Hazel, ko hazel tsakanin al'ummomi da yawa suna kewaye da dimbin almara, al'adu da camfi. Don haka Slavs sun danganta hazel ga tsarkakakkun tsire-tsire masu tsabta, an yi imani cewa walƙiya ba ta birgesu ba. Sabili da haka, yayin tsawa, sun ɓoye a ƙarƙashin zel kuma suna ɗaure rassansa a bel kuma suna taɓa su da duk abin da suke so don kare daga walƙiya.
An yi imanin cewa ƙugiyar ba zata iya tsoratar da Iblis kawai ba, har ma yana jan har ma ya kashe macijin, halittar shaidan. Hakanan an sanya rassan Hazel a cikin sito don korar mice. Dangane da almara na Kudancin Slavs, rayukan magabatan da ke ziyartar duniya a wannan lokacin sun sauka kan Triniti a cikin hazel. A kan rassan sa, rayuka sun fito daga wannan duniyar kuma a kan su ne suka dawo.
Gyadau hazel. Z H. ZellHazel (hazel) an sanya shi ne mallakar gano abubuwan ɓoye. Kuma farin hazel yawo a lokutan arna ya zama alama ga Druids, yana tabbatar da aji da ikon kasancewa mai iya magana.
A zamanin Vikings, "hoslur", "filin hazel," wanda aka yi yaƙin kafin a yi yarjejeniya, ana yaba da toshiya. Duk wuraren wasan don yin gwagwarmaya (holmganga) da kuma filayen cikakkun gwagwarmaya tsakanin sojojin an tsara su ta hanyar shinge mai ɗanɗanar zinare, wanda ya mamaye su da layi na sihiri, wanda ke raba rayuwar yau da kullun daga duniya. A cikin yaƙi, an yi amfani da hazel azaman kare sihiri. Legendaya daga cikin tsoffin tarihin Irish ya ba da labarin "tsohuwar hazel saukad da." Dangane da almara, wannan bishiyar sihirin ya daukaka guba, kuma yayin da McCumhill ya yi garkuwa da shi, gas din da ke shiga daga ciki ya kashe makiya.
Akwai kuma tsohuwar magana “garkuwa ta Fiona” - misalin adabi don kariya ta tsafi. Yana da alaƙa da abin da ake kira luaithrindi - wani nau'i ne na tsaka-tsaki na tsaka-tsaka a kan rigunan mayaƙan Celtic, waɗanda suka haifar da cikakkiyar maƙogwaro na ƙulli.
Bayanin
Hazel, ko Hazel (Corylus) - asalin halittu na bishiyoyi (bishiyoyi marasa wuya) na dangin Birch.
Ganyen Hazel zagaye ne ko kuma m, maimakon babba. Siffar ganyayyaki sun ba da suna ga Rasha - a matsayin jikin kifi mai satar nama. Kirkiro zurfin cikin yadudduka masu dunkule, gauraye da gandun daji.
Furanni marasa aure, masu son zuciya. Namiji - wanda aka tattara ta wurin adon katako, wanda aka kafa akan gajerun rassa, a cikin girma, overwinter da Bloom a farkon lokacin bazara kafin ganye su bayyana. Ana tattara furanni na mata ta hanyar inflorescences a cikin nau'i na fure kuma a zauna biyu a cikin ƙwarin gwiwar katako. Kowane fure mace yana da matukar talaucin ci gaba. Kwayar tayi tayi ƙasa-ƙasa, mai membobi biyu, da ƙwayar kwaya ɗaya (ovule) a kowane gida.
Sakamakon rashin iskar abu daya, tayin ya zama ya zama mai zuriya guda biyu tare da huhun ciki. Kowane goro yana kewaye da murfin tubular notched, wanda ake kira da ƙari, wanda ya samo asali daga ƙarfe da takalmin gyare-gyare biyu na furen mace. Seedarancin da ba shi da furotin tare da kauri, cotyledons mai arzikin mai wanda ya wanzu a ƙasa yayin shuka.
Bertan itace, ko Bear Walnut (Corylus colurna). © Lottis 80Hazel fure a cikin Maris. Inflorescences suna da cikakkiyar tsari a cikin farkon lokacin fure. Iskar ne ke ɗaukar iska. 'Ya'yan itãcen sun haɗu a watan Agusta-Satumba, sau da yawa - a ƙarshen Yuli. Yawan 'ya'yan itacen shine 40-500 kg / ha. Shekarun girbi suna canzawa tare da ƙarancin samar da gwaggwabar riba, a wasu shekaru babu 'ya'yan itatuwa kwalliya. Kwayoyi suna da ƙwaya mai kyau, bazara mai zuwa, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna shuka. Lingsa Seedan itace sun fara ɗaukar fruita foran shekaru 5-10. Jimlar rayuwar daji shine shekaru 60-80. A cikin yanayi, shi propagates yafi ta hanyar vegetative: by tushen zuriya da perennial harbe.
