Kayan gyada (Arachis hypogaea), wanda kuma ake kira gyada, gyada a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, suna matuƙar buƙata a cikin al'adar baƙar fata.Har wakilin 'yan gyada ne na dangin legume. A kimiyance, gyada gyada ce, ba kwayoyi. Peanuts ta fito ne daga Kudancin Amurka, a can ya shahara har a lokacin da Columbus ba ta gano ainihin yankin ba. Turawan mulkin mallaka na Spain sun kawo wannan al'ada zuwa Turai, kuma ya zo Afirka daga baya godiya ga Fotigal, inda gyada ta zama sanannan, saboda ba wai kawai tana da kayan abinci mai gina jiki ba, har ma tana girma sosai a kan ƙarancin ƙasa. Daga baya, aka shigo da wannan al'adar a cikin dillalan bayi a Arewacin Amurka. A cikin karni na talatin da na 16 na 16, gyada ta zo Filifin tare da matukan jirgin ruwan Sifen, kuma Fotigal ya kawo su Indiya da Macau. Bayan haka, wannan tsiron ya zo Sin kuma ya sami ceto na ainihi daga yunwar zuwa mazauna karkara. Noman masana'antu na wannan amfanin gona a Kudancin Carolina ya fara ne a farkon shekarun ƙarni na 19, yayin da gyada ke ciyar da rundunonin biyu a lokacin yaƙin tsakanin Kudu da Arewa. Shekaru da yawa suna kirkiro gyada ba abinci na matalauta ba, a wannan batun, manoma ba sa mai da hankali ga wannan shuka. Koyaya, komai ya canza a cikin 1903, lokacin da George Washington Carver, masanin ilimin kimiyyar aikin gona na Amurka, ya sami damar ƙirƙirar samfurori sama da ɗari uku daga irin wannan shuka, wato: kwaskwarima, dyes, sabulu mai wanki, abin sha, magunguna, tawada ɗab'i, mai kashe kwayoyin cuta, da sauransu. e Kuma tunda a cikin wadancan shekarun noman auduga ya sha wahala sosai daga tsananin kuka, Carver ya sami damar shawo kan manoma su canza dabarun gyada tare da aikin auduga, wanda ya lalata gona sosai. A sakamakon haka, wannan tsiron ya zama babban amfanin gonar kuɗi na jihohin kudanci, har ma an kafa dutse don tunawa da Carver a cikin Dothan, Alabama. A yau, ana noma peanuts akan sikelin masana'antu a yankuna daban-daban na tsohuwar USSR (Transcaucasia, Ukraine, da sauransu).
Kayan Gyada
Kirkin da aka horar da shi shine shekara wanda ya kai girman 0.7 m. An kuma dasa tushen tushe. Harre ko pubescent madaidaiciya harbe an dan kadan faceted, gefen rassan ana directed sama ko kwance. Akwai fitsarin a saman farfajiyar ganye mai hade guda biyu, sun kai santimita 3 zuwa 11 a tsayi, tsinkewar yara ya tsinke kuma akwai nau'i biyu na takaddara mai tsinkewa. Short axillary inflorescences ya ƙunshi furanni 4-7 na launin ja-rawaya ko launin shuɗi. Rayuwar kowane fure kowane ne kawai sa'o'i 24, amma fure na gyada yana da tsawo, yana farawa a kwanakin ƙarshe na Yuni ko kwanakin farko na Yuli, kuma yana ƙare a ƙarshen kaka. 'Ya'yan itacen suna da wake wake mai siffofi biyu-hudu-hudu, sun kai tsawon 15-60 mm, kuma a saman su akwai tsarin gizo-gizo gizo-gizo. A lokacin yin nisan, 'ya'yan itatuwa suna lanƙwasa zuwa saman ƙasa, bayan haka ana nutsar da su a ciki. A cikin ƙasa ne suke tsirarwa. Abubuwan da aka shuka na wannan shuka sune girman wake, suna da kamannin oblong, kuma a saman an rufe su da fatar fata mai launin shuɗi, ja mai duhu, launin shuɗi-launin toka ko launi mai tsami. Ana lura da yin hawan a cikin watan Satumba ko Oktoba.
