Radish

Tsarin tsire-tsire na shekara-shekara ko tsiro na shekara-shekara na radish (Raphanus) ba shine asalin ɗabi'ar dangin Cruciferous ko Kabeji ba. A karkashin yanayi na dabi'a, ana samunsa a yankuna na Asiya tare da yanayin dumin yanayi, har ma da Turai. Kamar yadda shuka kayan lambu, radish ya fara noma sosai na dogon lokaci. A yau, 'yan lambu suna noma nau'in da ake kira shuka radish (Raphanus sativus), a cikin yanayi na dabi'a bai faru ba.

Short bayanin girma

Shuka. Ana shuka iri-iri da ke ƙasa a cikin ƙasa buɗe bayan 25 ga Afrilu. Daga baya iri ne ake shuka a tsakiyar watan Yuni.
Kasar. Ana buƙatar m loam gina jiki cike tare da humus, dole ne ya tsaka tsaki ko kuma kadan alkaline. Idan ƙasa ta acidic ce, to liming na iya gyara shi.
Watse. Wajibi ne a shayar da radish din da tsari. Watering farkon ripening iri ne da za'ayi 1 lokaci a cikin kwanaki 7, yayin da marigayi ripening iri ana za'ayi sau 3 ko 4 a lokacin da dukan girma kakar. Don tsawon muraba'in mita 1 na gadaje, suna ɗaukar daga lita 10 zuwa 12 na ruwa.
Taki. Top miya na farkon ripening iri ne da za'ayi ne kawai idan ya cancanta, ta yin amfani da takin mai magani na nitrogen: a karo na farko - yayin buɗe faranti na ganye na cotyledon, da na biyu - 7 bayan kwana na farko. Ana buƙatar ciyar da iri-iri na ƙarshen 1 sau ɗaya a mako, saboda wannan suna amfani da hadadden ma'adinai da takin mai magani nitrogen a madadin. Kwanaki 20 kafin girbi, dole ne a dakatar da duk kayan miya.
Kiwo. A tsaba.
Cututtuka masu cutarwa. Cruciferous fleas, kabeji da kuma scoops, kwari kabeji, kabeji kwari da fata, kara nematodes da wireworms.
Cututtuka. Blackan fari, ƙwalƙwalwa, jin cuta, mildew powdery, peronosporosis, fararen fari, lilin.

Siffar Radish

Radish yana da tushe mai kauri, amma kuma yana iya zama na bakin ciki, kamar nau'in mai mai. Tushen, wanda aka kafa a farkon shekarar haɓaka, na iya zama ruwan hoda mai launin shuɗi, kore, baki, fari, ja ko shunayya, amma naman sa koyaushe fari. Plare mai siffar ganye-mai siffa za a iya rarrabe shi daban ko duka tare da babban lobe babba, har da 2-6 nau'i na kumburi na gefe. Launin furanni na iya zama ruwan hoda, ruwan hoda ko fari. 'Ya'yan itãcen m' ya'yan itãcen marmari m iya zama tsirara ko an rufe shi da m bristles.

Ana shuka irin wannan shuka don cin abinci a daidai lokacin da jiki ya rasa bitamin, irin wannan kayan lambu yana taimakawa ciwace-ciwace, hanzarta tafiyar matakai da haɓaka narkewar abinci. Hakanan ana amfani dashi sosai a madadin magani.

Itace radish na waje

Wani lokaci don shuka

Radish yana da tsaurin sanyi. 'Ya'yan' ya'yan itacen sun bayyana a zazzabi 3 zuwa 5. Tsire-tsire suna tsayayya da yawan zafin jiki na har zuwa digiri 3-4. Busheswararrun bushes sun iya yin tsayayya da sanyaya don rage digiri 5-6.

Shuka tsaba a cikin ƙasa bude, dangane da iri iri, ana aiwatar da rani ko lokacin bazara. Shuka ta farko iri ne da za'ayi nan da nan bayan Afrilu 25th. Kuma iri dake girma don ajiya a cikin hunturu ana shuka su a tsakiyar watan Yuni.

Ƙasa mai dacewa

Irin wannan al'adar tana da kyau a kan m loam na gina jiki loam cike tare da humus, ya kamata dan kadan alkaline ko tsaka tsaki. Idan kasar gona acidic, to, kafin dasa shuki ya kamata a rage radish.

