Ka'idodin abubuwan gado iri daban-daban an fara tabbatar dasu kuma daga karshe wani masanin kimiyyar Czech G. Mendel, wanda ya yi gwaje-gwajen da yawa akan kwayoyin halitta. Koyaya, dokokin gado '' ajar '', don yin magana, tun kafin shi. Yan lambu na zamani da masu lambu sun san cewa akwai kwafin mace da na maza, kuma idan aka yi fure iri na mace iri iri tare da fitsarin ɗan itacen wata nau'in nau'in iri ɗaya, zaku iya samun ƙwayoyin matasan da basu da bambanci ko dai “uwa” ko “uba”. Za muyi magana game da dokokin kwayoyin halittar duniyar shuka da yadda zaka kare kanka daga abubuwan ban mamaki da ke alaƙa da rarrabuwar haruffa a wannan labarin.
An fara tabbatar da dokokin gado na halaye daban-daban kuma daga karshe masanin kimiyya daga Czech Republic G. Mendel ya tabbatar.
Yaushe kuma ta yaya suka gano dokokin gado na halaye daban-daban a cikin tsirrai?
A cikin karni na 18, botanists sun yanke shawarar matsawa daga abubuwan lura da aka yi game da gadon dabi'un a cikin zuriyar tsirrai daban-daban zuwa nazarin yanayin wannan gado ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje daban-daban.
A tsakiyar karni na 18 I.G. Kelreiter, wanda, a hanya, yayi aiki mai mahimmanci na rayuwarsa a cikin ƙasarmu kuma masanin kimiyya ne na Rasha, ya yi jerin gwaje-gwaje masu ban sha'awa, yana ƙoƙarin fahimtar asalin canjawar wasu haruffa daga iyaye zuwa zuriya a cikin duniyar shuka, yana haye da al'adu daban-daban.
Daga cikin tsire-tsire da masanin kimiyyar ya gudanar da gwaji a game da fitar da pollin, akwai sigarin sigari na siga, dope da kuma karnukan gargajiya na Turkiyya. Masanin ilimin kimiyya ya nuna kuma ya tabbatar da cewa bayan pollen daga mahaifin shuka ya faɗi akan turbar kwayar kwayar mace (wato, taɓarɓarewar ƙwayar cuta ce, sabili da haka, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da aka haɗu suna faruwa), tsire-tsire waɗanda ke haɗuwa da alamomin uwa da uba na tsirrai, har ma da tsire-tsire tare da fifikon haihuwa. kawai halayen uwaye ne kawai, ko halayen mahaifinsa ne kawai, ko kuma wani abu tsakanin - wato, samamme.
Masanin kimiyya ya gano cewa sakamakon wannan giciye bai dogara da ko wanne daga tsire-tsire aka samo asalinsa ba kuma a kan wanne shuka aka sanya shi a cikin kwaro, don haka an tabbatar da daidaiton nau'in mahaifin da na mahaifar cikin isar da halaye ga zuriyar. Amma waɗannan gwaje-gwajen, waɗanda aka gudanar a waccan lokacin, sun fi nufin tabbatar da kasancewar jima'i a cikin tsire-tsire. Ma'ana, wannan masanin ya tabbatar da cewa tsire-tsire, kamar mutane, mata ne kuma na maza, ya gano wanne sassan jikin tsire-tsire ne na mata, na mace, kuma wane ne mace?
An yi imani da cewa Kelreiter ne ya gabatar da farko a karo na farko irin wannan ra'ayi hybridizationwanda masu shayarwa ke amfani da shi yanzu a duniya.
A zahiri, rarrabuwar haruffa ana lura dashi a cikin zuriya lokacin da kwaroron fure daga ɗayan eta plantan tsire-tsire ɗaya suka faɗi akan ƙashin kwayar wata bishiyar nau'in ƙwayar cuta ko nau'ikan nau'ikan cikin wannan nau'in. Wannan ya shafi dukkan tsirrai ba tare da togiya ba.
Daga baya, masu ilimin boran da ke aiki a Faransa sun bayyana manufar yawancin halayen, watau halayyar da take ci gaba koyaushe yayin aikin pollin, yana mamaye zuriya. An gudanar da irin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen a kan tsire-tsire na kabewa na Botany O. Sarge da Sh. Noden a kusa da rabi na biyu na karni na 19.
Sun bayyana madaidaitan halaye a cikin sharewa ta hanyar tsallake kayan gona daban-daban tare da kyawawan halaye (alal misali, wasu sun kasance manya kuma masu daɗi, wasu sun kasance ƙanana da ƙima, amma a ƙarshe sun kasance ƙanana da rashin ƙarfi, wanda ke nufin ƙarancin girman kai da dandano mai ƙwanƙwasa - wannan shine mafi girman yanayin da ke nuna kanta sakamakon rarrabuwar halayen wannan nau'in nau'ikan nau'ikan).
Haka masanan suka tabbatar da cewa gaba daya dukkanin dangin mutanen farko suna kama da ruwa biyu na ruwa, kuma ana amfani da wannan tsayayyar mulkin hadin kai ga mutanen wannan zamani har zuwa yau ga masu masana'antun da ke cikin sabon tsiro, suna karbar Farin iri iri, daga wanda hakan bashi da ma'ana wajen tattara tsaba, saboda A zamani na gaba bayan sun shuka a ƙasa, za a sami rarrabe alamu. Me yasa hakan ke faruwa?