Gyada a waje
Siffofin Girman Kayan
Don girma gyada, kawai wuraren bude da rana sun dace, wanda babu ƙaramin inuwa daga wasu tsirrai ko gine-gine. Ci gaban wannan al'ada ana lura dashi ne a yanayin zafi sama da digiri 20. Idan zazzabi ya kasa da shawarar akalla ma'aurata, to, akwai katsewar ci gaban bushes. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, ana kirki da gyada a cikin ƙasa a yankuna masu dumin yanayi, yayin da aka shuka iri a cikin ƙasa yayin lokacin furannin itacen ɓa. A Rasha, musamman a yankuna masu yanayin da ke da sanyin muhalli, ana bada shawara don amfani da hanyar seedling don gyada.
Wani lokaci shuka a cikin ƙasa bude
Ya kamata a shuka gyada a cikin bazara a cikin ƙasa mai lafiya (game da digiri 12-14), yayin da ake samarwa bayan dasa guna. Wannan lokacin, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya fadi a tsakiyar watan Mayu ko kuma daga baya. Ya kamata a tuna cewa dawo da daskararru na iya lalata wannan al'ada. Za a iya siyan gyada don shuka a kasuwa ko a kantin kayan miya, amma dole ne a tuna cewa bai kamata a juya shi, a gasa shi ba ko a gasa shi.
Dokokin jujjuyawar amfanin gona
Lokacin da ake kirkirar kirki ba, yadda kuke lura da juyawa amfanin gona yana da mahimmanci. Wannan amfanin gona yana tsiro sosai bayan cucumbers, dankali, kabeji da tumatir, musamman idan an shigar da kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙasa yayin aikin su. Kuma yankin da aka bunƙasa Legas (leas, lentil, wake da wake) bai dace da shuka ba, tunda akwai yiwuwar haɓakar tushen sa.
Ƙasa mai dacewa
Aasa mai dacewa ya kamata ya sami haske, danshi da tsaka tsaki, yayin da yakamata ya sami babban abun ciki na magnesium, humus da alli. Sandy loam ko baƙar fata ya fi kyau. Tedasa mai gishiri ba ta dace da kirki ba, kuma dole ne a ɗauki ƙasa mai acidic a yanka kafin yin shuka. Don shuka wannan al'ada, dole ne a shirya shafin a gaba. Don yin wannan, kuna buƙatar tono ƙasa a cikin faduwar zuwa zurfin 0.25 zuwa 0.3 m, yin humus a ciki (a kowace murabba'in 1 na makircin kilogram 1). A cikin bazara, an sake sake gina shafin, amma zuwa ƙasa mai zurfi, kuma dole ne a ƙara Nitrofoska (gram 50 a kowace murabba'in ƙasa) a cikin ƙasa.
Dokokin saukarwa
Don dasa wannan al'ada, ya kamata ku shirya ramuka na zurfin santimita-goma, wanda dole ne a birgeshi, nisa tsakanin su ya zama daidai da rabin mita. Tsarin jerawa ya kamata ya kasance 0.25-0.3 m. Lokacin da aka shuka peanuts a gonar, ana amfani da hanyar kusantar da murabba'i gwargwadon tsarin 0.7x0.7 m ko 0.6x0.6 m. Irin wannan shuka za'a iya shuka shi tare da babbar hanyar, yayin tsakanin A cikin layuka ya zama dole don barin nesa game da 0.6-0.7 m, kuma tsakanin samfurori a jere - daga 15 zuwa 20 santimita.