Radish bada shawarar a girma kusa da turnips da radishes. Legumesu ne ingantattun kayan kwalliya (Peas, wake, waken soya, lentil, gyada da wake), kazalika da cucumbers, tumatir, kabewa, albasa, letas, zucchini, squash, dill, eggplant, masara da barkono. A lokaci guda, masana suna ba da shawara cewa lokacin dasa shuki magabata na radish, yakamata a gabatar da kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙasa. Magabata mara kyau sune horseradish, kabeji, watercress, turnip, karas, beets, turnips, radishes da radishes.

Ya kamata a shirya shiri na wurin a cikin kaka. Da farko kuna buƙatar kwasar kasar gona ba zurfin zurfi ba. Bayan wani lokaci, don cire ciyawar da ke bayyana, an haƙa ƙasa har zuwa zurfin shebur, a lokaci guda 0.5 l na katako mai itace da guga 1 na humus ko takin ana ƙara shi a cikin mita 1 murabba'in ƙasa.

Dokokin saukarwa

Tsaba suna buƙatar shirye-shiryen shuka kafin fara shuka, wanda za'ayi shi nan da nan kafin dasawa. A saboda wannan, ana buƙatar haɗa ƙwayar da girman da nauyi, saboda wannan suna amfani da maganin gishiri (50 grams na gishiri a lita 1 na ruwa) da sieve tare da ramuka 0.2 cm. Abubuwan da suka rage cikin sieve dole ne a wanke su sosai da ruwa, to An sanya sa'o'i 24 cikin mafita na potassiumgangan (0.2 grams na abu a cikin 1 lita na ruwa).

A cikin gadaje da aka shirya, ana buƙatar sanya tsagi, isa zuwa zurfin 20 mm, nisa tsakanin su ya zama kusan santimita 35, yayin da aka shimfiɗa tsaba 3 a cikinsu, kuma ya kamata a lura da nisan 80 mm tsakanin nunin. Sannan tsagi ya cika ƙasa, wanda aka haɗa sosai. Idan ƙasar ta bushe sosai, to bayan an shuka shi dole ne a shayar da shi. 'Ya'yan seedlings na farko na iya bayyana bayan kwanaki 7.

Dasa irin nau'in hunturu na radish

Late iri na radish ana shuka su a daidai kamar yadda farkon iri (duba a sama). Amma a wannan yanayin, shafin yana buƙatar shirya ba a cikin kaka ba, amma a lokacin bazara, yayin da dole ne a lura da nisan kusan 15 santimita tsakanin nunin.

Kulawar Radish

Radish an rarrabe ta unpretentiousness, a wannan batun, yana da sauki sauki shuka shi a cikin ƙasa bude. Yakamata ta tabbatar da ingantaccen shayarwa, weeding, kayan miya, sikeli da kwance ƙasa. Lokaci na farko don fitar da tsire-tsire ya zama dole idan sun girma faranti 1 ko 2 na ainihi, yayin da nisan da ke tsakanin su ya zama daidai da aƙalla 60-70 mm. Shekarun ƙanana za su buƙaci sake sake ɗaukar 20-30 bayan na fari.

Soilasa ta ƙasa tsakanin layuka a lokacin dole ne a kwance sau 3 ko 4. Ana yin kwance ta farko a zurfin kusan 40 mm, na biyu - a 80 mm, na uku da na huɗu - a 100-120 mm.

Yadda ake ruwa

Radish, wanda aka shuka a cikin bazara, yana buƙatar ƙarin m ruwa, ana aiwatar da shi ta tsari sau ɗaya kowace kwana 7. Iri daban-daban da aka shuka a lokacin bazara ana buƙatar shayar da su sau 3 ko sau 4 kawai a lokacin rani. Irin wannan al'ada tana da ƙaunar ruwa, sabili da haka, a lokacin ban ruwa, ana ɗaukar lita 10 zuwa 12 a kowace mita mai gadaje.

Yana da mahimmanci la'akari da cewa ya kamata a shayar da radish a kai a kai. Misali, idan aka shayar da shi yalwaci bayan tsawon lokacin bushe, to wannan zai haifar da fashewar amfanin gona. Idan bushes ji rashin ruwa, to, 'ya'yan itãcen zai zama katako, kuma kusan inedible. Don rage adadin waterings, ana bada shawara don cika farfajiyar gado tare da wani ciyawa na ciyawa.

