Kabeji fari shine ɗayan manyan kayan lambu a kowane lambu. An girma kuma ana amfani dashi tun zamanin da a duk duniya. A Rasha, kabeji ya sami ƙasa ta biyu. Rasha lambu da dadewa dauke Masters na namo. Kuma da aka ba da cewa kabeji kawai shine ɗakunan ajiya na bitamin, fararen kabeji shine mazaunin mazaunin gadajenmu daga lokaci zuwa lokaci da yau. Game da duk intricacies na girma a gonar - labarinmu.
Farin kabeji.
Abubuwan banbanci na farin kabeji
Kabeji na lambu (Brassica oleracea) ya hada da ire-irensu da dama da suka hada da kabeji - Brassica oleracea var. oleracea; wannan ya hada da fari da launin jan kai.
Farin kabeji - wani tsohuwar al'adar, kamar sauran nau'in kabeji (ban da Beijing da Sinanci) sun fito ne daga nau'in namun daji da ke girma a yankuna na Rum a Yammacin Turai da Arewacin Afirka.
Shugaban kabeji da babban palatability da warkad da kaddarorin. Sun ƙunshi bitamin da suke buƙatar jikin ɗan adam (C, P, da dai sauransu), acid Organic, salts ma'adinai, maras tabbas, anthocyanins, da sauransu.
Kabeji shuka ne mai shekaru biyu. A cikin shekarar farko ya samar da shugaban kabeji, a shekara ta biyu kuma sai ya tsiro wani itace mai ɗaukar furanni ya ba tsaba. Shugabannin kabeji suna da nau'i daban-daban, girma, launi, yawa dangane da iri da yanayin girma. Tashin kai daga 300 g zuwa kilo 10 ko fiye. Wannan tsire-tsire ne mai tsananin sanyi tare da ingantaccen tsarin tushen, wanda ya bazu a cikin babban ƙasa ƙasa zuwa zurfin 40-50 cm.
Halin da ake girma kabeji
Da rabo daga kabeji zuwa zazzabi
Kabeji tsire-tsire ne mai tsananin sanyi. Koyaya, a kowane matakin girma da haɓaka, yana da bambanci ga tsarin zafin jiki. Tsaba fara girma a cikin 3-4 ° C, mafi yawan zafin jiki ya girma shine 18-20 ° C. A cikin farkon lamari, 'ya'yan itace suna bayyana bayan kwanaki 8-12, a cikin na biyu - a ranar 3-4th.
Tsire-tsire na kabeji na ci gaba da girma a 5-10 ° C, duk da haka, zazzabi na 12-15 ° C ya fi dacewa don ci gaba da haɓakar seedlings, kuma 15-18 ° C na tsire-tsire na manya a cikin ƙasa. Yanayin zafi sama da 25 ° C ya shafi haifarwar kai. A wannan yanayin, ana lura da thickening na kyallen takarda, ƙananan ganye ana watsar da su, shugabannin kabeji crack. Duk wannan yana haifar da raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa da samuwar ƙananan shugabannin kabeji marasa daidaituwa.
Rashin kabeji zuwa haske
Haske na daga cikin hanyoyin samar da makamashi, wanda ake kashewa kan samuwar kwayoyin halitta. Haɓaka al'ada da ci gaban tsirrai ya dogara da yawa da ingancin haske, haka kuma a tsawon lokacin hasken rana.
Kabeji tsire-tsire ne mai buƙatar wuta. Dangantakarta da haske tana canzawa yayin da take girma kuma tana haɓaka. Wannan inji yana yin buƙatu musamman a kan tsananin haske a cikin lokacin shuka. Rashin haske a wannan lokacin yana haifar da elongation na tsire-tsire, rage juriya ga cututtukan fungal da yawa, samuwar ƙananan ganye, kuma daga baya - sako-sako da shugabannin.
An lura cewa tare da shading mai ƙarfi, alal misali, lokacin da kabeji ke tsiro a cikin layuka tsakanin orchards, shugabannin sau da yawa ba sa kafa kwatankwacinsu.
Ta hanyar dabi'a, kabeji shuka ne na tsawon lokaci (nau'in asalin arewacin). Akwai nau'ikan tsire-tsire na ecotypes na Rum (Siriya da sauransu) tsire-tsire ne na ɗan gajeren lokaci. A cikin shekarar farko ta girma tare da rana mai tsayi, kabeji yana yin takamaiman matakai na nazarin halittun da ke tabbatar da samuwar kwayoyin halittar haihuwa (ciyawar fure) a shekara ta biyu.