A cikin rami ɗaya 3 tsaba masu girman ya kamata a sa su, tun da ƙananan tsaba sosai ba sa shuka. Lokacin da aka shuka tsaba, amfanin gona ya kamata a shayar da shi sosai, ta amfani da tiyo tare da kan ruwan wanka don wannan, don kar a wanke tsaba, ya kamata a yi matsi da rauni.
Ing Girma inan Ciki a cikin Lambuna
Kula da gyada ba sauki. A lokacin bushewa, tilas ne a shayar da shi a kan kari, haka kuma dole ne a sanya shinge cikin lokaci kuma an kwance farjinsa, kuma kar a manta da kayan miya. Musamman hankali ya kamata a biya shi don weeding a lokacin da har yanzu ƙananan yara ba su da girma da gajarta. A lokacin cire ciyawa, za a iya yin gyaran ƙasa, kuma a akasin haka. Makonni 6-8 bayan an shuka, ciyawar ya kamata ta ƙare. A wannan lokacin, ƙwayoyin za su fara girma kuma tanƙwara zuwa saman shafin, daga baya za su yi girma zuwa cikin ƙasa, inda ake lura da 'ya'yan itace. Bayan ovaries fara lanƙwasa a ƙasa, da bushes ya kamata a rufe da sako-sako da kuma m ƙasa (kamar dankali), a wannan yanayin da receptacle zai isa matsakaici da yawa sauri. Hilling za a iya maye gurbinsa ta mulching saman shafin tare da sawdust, peat, humus ko yashi, yayin da kauri ya kamata ya zama ƙasa da 50 mm. A matsakaita, ana ƙirƙirar 'ya'yan itace 30-50 a ƙarƙashin kowace shuka, kuma 1-7 tsaba suna cikin kowannensu.
Yadda ake ruwa
Wannan al'ada tana buƙatar ƙasa mai laushi, amma bai kamata ya kasance rigar ba. Watering ya kamata a yi bayan topsoil ya bushe. Lokacin da bushes fara fure, zasu buƙaci yawan ruwa, wanda aka shirya sau 1-2 cikin kwanaki 7 na safe. Lokacin da bushes yayi fure, mahimmancin mahimmanci ba shine shayarwa ba, amma moistening tsire-tsire tare da bindiga mai feshi, wanda aka samar da maraice 1 lokaci a cikin kwanaki 1-2. Idan an lura da yanayin ruwa a lokacin 'ya'yan itace, to, dole sai an rufe ƙasa da maƙarƙashiyar. Kuma yayin tsawon lokacin bushewa, ana bada shawarar yafa don wannan al'ada, idan ba zai yiwu a shirya shi ba, to ya kamata ku shayar da bushes tare da furzar da ke tsakanin layuka. A lokacin kakar, shuka zai buƙaci 4 ko 5 waterings.
Taki
Bayan tsayi da seedlings ya kai santimita 10, za su buƙaci takin, don wannan ana amfani da cakuda mai gina jiki: 45 grams na potassium gishiri, gram 20 na ammonium nitrate da kuma gram 70 na superphosphate ana ɗauka da guga 1 na ruwa. A farkon fruiting, ana shawarar bushes don a sake ciyar da shi, amma wannan ciyarwar ba lallai ba ne.
Girma Kirki a Gida
Zaɓi tsaba masu lafiya da ƙarfi waɗanda yakamata a cika ruwa da dare, bayan da ƙara 1 na Epin a ciki. Tuni da safe a kan tsaba zaka ga ƙananan tsiro na farin launi. Containerauki babban akwati ku cika shi da ƙasa mara faɗi, a cikin abin da ake shuka tsaba. Seedlings zai bayyana sosai da sauri, kuma a lõkacin da bushes Bloom, to, hypophores zai samar a wurin furanni, sun tanƙwara da shiga cikin substrate, a cikin 'ya'yan itacen girma.
