The herbaceous yara Clover (Melilotus) wakili ne na dan wasan legume. Melilotus shuka ce mai mahimmanci a gefe da kuma kayan abinci, yayin da a cikin al'adar ta kasance ba fiye da shekaru dubu biyu ba. Wasu nau'ikan wannan al'ada suna girma kamar tsire-tsire tare da kaddarorin magani. Wannan shuka ana kiranta burkun, ciyawar ƙasa da Clover zaki. A dabi'a, ana samun Clover a Asiya da Turai; an fi son yin girma a cikin asara, makiyaya da adibas. Irin wannan ciyawa tana da ƙanshin wari.
Fasali na Clover
Tsawon gemun da aka suturta a Clover na iya bambanta daga mita 0.5 zuwa 2. Tushen sanda ne. Leaf faranti guda uku ne (wanda yayi kama da Clover), sun ƙunshi rubutattun ganye. Aparfafawar fure mai ɓoyayyen ya ƙunshi ƙananan furanni masu launin shuɗi ko farin inuwa mai launi. 'Ya'yan itace ɗan wake ne tsirara, wanda ke da nau'i mai zagaye, kuma ya kai tsawon mil 30-40. Tsaba zata iya yuwuwa tsawon lokaci, ko kuma, tsawon shekaru 14.
Clover mai daɗi ana girma a matsayin ciyawar kore domin yana taimakawa haɓaka tsarin ƙasa da kuma daidaita shi da wani abu kamar su nitrogen. Hakanan ana girma a matsayin ciyawar ɗan fure, saboda tana samar da sinadarai masu wadataccen abinci, wanda ya ƙunshi babban adadin bitamin. An bambanta wannan halittar ta hanyar ciyawa da kuma samar da madara. Hakanan, wannan ganye, wanda yake da ƙanshin sabo na hay, ana amfani dashi sosai don soaps mai ƙanshi, don ƙanshin taba, kuma a masana'antar ƙanshin turaren wuta ana amfani dashi don gyara ƙanshi. Wannan tsire-tsire yana ɗayan tsire-tsire mafi kyau na zuma. Daga nectar da aka tattara daga furanni na irin wannan al'ada, ana samun farin ko zuma na amber, wanda ke da ƙanshin mai daɗin ɗanɗano ta vanilla.
Clover namo
Saukowa daga waje
Smallan ƙaramin nau'in Clover nau'in ne kawai ake horar dasu, yayin da suka fi shahara tsakanin masu lambu shine farin Clover, da kuma Clover yellow. Wannan al'adar tana yaduwa, a matsayin mai mulkin, ta hanyar zuriya (hanyar). Sweet Clover ba wuya a kan abun da ke ciki na ƙasa. Wannan tsire-tsire na herbaceous yana girma sosai akan chernozem, solonetz, dan kadan podzolic da ƙasa na carbonate. Amma yakamata a dasa shi a cikin ƙasa mai acidic, ko ma a cikin wurare masu narkewa inda ruwan ƙasa ya ta'allaka kusa da ƙasa.
Melilot yana da ikon tara nitrogen, har ma da cire abubuwan gina jiki daga ƙwayoyin ƙasa mai narkewa, sakamakon abin da ya sami damar girma da haɓaka ko da akan ƙasa mara kyau ne ko lalataccen ƙasa. Lokacin zabar wani yanki don dasawa, dole ne a la'akari da cewa daga yawan adadin legumes, wannan al'ada tana da mafi girman hoto, don haka shafin ya kamata ya kasance a bude da rana.
Kafin sauka, shafin ya kamata a shirya sosai. Don yin wannan, yin digging na wajibi tare da gabatarwar phosphate har da takin mai magani na potash, don haka ana ɗaukar gram 50 na superphosphate da gram 20 na gishiri a kowace murabba'in murabba'in.
Abubuwan da wannan shuka sune dutse mai wuya, wanda ke rikita yanayin bayyanar seedlings. Sabili da haka, kwanaki 20-30 kafin shuka, dole ne a bi da su da ƙura. Don yin wannan, kuna buƙatar wucewar tsaba biyu ko sau uku ta cikin Clover. Saboda waɗannan dalilai, zaku iya amfani da manyan sifofi na musamman.
