsohuwar Novgorod sun nuna cewa itacen Karelian yana da daraja a zamanin da. Na dogon lokaci, Karelians sun biya haraji ga katako na wannan Birch. Hakanan an san cewa daga zamanin da har zuwa kwanannan da suka gabata a Lapland, Finland da Karelia, ƙananan ƙananan wannan itace suna aiki guntun ciniki.
Itaciyar Birch, mai kama da Karelian, an taɓa saninta cikin ƙasashe da yawa na Yammacin Turai. A Jamus, ana kiran wannan nau'in birch sarauta. Sweden ta ba da itace ga kasuwannin Turanci a ƙarƙashin sunan Lilac, ko na wuta. Abubuwa masu ban mamaki daga Karelian Birch sune ma'aikatan mu na Vyatka. A cikin kera kayayyaki, kayan masarufi na musamman, kwanduna, dara, taba sigari, kayayyakin gilashin fasaha babu iyaka ga gwaninta da iyawar su.
Wane irin itace ne wannan bishiyar kusan take dashi? Da farko dai, ana jan hankali ne ga kyawunsa na musamman. Irin wannan haɗin layin, launuka na tushe ba za'a iya samun su a cikin ɗaukacin babbar girgizar duniya ba. Ba daidaituwa ba ne cewa sau da yawa ana kiran Karelian birch marmara itace. Fari-rawaya, launin ruwan kasa mai haske tare da launuka iri-iri na itace ya same ta da wani sabon abu mai kama da zoben itace. Yawancin launuka masu ban mamaki, giftawa da taurari akan asalin zinare, kamar suna ɗauka wani irin haske mai sanyin hankali, ba da haske cewa itacen yana haskakawa daga ciki.
Birch (Birch)Mafi yawan za a iya ƙarawa ga abin da aka riga aka faɗi game da Karelian birch, amma mutum ba zai iya ba sai dai kawai ku taƙaita wasu kalmomi ga wakilin da aka ɓata wa ɗan'uwan birch, watakila mafi yawan rikice-rikice, sisteraruwarta wararuwa. Its botanists ana kiransu dwarf birch, kuma a cikin mazautarsu sau da yawa ana kiranta birch polar. Wannan shi ne arewa mafi nisa daga ƙauyukan birches. Masu ilimin Botanists sun ba ta sunan kimiyya "nana" (a cikin Latin - dwarf). Oldan ƙaramar timer na tundra mai ƙarancin haske bazai iya yin alfahari da ko kyakkyawa ko kyakkyawan itace ba. Tana wani lokacin tsayi fiye da namomin kaza, gangar jikinta ba ta da girma fiye da fensir na yau da kullun. Koyaya, karfin halin ba ya riƙe wannan birch. Bayan haka, ita ce ta kasance mai jure wa wahalar mummunan tundra kuma ta kasance tana fuskantar duk dabarun zalunci na Arctic. A lokacin rani zai juya kore, fure, watsa tsaba a kusa, kuma tsawon lokaci kafin hunturu, tuni ya ɓoye cikin murfin dusar ƙanƙara, yana jiran sabon zafi.
Dwarf Birch ba da son kai yana riƙe arewacin arewa na ciyayi. Ba wai kawai bayan Arctic Circle ba, har ma a kan iyakar dusar ƙanƙara a cikin tsaunukan Pamirs, Caucasus, Tien Shan, ƙabilar birch da aminci suna aiwatar da hidimarta mai wahala.
Birch (Birch)Hanyoyi zuwa kayan:
- S. I. Ivchenko - Littafin game da bishiyoyi