Ya kamata a kiyaye lingsanyen ftsan Adam daga kowane ɓoyo, ya kamata a saka su a kan taga gefen kudu. Da tsakar rana, dole ne a girgiza bushes. Watering yakamata ya zama na tsari, amma kada ku bari ruwa ya zube a gurbin. A kan kwanakin zafi, dole ne a jika da bushes tare da bindiga da aka fesa, a wannan yanayin gizo-gizo mites ba za su iya yin sulhu a kansu ba. Bayan makonni 10-12 bayan bayyanar seedlings, faranti ganye fara canza launi zuwa ja, kuma wannan yana nuna cewa wake a cikin substrate cikakke ne.
Kwari da cututtuka na gyada tare da hoto
Za a iya shafa wa gyada ta hanyar mildew powder, phylostictosis, alternariosis, fusarium za da ɗanɗano launin toka.
Powdery mildew
A matakin farko na bunƙasa mildew, an kafa ayarin dunƙulen filayen a dukkan ɓangarorin filayen ganye. A kwana a tashi, sun zama manya har sai sun rufe farantin gaba ɗaya, a sakamakon haka, takardar ta zama rawaya kuma ta mutu. Ba wai kawai ganye ke shafa ba, har ma da harbe, har ma da amfrayo. Idan bushes yana da matukar tasiri, to, suna buƙatar a fesa shi tare da bayani na shirye-shiryen fungicidal, misali: Quadris, Switch, Topaz, Bravo, Ridomil, Skor ko Horus.
Phyllosticosis
Ganyayen ganye (phylostictosis) ba shi da haɗari fiye da mildew foda, amma dole ne a kula da gyada. A cikin daji da abin ya shafa, ƙananan aibobi na launin ruwan kasa sun bayyana, wanda ke girma a cikin diamita har zuwa 0.6 cm. A tsawon lokaci, tsakiyar a cikin kwari ya bushe, nama ya mutu a cikinsu, yayin da iyakar ta juya launin shuɗi-launin ruwan kasa. Mafi yawan aiki, irin wannan cutar tana haɓaka tare da zafi mai zafi. Ana bada shawara don magance irin wannan cutar ta hanyar fesawa tare da wakilai masu ban dariya na daskararru.
Canji
Harshen fari na ganye (alternariosis) yana tasowa a cikin waɗannan shekarun lokacin da, a ƙarshen lokacin girma, ana tsawaita lokacin zafi da gumi. A cikin bushes da abin ya shafa, aibobi masu launi iri-iri suna bayyana a gefunan murhun ganye, wanda ya kai kusan santimita 15 a ƙasan. A lokaci mai tsawo, ƙananan aibobi suna zama babba kuma suna haɗuwa da juna, saboda wanda gef ɗin faranti ya mutu. A farfajiya na tabo wani yanki ne mai cike da baƙar fata. Don hanawa, kuna buƙatar bin dokokin fasahar aikin gona na wannan al'ada, godiya ga wannan, bushes ɗin ya zama mafi tsayayya ga ƙwayoyin cuta.
Fusarium zai
Idan daji ya shafi Fusarium wilting, to, yana da tushen rot. Shuka da kanta ke daina yin girma da ci gaba, sassanta na sama sun zama ja kuma sun mutu da sauri. Wannan cuta tana da haɗari saboda tana raguwa na ɗan lokaci, amma yayin furanni da kwanar wake, ana lura da haɓaka saurinsa, sakamakon haka, daji ya mutu kafin a girbe amfanin gona. Don hanawa, wajibi ne a bi ka'idodin fasahar fasahar noma ta wannan al'ada, kuma kuna buƙatar girbi amfanin gona a kan lokaci.
Grey rot
Ci gaban launin toka rot yawanci ana lura da shi a ƙarshen fure bushes. A cikin tsire-tsire da abin ya shafa, aibobi masu launin shuɗi-launin ruwan kasa sun bayyana, daga faranti na ganye tare da petioles da suke zuwa harbe. Saboda wannan, ɓangaren ɓangaren mai tushe yakan bushe ya mutu. Ba a lura da samuwar wake a kan dajin da abin ya shafa. Kuma idan 'ya'yan itacen sun riga sun yi halitta, to lalataccensu na faruwa. Cutar na tasowa cikin sauri a cikin makonnin ƙarshe na lokacin bazara, idan yanayi yayi ɗumi da laima. Don hana haɓakar launin toka, ya zama dole don haɓaka irin wannan al'ada a kan asalin aikin gona.