Ana shawarar shuka iri a cikin ƙasa buɗe a watan Afrilu ko Mayu. Don yin wannan, a baya ba ƙananan tsagi masu zurfi ake yi a cikin ƙasa mai laushi ba, yayin da nisan da ke tsakanin su ya zama daga mita 0.45 zuwa 0.6. Bayan shuka iri a cikin ƙasa buɗe, ya kamata a yayyafa tsintsaye tare da ba ƙasa mai kauri sosai, bayan wannan an shirya haɗa shafin a hankali. Gardenerswararrun lambu shawara shawara shuka iri ba hõre na farko scarification don samar a cikin hunturu, ko kuma wajen, a watan Fabrairu ko Janairu, suna kawai warwatse a farfajiya na ƙasa ko dusar ƙanƙara. Ruwan sama wanda ke faruwa a lokacin bazara, kazalika da ruwan sanyi, yana taimakawa taushi ƙyalli na tsaba, a sakamakon wannan tsiron ya bayyana a farfajiyar ƙasa koda zafin jiki ya hau zuwa digiri 2-4. A cikin yankuna na kudanci, shuka iri na Clover a cikin ƙasa buɗe, a matsayin mai mulkin, ana aiwatar da shi a watan Agusta.
Kula da Clover a cikin lambu
Idan an shuka iri a kan gonar a bazara, seedlings na farko zai bayyana bayan kusan rabin wata. A lokacin samuwar biyu na ainihin ganye faranti, thinning na shuke-shuke wajibi ne, kuma weeding kuma da za'ayi, cire duk sako ciyawa, yayin da a hankali loosening kasar gona surface tsakanin layuka. Nisan da aka ba da shawarar da ya kamata ya ragu tsakanin bushes a jere shine mita 0.3, amma wannan bai shafi batun ba lokacin da aka shuka wannan shuka kamar siderata.
Ana nuna Clover mai dadi ta hanyar tsananin jure fari, a wannan batun, yin irin wannan tsari ba lallai ba ne. Koyaya, dole ne a ciyar dashi a kan kari, domin wannan phosphorus da potassium ana shigar da takin zamani a cikin ƙasa.
A cikin farkon farkon girma, babu 'ya'yan itace da aka kafa a kan bushes Clover, wannan saboda suna da haɓaka mai haɓakawa da haɓaka tsarin tushen. Tunda tushen wuyan Clover a cikin hunturu yana cikin ƙasa bude, a wannan batun, tare da farkon lokacin bazara, ya zama dole don tabbatar da cewa shafin ba a ambaliyar da ruwa mai narkewa a lokacin murfin dusar ƙanƙara. A lokacin furanni, wannan al'ada tana jan hankalin ƙudan zuma da yawa waɗanda ke karɓar ƙashin bayanta. Tana sanya zuma mai kyau, ta bambanta ta babban dandano da kuma halayen warkarwa.
Cutar da kwari
Melilot, kamar kusan dukkanin albarkatu, yana da saukin kamuwa da cututtuka iri-iri, kuma kwari iri-iri da ke lalata shuka kuma zasu iya rayuwa a kai. Mafi sau da yawa, wannan shuka yana shafi mildew powdery, ascochitosis, peronosporosis, tushen ƙwayoyin cuta, septoria da mosaic rawaya. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, bushes yana cutar da cututtukan fungal kawai a cikin waɗannan lokuta lokacin da namu ya faru a cikin yanayin da bai dace da al'adun da aka ba su ba. An ba da shawarar kula da tsire-tsire masu cutar da wuri-wuri tare da maganin kashe kuɗaɗe, alal misali, Fundazole, Maxim, ruwa na Bordeaux, Abiga-Peak, da dai sauransu. Idan zaki Clover ya lalace ta hanyar mosaic, ya kamata a cire ciyawarsa daga ƙasa da wuri-wuri kuma dole ne a lalata saboda wannan cutar ba ta ci gaba da yaduwa ba ko'ina cikin gonar. Gaskiyar magana ita ce, irin wannan cuta a yau ba za a iya maganin ta ba.
Karin kwari kamar su kwari da muryoyi iri iri: Clover, jan alfalfa da masu son iri zasu iya yanke shawara akan wannan shuka; ganye, nodule da manyan alfalfa weevils; Clover da bristle nodule weevils; Palomena kore ne; kabeji, fyade, ciyawa, alfalfa da mustard kwari; manomi na gida da kampanin busassun; fuka fuka stenodema farashi; mai mulki, gyada da masu tsaron bazara. Don kawar da irin waɗannan kwari masu haɗari, masana suna ba da shawara ta amfani da magungunan kashe kwari, alal misali, kamar: Actellik, Aktaru, Karbofos ko wasu hanyoyi waɗanda suka bambanta da irin tasirin. Don dalilai na rigakafin, yana da matukar mahimmanci a bi ka'idodin juyar da amfanin gona, kar a manta da sako a shafin da ya dace, kuma kada ku kasance mai laushi don aiwatar da ƙasa da iri nan da nan kafin shuka. Hakanan, a cikin bazara da kaka, don dalilan rigakafin, ya kamata a kula da shafin tare da maganin kwari. Idan an yi komai daidai, to kuwa kwari zasu kewaye Clover kuma bazai iya cutar dashi ba.