Ana lura da haɓaka mafi girma da haɓaka farin kabeji tare da doguwar rana tare da kwararar haskakawa, wanda a ciki, tare da raƙuman ruwa mai tsayi, akwai da yawa gajere.
Rabo daga kabeji zuwa danshi
Kabeji tsire-tsire ne mai ɗanɗano da yawa. Ana bayyana babbar bukatar danshi ta hanyar fasalin halittar jiki: babban iska mai narkewa daga cikin ganyayyaki da kuma wurin da yake tushen tushen tushensa. Yana canzawa ya danganta da matakan ci gaba da haɓaka yayin aikin kansar.
Lokaci mai mahimmanci da matakai na bukatar danshi na shuka sune: ƙwayawar shuka, tsirawar seedling bayan dasa shuki a buɗe ƙasa, samuwar kai. A lokacin samuwar shugabannin kabeji, abubuwan da ake buƙata don ƙasa da danshi mai haɓaka.
Mafi dacewa a duk lokacin girma ana ɗaukar damshin ƙasa a matakin 80% na ƙarancin danshi da yanayin zafi na 80-90%. Tare da raguwa a cikin danshi na ƙasa zuwa 60% HB, ganyayyaki sun zama shuɗi da ruwan hoda, gefansu suna lanƙwasa dan kadan, ƙwayar kabeji da wuri-wuri ya yi kauri kuma ƙaramin madaidaicin tsari ne ake kafa shi da wuri.
Koyaya, danshi na ƙasa mai wuce gona da iri, musamman a ƙananan yanayin zafi, yana dakatar da haɓakar kabeji da samuwar shugabannin kabeji; anthocyanin pigments (aibobi) sun bayyana akan ganyayyaki da petioles, tsire-tsire sun kamu da ƙwayoyin cuta.
Bukatar tsire-tsire don danshi ya bambanta ba kawai daga yanayin yanayi da yanayin yanayi da kuma matakan ci gaba ba, har ma a ƙarƙashin rinjayar wasu dalilai. Irin farkon kabeji iri, halin da mafi m da sauri yawan amfanin ƙasa girma, bukatar karin danshi fiye da marigayi cikakke su. Shuke-shuke da aka shuka tare da seedlings sun fi buƙatu akan danshi na ƙasa fiye da tsire-tsire da aka shuka ta hanyar tsaba kai tsaye zuwa cikin ƙasa.
Matasa fari kabeji a gonar.
Rashin kabeji zuwa kasar gona da abinci mai gina jiki
Kabeji yana daya daga cikin tsire-tsire masu yawan buƙata don takin ƙasa. Zai fi kyau girma a kan loamy haske da yashi loamy kasa tare da zurfin arable Layer da babban abun ciki humus. Ilsasa mai yashi, lokacin da aka gabatar da abubuwa masu haɗuwa da humus a cikin su, sun fi dacewa da kabeji na farkon nau'ikan tsiro.
Soilasa don girma kabeji ya kamata a noma shi sosai, ya ƙunshi babban adadin abubuwan gina jiki, tsaka tsaki ko ɗan acidic. Sama sama da namo na kasar gona, da ƙasa da na gina jiki bukatar a yi amfani. Kabeji yana buƙatar tsari, ƙasa, ƙasa mai takin, kuma yana ba da amsa ga ingancin aikace-aikacen ƙwayoyin takin gargajiya da ma'adinai ga ƙasa, musamman a hade.
Tare da isasshen takin gargajiya, nau'in ƙasa kanta ba ta da mahimmanci don wannan shuka, in banda loamy, karfi acidic, gravelly da waterlogged, rashin talauci, wanda bai dace da kabeji ba. A kan kasa mai acidic, cutar keel ta shafe shi, yana haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin yawan amfanin ƙasa.
Irin farkon kabeji iri-iri sun fi shafar keel fiye da marigayi kabeji cikakke, don haka suna buƙatar haɓaka a kan ƙasa ba da acidified ba. Kabeji yana amsa da kyau ga lemun tsami, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi a cikin kaka ko kuma bazara makonni 2-3 kafin a dasa.
Matsayin takin zamani na kabeji a farkon lokacin girma yana da matukar muhimmanci. A wannan lokacin, kasar gona ta ƙunshi kadan nitrogen a cikin wani nau'i na isa ga tsirrai. An gabatar da takin gargajiya a cikin kabeji na nau'ikan farkon cikakke a cikin nau'in humus. Amfani da daskararren taki bashi da inganci, tunda abu mai takin gargajiya bashi da lokacin da zai lalata lokacin tsiro.