Commonlyarancin yau da kullun, gyada ba ta da lafiya tare da bushewa, cercosporosis, dwarfism, ko ramulariosis.
Karin kwari
Aphids, thrips ko caterpillars zasu iya rayuwa akan wannan al'ada. Don kawar da irin waɗannan kwari, dole ne a rufe farfajiyar shafin da ƙurar taba ko ash. Don kawar da thrips, dole ne a fesa bushes tare da maganin kashe kwari.
Zai fi wahala a rabu da wireworm (tsutsa na irin ƙwaro irin ƙwaro), wanda ke zaune a cikin ƙasa. Duk da gaskiyar cewa 'ya'yan itacen da kwandon ke rufe shi, ire-iren wadannan kwari suna saurin rufe wurare da shi kuma suna cinye tsaba. Kuna iya kawar da irin wannan kwaro da taimakon tarkuna. Don yin wannan, tono ramuka a wurare da yawa akan shafin, sanya guda na karas, beets ko dankali a ciki. Dole ne a rufe ramuka a saman tare da yanki na allo, allon ko ƙarfe. Bayan wani lokaci, tarkon ya kamata ya buɗe ya lalata kayan lambu, tare da kwari a cikinsu. Don hanawa, yana da matukar mahimmanci a bi ka'idodin fasahar fasahar wannan amfanin gona, a lura da jujjuyawar amfanin gona, da kuma weir a kan kari.
Yanayin tattarawa da ajiya
Bayan leafanyen ganye na ganye suna juye da launin toka, dole ne a cire 'ya'yan itatuwa 2 daga ƙasa. Idan za a iya sauƙaƙe tsaba daga gare su, to wannan yana nufin cewa lokaci ya yi da za a fara girbi. A matsayinka na mai mulki, ana aiwatar da tsabtatawa a daidai lokacin da ake kiyaye yawan zafin jiki a cikin digiri 10. Koyaya, bai dace a jinkirta tarin 'ya'yan itaba ba, tunda idan ƙasa ta daskare, to,' ya'yan za su yi ɗaci, kuma ba za a ci su ba. 'Ya'yan itãcen girbi ya kamata ya zama a bushe da ranar girgije. Don cire wake daga ƙasa, ya kamata ku yi amfani da farar fata.
'Ya'yan itaciyar da aka haƙa dole ne a warware ta daga harbe. An shimfiɗa su a wuri mai duhu a cikin sabon iska don bushe. Bayan theirawunansu sun bushe sosai, an zuba 'ya'yan itatuwa a cikin jakunkuna, waɗanda aka ajiye su a cikin sanyi (game da digiri 10), bushe ɗaki tare da samun iska mai kyau.
Iri da nau'ikan gyada
Iyalin Legume suna da nau'ikan gyada iri 70. A Kudancin Amurka, ana shuka yawancin nau'ikan wannan shuka, kuma a wajen wannan nahiya kawai nau'ikan noman guda 2 ne ake shuka, sune: peanyancin Pinto da gyada iri. Akwai wadatattun ciyawa na gyada, waɗanda aka kasaftawa gida zuwa rukuni 4:
- Mutanen Espanya rukuni (Mutanen Espanya iri). Wannan karamin gyada yana girma a kudu maso yamma da kudu maso gabashin Amurka, da kuma a Afirka ta Kudu. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan, wannan ya ƙunshi ƙarin mai. A cikin irin wannan shuka, harsashi mai launin ruwan hoda-ruwan hoda yana rufe ƙananan kernels.A matsayinka na mai mulkin, ana amfani da wadannan 'ya'yan itatuwa don kera gyada, gyada da gyada kwayoyi. Manyan dillalan wannan nau'in gyada sune Oklahoma da Texas. Mafi kyawun nau'ikan wannan rukunin: Dixie Spanish, Spentex, Argentinean, Spaneth, Natal talakawa, Star, Comet, Spanhoma, Florispan, Spankromm, Tamspan 90, O'Lin, Spanko, Vilko, White Core, Shafers Spanish, da dai sauransu.