Ba wai kawai wani gogaggen bane amma kuma mai fara lambu zai iya yin irin wannan al'ada a gonar sa. Idan ka bi duk ka'idodin fasahar kere kere ta wannan al'ada kuma ka kula da ita da kyau, to matsalolin ba za su taso da komai ba.
Tarin tattarawa da ajiyar kayan zaki
Girbi Clover, masana sun ba da shawara su samar da lokacin furanni. Don yin wannan, ta yin amfani da almakashi ko mai girbe, yana da mahimmanci don yanke duk harbe harbe, kazalika da wasan tsefe na apical. Abubuwan da aka samo na kayan magani masu magani dole ne a haɗa su cikin manyan baƙaƙe, wanda ya kamata a rataye shi daga rufi a cikin busassun da ke da iska mai kyau, inda zasu iya bushe sosai. Don waɗannan dalilai, zaku iya amfani da na'urar bushewa ta lantarki, yayin da yakamata a saita shi zuwa zazzabi 40 digiri ko ƙasa da haka. Bayan harbe sun bushe gaba ɗaya, zasu buƙaci a share su sosai. Sannan abin da yakamata a samar da kayan albarkatun ƙasa dole ne a sieched, ta hanyar amfani da sieve da waya domin wannan, wanda zai cire manyan abubuwa masu tushe waɗanda ke buƙatar jefa su waje. Abubuwan da ke cikin magani sun mallaki ganye, ƙananan harbe, 'ya'yan itatuwa da furanni na Clover zaki, waɗanda ke da ƙanshin coumarin da dandano mai ɗaci. Don adana bushewar Clover mai zaki, ana amfani da kwantena mai rufe da aka yi da yumbu ko gilashi. Clover zaki da maganin zaki don ajiya yakamata a cire shi a cikin duhu da bushe.
Iri da nau'ikan Clover mai dadi tare da hotuna da sunaye
Tsakanin 'yan lambu, nau'ikan nau'ikan Clover zaki biyu ne kawai suka fi fice. Za a ba da cikakken bayanin kwatancinsu a ƙasa. Wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan su, wanda kuma galibi suna girma akan shirye shiryen lambun a yankuna daban daban, suma za'a bayyana su.
White Clover (Melilotus albus), ko burkun, gunba, gunoba, Clover male, verkin ciyawa
Tsawon wannan shuka iri biyu yana iya bambanta daga mita 0.3 zuwa 1.5. Wannan al'adar makiyaya da silage tana da takaddun shege, wayayyun tsari, da siffofi masu kamanni, haka kuma fasalin fure, wanda ya kunshi furanni launin fari na nau'in asu. Wannan zuma na shuka ta bambanta da sauran mutane ta yadda yakan samar da ciyawar koda har tsawon lokacin bushewa ne, yayin da kudan zuma ke tashi zuwa Clover, saboda suna da kwarin gwiwar hay. A cikin daji, ana iya samun wannan al'ada a Belarus, Kazakhstan, Siberiya, Ukraine, Moldova, Asiya ta Tsakiya da Caucasus. Ta fi son yin girma a cikin gangara, a gefen gefan filaye da hanyoyi, a cikin ramuka da bushewa babu komai. Lambu suna noma ire-iren farin farin:
- Madaki. Wannan tsire-tsire mai tsinkaye yana da alaƙa da ecotype na Siberian. Tsawon daji zai iya bambanta daga mita 1.1 zuwa 1.2. Matsakaici-lokacin farin ciki harbe ne wajen m. Dogo, tsalle-tsalle na tsere launin fata ya ƙunshi manyan furanni. Wannan nau'ikan yana da tsayayya sosai ga fari, dusar ƙanƙara, ita ma tana da haƙuri, kuma ba ta tsoron kowace cuta da kwari masu cutarwa, don haka babu matsala tare da narkar da ita.