Ya girma a cikin Turai a cikin daji coniferous-deciduous da m-leaved gandun daji, a cikin gandun daji-steppe, a cikin steppe yankin tare da gabbai kwari. A cikin Caucasus yakan tashi zuwa kusan 2000 m. Ana noma shi a yankuna da yawa na ƙasar. A cikin gandun daji mai rarrafe, yana girma a cikin zurfafa, amma baya jure da shan inuwa mai yawa. Yana girma cikin girma a bayyane, rikice-rikice, da yanki, wani lokacin yakan samar da dunƙuɓɓukan alkama a maimakon raguwar gandun daji. Pretty na kowa a cikin hadaddun burs. Ya fi son calcareous, mai arziki a cikin humus, matsakaici m loam da yashi loam. Saboda yawan zuriyar dabbobi na ganye mai wadatar hatsi a cikin adadin kuzari, yana ƙara haɓaka ƙasa. A cikin winters tare da dogon tsananin sanyi yana daskarewa.
Aikace-aikacen
Haernnut kernels yana da mai 58-71% mai, 14-18% sunadarai masu narkewa, bitamin 2-5% sucrose, bitamin B da E, da kuma baƙin ƙarfe. Ana cin alkama ne da ɗanɗano, busasshe da soyayyen (jan zafi), ana amfani da su don yin waina, waƙa, wainnan cream, da kuma sauran abubuwan daban daban Musamman yawancinnn kayan leda ake shirya a cikin Caucasus. Daga sabo kwayoyi, shafa su da ruwa kadan yana sanya “madara” da “cream”, wadanda suke da wadataccen abinci kuma ana bada shawara ga masu rauni. Ruwan da aka toasted kofi ana yin shi ne da ƙwayoyin toasted. Ana amfani da kwayoyi a cikin abubuwan samar da giya. Man mai daga goro yana da dandano mai daɗin ƙanshi da ƙanshi, yana da abinci sosai, ana amfani dashi a abinci, haka kuma a fenti da kayan ado da turare, sanya sabulu. Cake ɗin da ya rage bayan an matse mai ana amfani dashi don yin halva.
Ana amfani da itace don ƙaramar sassaƙa da kuma yin kayan kwalliya, daga kututtukan da suke yin katako don gangaren katako, iyawa don kayan aikin gona, gwangwani; Kwandunan an yi su da rassa daga rassan bakin ciki, shinge daga waɗanda suka fi kauri. Ana girbe rassa don ciyar da dabbobi. Ana amfani da Sawdust a cikin Caucasus don sauƙaƙa ruwan inabi da ruwan inabin. Coals daga itace ana amfani dashi don zane, kafin ya tafi yin bindiga. Dry Distillation daga itace yana samarda magudanan magungunan "daji", wanda akayi amfani dashi don maganin eczema da sauran cututtukan fata. Haushi ya ƙunshi kimanin tannins 10%; ana iya amfani dashi don tanning da canza launin fata.
Sauran nau'ikan hazel suna da ƙarancin tattalin arziƙi. Variegated hazel an yadu cikin Transbaikalia, Yankin Amur da Primorye. Yana yin katako mai kauri akan yanki, amma tsintsiyarsa bata da inganci fiye da wacce ta gabata. Manchurian hazel da gajere-hazel hazel kusa da shi, suna zaune a Gabashin Gabas, ana kuma amfani da su azaman tsire-tsire, amma tarin fruitsa isan su ke da matukar wuya saboda karɓar karyayyen. A cikin Caucasus, bishiyar bishiyar bishi (bear kwaya) tayi girma, itace itaciya wacce tayi tsayin 35 m. Beautifularfafa kyawawan itace na wannan nau'in ana yaba shi sosai a cikin samarwa da kayan ɗaki. Ana amfani da kwayoyi azaman abinci, amma suna da harsashi mai wuya.
Girma
Hazelnuts suna da haƙuri mai haƙuri, amma tare da ƙaƙƙarfan inuwa suna ɗaukar littlean itace kaɗan, ganyayyaki sun rasa launi. Zai fi kyau dasa su a wuri mai zafin rana da kariya daga iska. Rich, m, drained, dan kadan podzolic, kasa tsaka tsaki ne kyawawa. Ba sa son zurfin ruwan, acid, yashin, yashi, ƙasa mai dutse.