Miya sanya radish

Idan wannan ya zama dole, to farkon iri na radish ana ciyar da su sau 2. Na farko ciyar da aka za'ayi bayan cotyledon ganye faranti bayyana a cikin seedlings, da kuma na biyu - 7 kwanaki bayan na farko. Tunda nau'ikan bazara ya shuka da sauri, ana amfani da takin mai magani na musamman don kayan miya, misali, lemun tsami-ammoniya ko sodium nitrate a maida hankali akan kashi 0.2.

Late-ripening iri ya kamata a hadu da juna sau ɗaya a kowace kwanaki 7, don wannan ana amfani da cikakken ma'adinin ma'adinai, wanda ya ƙunshi lita 10 na ruwa, gram 20 na urea, 60 grams na superphosphate da 15 grams na alli chloride. Lita 10 na irin wannan maganin ya isa ga jere, ya kai tsawon mita 20. Radish yana buƙatar adadin mai yawa na nitrogen, saboda haka dole ne a ciyar da shi ta hanyar da takaddun ma'adinai da hadaddun ma'adinai. Lokacin da ya rage kwanaki 20 kafin girbi, zai zama dole a daina ciyar da shi duka. Irin wannan al'adar ba za a iya ciyar da taki ba, in ba haka ba Tushen amfanin gona za su yi tsiro.

Cututtuka da kwari na radish tare da hotuna da sunaye

Cutar

Mafi sau da yawa, radish yana shafar keel, mosaic na kabeji, jin cuta, mildew powdery, peronosporosis, fararen fari, ƙafa baƙar fata da lilin.

Kila

Kila cuta ce ta fungal, a cikin marasa lafiya da samfurori a farfajiya na tushen, dunkule ko sifar mai nau'in tsiro, bayan ɗan lokaci sun zama launin ruwan kasa kuma sun fara jujjuyawa. Sai bushes are tsumburai da wilted.

Musa na kabeji

A cikin tsire-tsire marasa lafiya tare da mosaic na kabeji, tsarin abin kwaikwaya akan ganyayyaki, jijiyoyin sun lalace, kuma faranti sun lalace. Yayinda cutar ta taso, iyakar duhu launin launi mai duhu a kusa da manyan jijiyoyin jiki, aibobi ne masu ƙarancin haske suna bayyana a farfajiya.

Cuta cuta

A cikin radish shafi ja rot, ko jin cuta, aibobi na Lilac da launin ruwan kasa launi bayyana a farfajiya na tushen amfanin gona, bayan da duhu naman gwari sclerotia tsari a cikin wadannan wurare. Cutar na tasowa sosai da yawan zafin rana da yawan zafin jiki.

Powdery mildew

An rufe busassun mildew mai ƙyalƙyali mai launin fari mai launin fari, wanda, yayin da cutar ke haɓaka, canza launin launi zuwa launin ruwan kasa. Tsarkakewa da bushewa da ruwannifin ganye da ya shafa, ana lura da dazuzzuka a baya cikin ci gaba.

Ciwon ciki

Mage milkew (peronosporosis) yana ba da gudummawa ga samuwar ƙwayoyin chlorotic a gaban gaban ganye, yayin da cutar ke tasowa, sun juya launin rawaya sun zama mai, sannan kuma su zama launin ruwan kasa. Daga baya, datti mai sutura mai launin shuɗi a ƙasan farfajiyar ƙarƙashin dige.

Kafa baki

Idan ƙwayar baƙar fata ta shafi ƙafafun baƙar fata, to, ɓangaren ɓangaren ɓangaren ganye na rosette da kuma ɓangaren ɓangare na tushen amfanin gona na bakin ciki fita, zama mai laushi, kuma mycelium ya bayyana a farfajiya.

Farar ƙasa

Sakamakon fararen fari, sassan da abin ya shafa na radish sun zama marasa launi da ruwa, kuma wani nau'ikan mycelium a saman su, wanda yayi kama da ulu ulu.

Belle

Ashin sararin samaniya na bushes na marasa lafiya da lilin kamar alama an rufe shi da fenti mai, bayan ɗan lokaci ƙwayoyin da abin ya shafa sun zama launin ruwan kasa kuma sun bushe. Abubuwan da ake tarawa na jijiyoyin jiki suna fitowa ne a jikin ganye, sun zama mai kauri, kuma kumburi ya bayyana a farfajiya.