- Hoarfrost. Wannan inji yana da kyakkyawan tasirin. Harbe mai, wanda ke da matsakaiciyar matsakaici, ana fenti a kore. Bare ternate ganye faranti da koren launi, da kuma dan kadan serrated gefen. Wani elongated, sako-sako maras nauyi inflorescence ne mai yawa-flowered kuma ya ƙunshi fararen furanni. Da wake wake ne elliptical a siffar. A inji shi ne sosai resistant zuwa powdery mildew, amma yana da saukin kamuwa da lalacewa ta weevils.
- Chermassan. Tsawon wannan shuka mai tsinkaye kusan 200 santimita. Fuskokin suna da wuyar ganewa, kuma babu isasshen abinci a farfajiya. Tsawon matsakaici mai laushi-matsakaici kusan 18 santimita, sun hada da fararen furanni. Dankunnan launin shuɗi mai duhu suna da siffar elliptical.
- Mataki. Wannan farkon ripening iri-iri ne sosai resistant ga fari da yawan aiki. M madaidaiciya harbe a cikin babba bangare ne short pubescent, kuma a cikin ƙananan sashi sun kasance danda. Tsawon kara zai iya canzawa daga mita 1.45 zuwa 1.7. Rounded triangular takardar faranti suna da serrated gefen. Su masu launin kore ne, kuma a saman su akwai wani abin bakin ciki mai laushi mai laushi. Axwararren ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta sako 'Ya'yan itace' ya'yan itace ne mai nau'in biyu ko kuma iri guda na kayan kwalliya, wanda aka fentin cikin inuwa mai launin rawaya-rawaya.
- Volzhanin. An bambanta wannan iri-iri ta hanyar haƙuri, yawan aiki da juriya fari. Yana da tsayayya wa mildew powdery kuma baya jin tsoron dawowar daskararru a bazara. Dajin yayi tsaye, baya hanawa. Matsakaicin matsakaicin tsaran harbe harbe na iya bambanta daga mita 1.65 zuwa 2.5. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari ne guda-iri na wake-wake ko biyu na launin shudi mai duhu. Rawaya tsaba m.
Hakanan, yan lambu sau da yawa suna girka nau'ikan waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan Clover mai dadi, watau: Lucernoid 6, Middle Volga, Volga, Ob Giant, Om, Sayansky, Sretensky, Meshcherky 99, Rybinsky, Nemyugyunsky, Bulat, Diomid, da dai sauransu.
Melilotus rawaya (Melilotus officinalis), ko magani melilot, ko magani melilot
Mutane suna kiran wannan nau'in sau da yawa burkova, vargun, hops daji, buckwheat daji, ciyawar ƙasa, ƙwanƙwasa zomo, gooey, godson da ciyawar ciyawa. A cikin daji, ana samun wannan nau'in Clover mai dadi a Belarus, Western Siber, Ukraine, Central Asia da Caucasus. Irin wannan Clover mai zaki ya fi son girma a tsakanin tsirrai, a gefunan daji, a cikin ciyawar matasa, tare da filaye da hanyoyi, tare da kwari ko kuma cikin ciyayi. Wannan tsire-tsire, wanda yake shekaru biyu, yana da tushe mai tushe, yana da rassa da yawa da yawa. Tsayin tsinkayen kai tsaye ya bambanta daga santimita 150 zuwa 200, a cikin ƙananan an sanya shi lign. Ternate ganye-spaced ganye faranti suna da dogon petioles da greenish-launin toka serrate-serrated dentate ganye tare da siffar oblong-ovate. Maɓallin launuka masu ƙarfin yawa, wanda ya kai mil 50 zuwa 70 a tsayi, ya ƙunshi fure mai rawaya. 'Ya'yan itacen wannan nau'in Clover mai zaki shine wake wanda ke jujjuyawa, wanda launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa. A cikin wake akwai kyawawan tsaba, ana fentin launin ruwan hoda-rawaya ko rawaya, sun cika cikakke a watan Agusta ko Satumba. Mafi mashahuri a tsakanin lambu shine irin waɗannan nau'ikan masu launin rawaya, kamar:
- Sarbas. Wannan iri-iri shine tsakiyar lokaci, an san shi da yawan aiki, haka kuma jure fari da sanyi. A cikin bazara, wannan iri-iri ya kasance mai himma sosai da haɓaka. Bayan an ciyayi wannan ciyawa, yakan girma da sauri. Irin wannan Clover yana da matuƙar tsayayya ga mildew mai ƙarfi, da kwari masu lahani waɗanda ke lalata tsaba ba su zama a kanta.