Yankin gabas, arewa maso gabas, arewacin sassan ƙananan rafuffuka sun fi dacewa da dasa shuki - a cikin hunturu da bazara akwai ƙarami a yanayin zafi na yau da kullun, wanda ke rage haɗarin daskarewa da ƙonewa.
Hazel gama gari (Corylus avellana). Blan Iscre blancItace Hazel itace-Hardy, danshi- da hoto. A lokacin furanni, furanni maza basa daskarewa -3 ... -5 ° C, da furanni mata a -8 ° C. A cikin hunturu, pollen a cikin catkins ba a lalata a -30 ° C.
Don ƙarin girbi mai yawa, ana buƙatar dasa bishiyoyi masu hazel da yawa a kusa - suna da iska mara tsabta.
An kafa daji a cikin kututturan 6-10 kuma ba a yanka shi ba. Kuna buƙatar cire rassan da suka karye da harbe mara amfani. Daga shekara 20, ana maye gurbin tsoffin tsoffin kwanduna tare da harbe-harben matasa, suna datse 2-3 a shekara. Lokacin ƙirƙirar hazel a cikin nau'i na itace, an zaɓi akwati ɗaya kuma 4-5 an kafa rassan kwarangwal a tsawo na 50-60 cm. An cire tushen tushe. Varietal hazel yana ba da kilogiram 3-4 na 'ya'yan itace daga daji.
Ana shuka tsire-tsire Hazel a cikin bazara ko kaka, a nesa na 3-4 m daga juna. Kafin dasa shuki, an yanke Tushen da aka yanke kuma an tsoma shi cikin yumɓu ko daskararren yumɓu. Tushen tushe yakamata ya zama 3-4 cm sama da matakin ƙasa.
Yana da kyau don ƙara ƙasa daga ƙarƙashin tsohuwar hazel bushes zuwa ramin dasawa, tunda a ciki akwai microflora dole don shuka. Bayan dasa, a sha ciyawar daji kuma sai a noma ciyawa ko peat.
Don ingantacciyar rayuwa a cikin bazara, an yanke rassan a tsayi na 10-15 cm daga ƙasa, barin 3-5 buds.
Kiwo
Hazel yana yaduwa ta hanyar tsaba, alurar rigakafi, rarraba daji, layer, zuriyar tushe.
Hanya mafi sauki a cikin lambu shine raba daji. Tare da shebur mai kaifi, 1-2 matasa mai tushe suna tsage tare tare da tushen tsarin da babban dunƙule na ƙasa. Lokacin dasawa, ana yin incised a tsayi na 10-15 cm daga ƙasa don haifar da bayyanar sabon harbi kuma don samun kyakkyawan kyakkyawan zane na daji. Sangarorin sassan shuka tare da tushen fiye da 15 cm suna ɗaukar tushe sosai.
Lokacin da ake buƙatar yawan adadin seedlings, da tsire-tsire suna ba 'ya'yan rootan tushen, an cire rassan kwance da filayen. A lokacin bazara, an kakkaɗa twigs kuma an sanya shi cikin tsagi tare da zurfin 10-15 cm, pinned kuma an rufe shi da ƙasa. The fi na wadannan rassan (aƙalla 10 cm tsayi) an ɗauke shi sama da ƙasa kuma an ɗaure shi cikin pegs. Bayan shekaru 1-2, an datse dabbobin da aka dasa kuma a canza su zuwa wuri mai ɗorewa.
Tare da yaduwar iri, alamun mahaifiyar shuka ya rabu kuma ba a kiyaye nau'in. Hakanan ana jinkirtar da lokaci. Don dasa shuki, zaɓi ƙwayayen da suka faɗo daga daji. An shuka su a cikin kaka zuwa zurfin 7-8 cm, ko a cikin bazara zuwa zurfin 5-6 cm Tare da yaduwar iri, hazelnuts da bishiyoyin hazel suna shiga cikin lokacin fruiting kawai don shekaru 5-8. Lokacin da ciyayi na shekaru 3-4.
Za a iya yaduwar hazelnuts da hazel ta hanyar inoculation tare da kodan ko itace a kan ƙwallan daji kuma bear hazel. Mafi kyawun lokaci don maganin alurar koda (budding) a tsakiyar layin shine ƙarshen Yuli - farkon watan Agusta, lokacin da ake saurin cire ƙwayar rootstock daga itace. Ana ɗaukar kodan (idanu) don alurar riga kafi daga ɓangaren lignified na harbe na shekara ta yanzu. Kafin fara maganin alurar riga kafi da yankan ido daga harbi na nau'in nau'in dasawa, an tsaftace tsintsiyar ofis din. Alurar riga kafi tare da peran ana aikata ta hanyoyi masu zuwa: dasawa, rarrabawa, kan haushi. Ana girbe yankan a bazara, kodayake zaku iya yanke su a cikin bazara kafin a buɗe buds kafin alurar riga kafi.