Domin ban da rinjaye, alamomin mafiya rinjaye, tsirrai ma suna da koma-baya, alamomin da ke damun waɗanda ke bayyana kansu a cikin ƙarni na biyu da masu zuwa - waɗannan ƙananan 'ya'yan itace ne da ɗanɗano mai kyau, kasancewar ƙaya, yawan ƙwaya da makamantansu.
Abinda ya fi ban sha'awa shine kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na mutane a cikin zuriya daga shuka iri da aka tara daga tsararraki na farko na iya riƙe haruffa masu rinjaye har ma sun fi su yayin da aka tattara haruffa masu yawa "a cikin tarin tsibi".
Anan, a zahiri, dukkanin waɗannan bayanan, waɗanda suka tara ta wancan lokacin, Gregor Mendel ya bincika su sosai, kuma an buga shi.
Kabewa iri daban-daban, wanda ke tsiro kusa, yana keɓancewa, samfurori tare da rarrabe haruffa zasu yi girma daga zuriyarta.
Yaushe kuma ta yaya lambu yakan zama yana fuskantar alamu?
A zahiri, yan lambu da masu noman Berry suna yawan fuskantar wannan, mai lambu zai iya dasa shuki maimakon itace apple da aka horar, savage wanda, idan ya ba da 'ya'ya, yana da ƙarancin inganci, amma a nan babu alamun rarrabewa a fuska, amma rashin ƙyamar, shine, al'adu siffofin a kan hannun jari.
Amma ga lambu da kuma masu son amfanin gona na Berry, suna haɗuwa da sabon yanayin alamun rarrabawa yayin da ba da gangan su sayi tsaba na amfanin gona Berry iri daya ko wata ba kuma sun gamsu cewa za su yi haɓakar ainihin abin da aka nuna a hoto. A zahiri, a cikin tsaba, wataƙila, za a sami shuka ɗaya, mai kama da wannan a hoton, ko wataƙila har ma ta fi shi yawan alamu, wani lokacin gaba ɗaya ba tsammani, alal misali, daji zai kasance sau da yawa mafi ƙarfi ko zai sami yalwa ganye, ko kuma zai fitar da 'ya'yan itaciya mai girman gaske, amma tare da yawan ruwan acid a cikin dandano, kuma irin wannan adadin zai zama mai wahala ne a ci su.
Wannan ana yin shi sau da yawa ta hanyar masu siyar da marasa gaskiya na honeysuckle, strawberries na daji, sayar da tsaba a farashi mai tsada, da gaske an tattara su sosai daga nau'ikan da suke da kyau, amma bai kamata ku ɗauke su ba.
Masu noman kayan lambu sau da yawa suna azabtar da kansu, ba tare da la'akari da marufi ba, wanda ya bayyana a fili cewa matasan F1 ne, suna tattara tsaba daga shi kuma suna shuka shi a shekara mai zuwa a cikin begen samun iri ɗaya mai yawa kamar wannan shekara, amma samun rashin jin daɗi kawai lokacin da wadancan alamomin rararwa iri guda zasu fara nuna kansu a duk darajarsu.
Kuma tare da iri, abubuwa ba koyaushe masu santsi bane. Misali, idan akan wani shafi ka shuka nau'ikan barkono, tumatir, kokwamba kuma sunada dari bisa dari lallai ne wadannan sune ire-iren su, a karshen kakar wasa ka bar 'ya'yan itaba don tsintsaye, ka tsince su ka shuka shekara mai zuwa, to babu tabbacin cewa ire-irenka ba su bane. pollinated da juna, amma a karshen ka samu gaba daya ba abin da kuka yi tsammani.
Girma cucumbers na daya iri daya a cikin wani daban-daban greenhouse da pollinating su da hannu, akwai damar don adana duk halaye na iri-iri a cikin tsaba.
Ta yaya za a kare tsirran ku daga “bazata” hybridization?
Don kauce wa abubuwan mamaki, da fari dai, kada ku tattara kuma ku shuka iri daga hybrids F1, kar ku sayi tsaba na amfanin gona Berry. Don hana plantsan tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsireenku su zama ƙura A zahiri, ba shakka, yana da wuya a bi shi, dole ne a sami ɗaruruwan mita tsakanin iri, har ma sannan ba gaskiya ba ne cewa wasu kudan zuma ba za su canja wurin pollen daga iri ɗaya zuwa ɓarna na fistin wani nau'in dabam ba - wancan shine pollination.
Amma me yasa koyaushe be yi kyau ba? Bayan duk, shayarwa samu F1 hybrids daidai daga pollination na iri?! Haka ne, Gaskiya ne, amma a wannan yanayin, shayarwa, ta hanyar shekaru da yawa na ƙwarewar ƙetare iri, san wane iri kuma wanda za ƙetare don samar da ingantaccen matasan F1 (wani lokacin suna amfani da cakuda pollen da dama iri). Yawancin lokaci ana haɗuwa waɗannan haɗuwa a asirce, kuma koda kun gano wane iri ne aka ƙetare tare da, ba zaku iya gaya muku wane nau'in ya zama mahaifin ba kuma wane nau'ikan ya kasance uwa, wato, pollen daga abin da iri-iri ya faɗi a kan saƙar murfin wani nau'in daban. Ga masu masana'antar samar da motsi na F1 wannan ba shi da wata matsala.
Shin zai yiwu a sami warewa da tattara tsaba a kowace shekara? Haka ne, yana yiwuwa, idan kun shigar da gidajen katako kuma kuna girma iri ɗaya kawai a cikin kowane, kuma ana aiwatar da aikin '' da hannu '', to za ku sami kowane zarafin cewa zaku riƙe halaye masu ɗorewa.