- Koldyban. Wannan iri-iri yana da tsayayya ga fari. Dajin irin wannan Clover yana da rauni sosai. Har ila yau, harbe-harbe masu tsauri ne, kuma tsayin su na iya bambanta tsakanin 0.8 zuwa 1.2 mita. Tsaba suna da ƙananan girman. Wannan iri-iri yana ɗayan tsire-tsire mafi kyau na zuma.
- Ishim da wuri. Wannan tsire-tsire masu tsaurin sanyi ana saninsa da haƙuri da haƙuri da haƙuri. Yana da precocious kuma yana da yawan amfanin ƙasa. Irin wannan ciyawa tana da tsayayyen mildew irin, kuma ga dukkan kwari da ke lalata tsaba. Wannan daji mai kafaffen daji ya kai tsayin nisan mita 0.8, aikinsa matsakaici ne.
- Kokshetau. Wannan fari-mai haƙuri da gishiri mai haƙuri-tsire tare da juriya sanyi zai iya ba da babban girbi na kore taro. Daga cikin ta nectar, ana samun zuma, ana nuna shi ta mafi inganci.
- Omsk. A cikin wannan tsiro na farkon-girma, ana fentin furanni a launin shuɗi. Beansan wake biyu masu ƙwaya biyu suna da girman gaske.
Abubuwan da ke tattare da kayan zaki: lahani da fa'ida
Abubuwan amfani masu amfani da kayan zaki
Abun da yaduwar tsire-tsire na Melilotus officinalis ya hada da cymarin, tannins da abubuwa masu kama da mai, mai mai mahimmanci, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, carotene, tocopherol, sugars, gamsai da glycosides, a cikin aikin rarrabuwa, an samo coumarin, wanda shine kayan mai daɗaɗɗa tare da ƙanshin farin ƙanshi na hay .
Gaskiyar cewa wannan tsire-tsire yana da kaddarorin magani an san mutane da daɗewa ba, a zamanin da. Wannan ganye yana da expectorant, antihypertensive, anti-mai kumburi, antibacterial, anticoagulant, fibrinolytic, emollient, diaphoretic, carminative, anticonvulsant, rauni waraka da magani mai kantad da hankali. Shirye-shiryen da aka kirkira a kan tushen zazzabi mai amfani ana amfani da su wajen maganin mashako, hauhawar jini, maƙarƙashiya, mafitsara, ciwan ciki, rashin barci, cututtukan fata da cututtukan cututtukan fata, tari, amai, atherosclerosis, flatulence, neurasthenia, ƙara damuwa tashin hankali, yaduwar ƙwayar cuta mai guba, har ila yau kuma amfani da raunuka na purulent, kumburi da gabobin ciki na mata, rashin kumburin ciki.
Kudan zuma, wanda aka samo daga Clover nectar, shima yana da kayan magani. Ana amfani dashi sosai don cututtukan cututtukan tsokoki na sama, rashin bacci, neurosis, hawan jini, jin zafi a kai, har ma ga cututtuka na gidajen abinci da jijiyoyin bugun jini. Wannan zaki da kuma mai kyau na iyawar zuma shima yana sanya lactation. Irin wannan zuma har yanzu tana da laxative mai laushi da sakamako mai laushi.
Wanda yake contraindicated ga Clover
Melilot, da duk shirye-shiryen da aka yi a kan tushensa, mata masu ciki ba za su iya yin amfani da su ba, da kuma mutanen da ke fama da cutar koda. Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa abun da ke ciki na wannan shuka ya haɗa da abubuwa masu guba, a wannan batun, yakamata a kiyaye sosai. Idan ana amfani da zaki mai zaki a cikin manya-manyan kodan, to yana da mummunar tasiri a kan tsokoki masu santsi, kuma yana bada gudummawa ga hanawar jijiyoyi. Idan ana amfani da irin waɗannan kwayoyi na dogon lokaci, to kuwa nutsuwa, tashin zuciya, jin zafi a kai, vertigo, da amai na iya haɓaka. A wasu halaye, akwai zubar jini a cikin ciki, lalacewar hanta, da kuma gurguwar tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. A wannan batun, amfani da irin wannan magungunan ya kamata kawai a wajabta ta likita mai halartar, wanda dole ne ya zabi mahimmancin sashi. Kuma kar a manta da a tsawan tsawan wannan maganin.