-A cabbagean tsakiyar kabeji da na ƙarshen-rianyen kabeji a kusan dukkanin ƙasa (banda ƙananan peat na bogs) suna amsawa da kyau ga aikace-aikacen takin gargajiya. Koyaya, taki kadai ba zai iya wadatar da kabeji da wadataccen abinci ba, tunda bazuwar sa a cikin ƙasa da kuma sakin abubuwan gina jiki da ake samu na tsirrai daga ciki yakan faru sannu a hankali fiye da buƙatun abincinsu. A sakamakon wannan, kabeji ke tsiro kuma yana ci gaba mafi kyau idan aka haɗu da takin gargajiya da ma'adinai.
Ingancin nau'ikan takin zamani na kabeji ba ya dogara ne da nau'in ƙasa ba, har ma a kan narkar da shi, abubuwan da ke cikin abubuwan gina jiki a ciki, tsawon lokacin amfani da takin zamani, ban ruwa. Don samun yawan amfanin ƙasa na farin kabeji, yana da mahimmanci cewa duk abubuwan gina jiki suna cikin rabo mafi kyau.
Kamawar kasa da tsirrai
Fitar da ƙasa ta farko da lalata weedsan ciyawa ana aiwatar da ita bayan rayuwar tsirrai da aka shuka. Zuwa loosening na kasar gona yana gudana kamar yadda ya cancanta bayan kwanaki 7-8 ko bayan shawoshi har sai an rufe ganyayyaki a hanyoyin.
An fara yin namo na farko zuwa zurfin 4-5 cm. zurfin namo na biyu shine 6-8 cm, mai zuwa har ganyayen sun rufe - 8-10 cm. Yankin yanki mai kariya a kusa da tsirrai yakamata ya kasance akalla 12-14 cm. Noma yana da mahimmanci musamman a kan ƙasa mai nauyi.
Farkon nau'ikan farko shine za'ayi kwanaki 15-20 bayan dasawa, kuma daga nau'in marigayi - kwanaki 25 daga baya. Daga baya saukowa sama yana haifar da lalacewar tsarin tushe da kuma hanyar rufewar ganye. Hilling ne da za'ayi bayan an shayar da ruwa ko kuma kayan miya, raging a kasa zuwa farkon ganye na gaskiya. Wannan hanya tana haifar da haɓaka ƙarin asalin sa.
Na biyu dutsen yana gudana ne kwanaki 10-12 bayan na farko. Iri tare da ɗan gajeren lokaci sun isa tsauni ɗaya.
Girbi kabeji.
Miya sanya kabeji
Ya danganta da takin ƙasa da takin da ake amfani da shi na ƙoshin fara da ciyawar, ana ciyar da kabeji sau 3-4 a duk lokacin girma. Haka kuma, ciyarwa ita ce mafi inganci a cikin lokaci mafi girma girma ganye da kuma lokacin samuwar shugabannin kabeji.
A wannan yanayin, dole ne mutum ya tuna cewa koyaushe lokacin ƙirƙirar ganye, kabeji, musamman a cikin yankuna na arewacin, yana buƙatar takin mai magani na nitrogen fiye da ƙasa, saboda a farkon bazara a yanayin zafi kaɗan, tafiyar matakai na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙasa, musamman masu nauyi, masu rauni. Sabili da haka, abubuwan gina jiki a cikin nau'i mai isa zuwa tsire-tsire basu isa ba.
Ana yin riguna na farko a cikin kwanaki 10-15 bayan dasa shuki. Don yin wannan, ana gurɓata mullein da ruwa a cikin rabo na 1:10, yana kashe 0.5 l ga kowane shuka. Idan babu mullein, ana iya aiwatar da miya da ruwa mai ruwa da takin mai magani - 10 g da urea, 20 g da superphosphate da 10 g na potassium taki da lita 10 na ruwa.
Idan, lokacin dasa shuki a cikin ƙasa, isasshen adadin takin, musamman takin nitrogen, an ƙara shi cikin rijiyoyin, to za a iya fitar da riguna na farko na farko.