Dabbobi
Hazel gama gari (Corylus avellana).
Itace shuki har zuwa 5 m tsayi, tare da haushi mai kauri, harbe-harben, kusan ganye mai zagaye har zuwa 12 cm tsayi kuma 9 cm fadi. 'Yan kunne na Hazel an dage farawa ne a cikin kaka, da kuma lokacin fitar su da ciyawar, wanda ke faruwa kafin ganye ya bayyana, alamar farkon bazara. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari sukan kasance cakuda 2-5 tare kuma an rufe su da wuta mai sauƙi, kayan ganye a ciki da suka ƙunshi ganyayen lobed biyu. A lokacin da ripening - a watan Satumba - da kwayoyi fadi da kuma fada daga cikin wrapper. Gwanin ya kusan na fata, har zuwa 1.5 cm a diamita, launin ruwan kasa mai haske. Hazel yaɗu ko'ina cikin yanayi da al'adu a duk ɓangaren Turai da kuma Caucasus a ƙarƙashin ƙasan kurmi mai fa'ida, musamman itacen oak.
Hazel gama. Z H. ZellYana girma akan kasa mai dauke da lemun tsami, tare da danshi mai kyau. Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, kwayoyi suna da lafiya kuma suna da daɗi, suna ƙunshe da kitse 65%, furotin 16%, sukari 3.5%, bitamin. Suna yin halva, Sweets, cakulan, man shanu, mai kama da almon kuma sunyi amfani da abinci biyu don shirya kayan ado da fenti. Farin da ke da launin ruwan kasa mai haske, itace mai nauyi da mai wuya na bera mai sassauƙa, tana fitar da samfuran da aka tanƙwo - kayayyaki, ƙuguna, yana ba da gawayi mai kyau ga zana fensir. Kodayake hazel yana haɓaka kusan dukkanin duniya, masana'antar masana'antar sa galibi a kudu, inda ake girbe shi. Wani nau'i tare da ganye mai launin shuɗi-ja ne na kowa.
Filbert Tree filbert (Corylus colurna).
Itace zelar itacen hazel kaɗai ke girma a cikin Caucasus da Asiya ,arami, a cikin gandun daji mai ɗorewa, yana da tsayi 20 m a cikin yanayi, tare da madaidaitan madaukai, haushi mai laushi tare da fashe mai zurfi, faranti na peeling. Ganyen an zagaye shi ko kuma yadudduka-kwai, yakai 12 cm tsayi. Furanni na maza a cikin 'yan kunne, furanni mace kusan ba a ganuwa, da ɗan ganuwa daga furannin buɗewa.
Itace Hazel. She Tim Sheerman-Chase'Ya'yan itãcen marmari a cikin kayan matattarar fata - da da, gefuna wanda aka yanka a cikin madaukai lobes. Gyada da wuya lokacin farin ciki harsashi. Yana blooms a watan Afrilu, 'ya'yan itãcen ripen a watan Satumba. A cikin al'ada, saboda zafin ƙaunarsa, kusan bai wuce iyakokin kewayonsa na halitta ba, amma ana samun shi a cikin jihohin Baltic.
Itace Hazelnut. Aters Tim RuwaHazelnuts (Corylus heterophylla).
Shege har zuwa 3 m tsayi, yayi girma a Gabashin Siberiya, Gabashin Gabas, China, Koriya, Japan a cikin dazuzzukan daji masu yanke-hukunci a gefuna, sharewa. Ya bambanta da hazel na gama gari tare da kayan kwalliya ko ganye na ganye. Furanni na maza a cikin 'yan kunne, furanni mata kusan ba a gan su, masu launin ja, a cikin fure. Yana blooms a watan Afrilu, 'ya'yan itãcen ripen a watan Agusta - Satumba. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari duka an rufe su da ganye, an tattara 2-3 a ƙarshen rassan.
Hazelnuts (Corylus heterophylla). © KENPEI'Ya'yan itãcen marmari a cikin shekaru 9. Al'adar za ta iya girma a duk hanyar tsakiyar zuwa St. Petersburg a arewacin. Propagated ta shuka tsaba a cikin bazara bayan stratification ko kafin hunturu. Da alama an gabatar da shi ga al'ada a kusa da 1880