Karin kwari

Jirgin ruwa mai tsayi, lambun kabeji, filawar kabeji, kabejin kabeji, kwari, kabeji, wireworms da kara nematodes na iya cutar da irin wannan shuka.

Kishi mai gurnani

Kiciniyar gicciye wata 'yar ƙaramar ganye ce irin wadda take da kafafu kamar ciyawar ciyawa. Wannan kwaro na iya murkushe kananan bishiyoyi masu karamin karfi, suna cutar da ganyen ganye.

Maballin ɗumi

Caterpillars na kabeji fari da diba gnaw naman da ganye faranti. Larvae na kabeji tashi lalata 'ya'yan itãcen, haifar da su su rot. Idan nematode larvae cewa ciyar a kan shuka ruwan itace shirya a kan wani daji, to, sun tanƙwara kuma fara kasa a baya a girma. Wireworms suna amfani da 'ya'yan itatuwa da ciyawar wannan shuka a matsayin abinci.

Yin aikin Radish

Idan radish ta shafi cututtukan fungal (alal misali: keel, lilin, rot, mildew powder, ƙafar fata da peronosporosis), ya kamata a fesa shi da wakilin da ke ɗauke da jan ƙarfe, watau Bordeaux cakuda, sulusin sulke ko kuma farin chloroxide. Yi rikodin bushes, tsananin bin umarnin kan kunshin miyagun ƙwayoyi.

Mosaic a yau ana ɗauka cewa cuta ce mara warkarwa. Shuke-shuke da abin ya shafa ya kamata a cire su da wuri-wuri daga ƙasa kuma su lalace, in ba haka ba, maƙwabta bushes na iya zama rashin lafiya.

Don kawar da kwari, ana amfani da kwari don aiwatar da radishes, ana iya siyan su a cikin shagon musamman.

Amma don kare wannan al'ada daga kwari masu cutarwa da cututtuka, dole ne mutum ya manta da aiwatar da kayan iri da ƙasa kafin shuka, sannan kuma a tuna da dokokin jujin amfanin gona da fasahar aikin gona na wannan al'ada.

Tsaftacewa da ajiyar radish

Girbi tushen amfanin gona na irin nau'in bazara na radish dole ne a aiwatar da bazara. Yi wannan zaɓin bayan 'ya'yan itacen a diamita zai kai 30-40 mm. Wadannan nau'ikan basu dace da ajiyar ajiya na dogon lokaci ba, sun girma ne don amfanin ɗan adam. Irin wannan amfanin gona yakamata a adana akan shiryayyen firiji, inda zasu kasance sabo har zuwa kwanaki 20.

Girbi tushen amfanin gona na hunturu radish iri wajibi ne a cikin kaka. Suna yin wannan daga tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen Satumba, kafin farkon sanyi. Daga tushen amfanin gona da aka fitar daga ƙasa, ya wajaba don cire ragowar ƙasa. Sa’an nan suka datse ƙananan Tushen kuma suka datse firan tushen amfanin kansa da kansa, kuma kada ku yi lahani. Ya kamata a sanya Tushen bushewa a cikin wuri mai sanyi da duhu na kwanaki da yawa. Ya kamata a sanya radish don ajiya a cikin hunturu a cikin kwalaye tare da buɗewa don samun iska, ya kamata a yayyafa shi da yashi, kamar beets ko karas. Kauri kowane ɗayan yadudduka yashi ya zama kusan 40 mm. Irin waɗannan albarkatun tushe suna da kyau a ajiye a cikin sanyi (game da digiri 2-3), cellar iska a ciki ya kamata ya zama kusan 90 bisa dari. Idan an yi komai daidai, sannan kuma nau'in radish na hunturu, alal misali hunturu zagaye baki ko Winteran zagayen hunturu fari, sun sami damar kasancewa sabo har zuwa lokacin bazara.