Ana yin riguna na biyu a cikin kwanaki 25-30 bayan dasa shuki, watau, kwanaki 10-15 bayan anguwar farko. A wannan yanayin, ya fi kyau a yi amfani da jiko na mullein cikin ruwa a cikin rabo na 1:10, yin 0.5 l na jiko ga kowane shuka. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, ana hade wannan rigar riguna tare da yin dutse.Wannan manyan rigunan an sanya su ne karkashin kabeji na farkon da na marigayi. Amma yana da tasiri musamman ga farkon irin kabeji.
Na uku saman miya kawai na kabeji na matsakaici da na marigayi iri ne da za'ayi kwanaki 15 bayan na biyu saman miya domin bunkasa girma shugaban kabeji. Don yin wannan, a cikin jiko guda na mullein, 30 g na superphosphate suna narkar da a cikin 10 l na ruwa, ana ciyar da 1-1.5 l ga kowane shuka. Idan ya cancanta, bayan kwanaki 20 tare da wannan maganin, ya zama dole don aiwatar da riguna na hudu na kabeji.
Idan kun warwatsa taki ma'adinai a kusa da tsire-tsire a cikin bushe bushe, kuna buƙatar saka idanu a hankali cewa takin mai magani ba ya fadi akan ganyayyaki don gujewa lalacewa, musamman idan ganyayyaki sun jike
Karkatar da Ciwan kai
A cikin yanayin m a cikin zafin jiki da kuma zafi, sau da yawa sau kabeji ripen kafin girbi lokacin. Idan a wannan lokacin ci gaban su bai gushe ba, suna iya fashewa.
Don kauce wa wannan matsala, shirye shugabannin kabeji, idan lokacin girbi bai riga ya isa ba, kuna buƙatar tanƙwara sau da yawa a cikin hanya ɗaya don keta tsarin tushen ko dan kadan yanke Tushen tare da felu. Wannan zai rage damar samar da abinci mai gina jiki da kuma dakatar da ci gaban kabeji, kuma daga nan ne fatattakar shugabannin kabeji.
Kwaro da kula da cutar kabeji
Mai yawa kwari lalace kabeji a ko'ina cikin girma kakar - cruciferous fleas da aphids, kabeji fata da ƙura, moths. Ya kamata a kula da amfanin gona a kowane 7-10 kwana tare da kwari Sumyalfa, Zolon, Sherpa, Karate, Aktellik, Volaton, da dai sauransu.
Wani batun mai cutarwa shine gardama kabeji mai bazara. Jirginsa zai fara a tsakiyar tsakiyar Afrilu, lokacin da ƙasa tayi zafi har zuwa digiri 12-13. Kabeji ya tashi ƙwai kan ƙashin tsohuwar shuka ko a cikin ƙasa kusa da ita. Hatching larvae shiga cikin tushen, gnaw sassa a cikinsu, a sakamakon abin da tsire-tsire fara bushe (musamman a bushe, hot weather), cikin ganyayyaki zama bluish-gubar a launi, girma slows saukar da ko dakatar da gaba daya, kuma sau da yawa tsire-tsire mutu.
Qwai na kabeji whitewash.
Kabeji Kula da Matakan sarrafawa
Dogara mai rikitarwa ga jujjuyawar amfanin gona, riƙe ingantaccen yanayin aikin gona, magani na rigakafi (a farkon lokacin bazara na ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙwalwa) ta kwari na sama sune matakan kulawa na sama.
Idan shuka ta lalace, ƙara kashi 0.15-0.2 bisa ɗari na “Bi-58” ko “Bazudin” a kan tushen. Amfani - lita 0.25-0.3 kowace shuka. Yana da tasiri sosai don gabatarwa lokacin dasa shuki "Phosphamide" ko babban superphosphate da aka haɗa tare da "Phosphamide" ("Bi-58").
Daga cikin cututtukan, mafi cutarwa sune ƙwayoyin jijiyoyin jini da ƙwayoyin mucous, fusarium za.
Ikon Cutar
Miyar ƙwaya, tsayayyen amfanin gona, riƙe ingantaccen tsarin aikin gona sune manyan hanyoyin da za a iya hanawa tare da magance cututtukan kabeji.
Kabeji ana ɗaukarsa shine ainihin ɗakunan ajiya na kiwon lafiya, saboda tare da kyakkyawan dandano, yana da kyawawan kayan warkarwa: farfadowa, analgesic, anti-mai kumburi, disinfectant, bactericidal, anti-sclerotic, hemostatic, diuretic, rauni waraka, normalizing tafiyar matakai na rayuwa da kuma daidaita ma'aunin bitamin, ya ƙunshi babban tsarin bitamin .