Iri da nau'ikan radish

Nau'in shuka radish yana da nau'ikan da ke zuwa:

Bakar fata. Wannan ƙananan tallafin yana da ɗanɗano kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da sauran, amma yana da mafi kyawun ƙarfi da ƙimar magani.
Daikon, ko radish na Jafananci. Tsawon babban tushen albarkatun fari ya kai 0.6 m, yayin da a diamita sun kai daga 10 zuwa 15 santimita. Wannan radish yana da daɗi da lafiya, kuma ingantacce ne. 100 gram na irin wannan radish ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 40 na abincin yau da kullun na bitamin C. Akwai kuma yawancin beta-carotene, potassium, selenium, fiber, folic acid, baƙin ƙarfe, da aidin a cikin wannan nau'in. Shahararrun nau'ikan sune: Sasha, Dragon, Dubinushka, farin fari na Jafananci.
Abincin mai. An bambanta irin wannan danshi mai ƙauna iri-iri ta hanyar haƙuri inuwa, juriya sanyi da yawan aiki. Furanni masu launin shuɗi-fari. Wannan iri-iri bada shawarar da za a shuka a watan Yuni ko Yuli.
Green uzbek radish. Wannan nau'ikan yana da kusan irin fa'idodi guda ɗaya kamar baƙar fata baƙar fata, amma dandanorsa ya fi dacewa da laushi. Yana da arziki a cikin carotene, bitamin, maras tabbas, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, sulfur, alli da mahimmanci mai.
Margelan radish, ko dai Sinanci ko goshi. Siffar fruitsa dan itace mai laushi mai laushi tana da elongated ko zagaye, amma ana adana su da ɗan mugunta fiye da nau'in Turai. Irin wannan nau'in salatin yana da nau'ikan da suka bambanta da launi, akwai: ja, duhu ko rawaya kore, ruwan hoda ko shunayya-lilac, amma saman kawunan su mai haske kore a launi. Naman irin wannan radish ba mai ɗaci bane ko mai kaifi. Mafi mashahuri nau'ikan sune: Ladushka, uwar gida, Severyanka, Zarevo.

Koyaya, a cikin yanayin latitude, nau'in Turai kawai ke tsiro da kyau; waɗanda suka fi shahara za a yi bayanin su a ƙasa. Don namo waje, ana bada shawara don amfani da nau'ikan waɗannan:

Jikin hunturu zagaye fari. Wannan nau'in matsakaiciyar matsakaici yana halin yawan aiki. Fruitsan fari suna da siffar oval-zagaye ko kuma ɗakin kwana, nauyinsu ya kai kimanin kilogram 0.4. Jiki mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi yana da dandano mai matsakaici.
Hutun hunturu baki. Wannan nau'ikan yana ɗayan shahararrun shahararrun, ana nuna shi ta hanyar kiyaye inganci da yawan aiki. Fruitsa fruitsan itace masu daɗin gaske suna da zagaye mai faɗi ko siffar m. An bambanta iri-iri ta hanyar kayan aikin warkarwa mai ƙarfi. Ruwan ciki da farin nama yana da ɗanɗano dan kadan.
Sudarushka. Iri-iri sun farfado cikin kwanaki 37 kacal. Farin 'ya'yan itatuwa farare ne mai kyau, ana nutsar da su cikin ƙasa ½ part, saboda haka girbi wannan nau'in radish yana da sauƙi. Panyensu na fata suna da daɗi.
Gayvoronskaya. A matsakaita tsawon lokacin da ake hada abubuwa iri iri ta hanyar yawan aiki da ingancin tsarewa. Jiki mai wahala na farin launi yana da ɗanɗano mai daɗi. Cylindrical tushen kayan lambu suna da koren kai.
Mayu. A cikin wannan farkon iri-iri, ,a fruitsan farin mai santsi suna da siffar oval-conical da farin nama mai laushi, ɗanɗano wanda ke da masaniya mai kyau.
Girkin allah. A farkon iri-iri na kodadde kore taso keya 'ya'yan itatuwa tare da kintsattse m ɓangaren litattafan almara, halin da dan kadan dandano mai yaji. Wannan nau'in yana da ingancin kiyayewa.
Elephant fang. Lokacin fitinan matsakaiciya ana saninsa ne ta hanyar kiyaye ingancinsa da wadatar su. Tsawon farin 'ya'yan itace kusan santimita 25.
Mai warkarwa. Wannan marigayi iri-iri hada babban waraka da palatability. M kayan marmari masu tushe mara laushi masu launin suna da nau'i mai zagaye, m mai yawa kuma nama mai ƙwari yana fentin fari. A iri ne cikakke ga salads, kuma a lokacin ajiya 'ya'yan itãcen marmari kasance na roba na dogon lokaci kuma kada ku rasa halayensu.

Hakanan shahararrun nau'ikan su ne kamar: Munich Bir, Chernavka, Negro, Delikates, Odessa 5.