- Kungiyar Valencia. Yawancin nau'ikan wannan rukunin suna da babban kernels. Tsawon wani daji mai karfi yakai kimanin 1.25 m, 'ya'yan itaciyar mai laushi suna da iri uku. 'Ya'yan itacen kwalliya masu launin oval an rufe su da babban farin harsashi, saboda haka ana kiransu redskins (redskins). Ana ɗaukar wannan rukunin rukuni na ƙungiyar Spanish.
- Rukunin Gudu. Yawancin nau'ikan da aka haɗa a cikin wannan rukunin sun fi yawan amfanin ƙasa, ƙanshinsu ya fi na irin mutanen Spain, kuma irin waɗannan 'ya'yan itatuwa sun soyayyen sosai. 'Ya'yan itaciya masu dimbin yawa suna da yawa. Ana amfani dasu don yin man gyada, da gyada mai gishiri don giya. Mafi kyawun ire-iren wannan rukunin: Dixie Runner, Early Runner, Virginia Bunch 67, Bradford Runner, gwarzo na Masar, North Carolina Runner 56-15, Georgia Green, Flavored Runner 458, Kudu maso Runner 56-15, da sauransu.
- Groupungiyar Virginia. A cikin waɗannan nau'ikan gyada, 'ya'yan itacen suna da yawa kuma an zaɓa, an soyayyen su a cikin kwasfa kuma ana amfani da su don shirya kayan zaki. Mafi kyawun nau'ikan: Shulamit, Gull, Wilson, Gregory, Virginia 98R, Perry, Virginia 92R, North Carolina 7, North Carolina 9 da sauransu.
Kayan gyada: mari da Amfani
Fa'idodi na gyada
'Ya'yan itacen' ya'yan itace suna dauke da sinadarin linoleic, pantothenic da folic acid, fats na kayan lambu, glutenins, sunadarai masu narkewa, sitaci, sugars, bitamin A, E, D, PP, B1 da B2, baƙin ƙarfe, macrocells magnesium, phosphorus da potassium. Ansan wake suna ɗauke da maganin antioxidants, waɗanda aka ɗauka sune matakan kariya mafi inganci don cututtukan zuciya. Irin waɗannan antioxidants har yanzu ana samun su a cikin rumman, jan giya, strawberries da baƙar fata. A cikin sunadaran wannan tsirrai, ana ganin mafi kyawun adadin amino acid, saboda wannan sashin jikin mutum yake rikitar dasu.
Fats, waɗanda suke ɓangare na 'ya'yan itacen, suna da ƙananan tasirin choleretic, saboda haka an ba su shawarar don maganin cututtukan fata da na ciki. Folic acid yana da hannu a cikin sabuntawar sel a jikin mutum. Kuma antioxidants, wanda suke da yawa a cikin gyada, suna taimakawa kare sel daga radicals, kuma suma suna da kyakyawan kariya daga cututtukan zuciya, atherosclerosis, ischemia na jijiyoyin jini, tsufa da haihuwa da kuma samuwar kwayoyin cutar kansa.
Fruitsya ofyan irin wannan shuka suna da tasiri mai guba ga mutum tare da karuwar haɓaka, suna taimaka wajan dawo da ƙarfi, taimakawa inganta ƙwaƙwalwa, haɓaka iko, haɓaka sha'awar jima'i da kawar da rashin bacci. Tunda gyada ta ƙunshi babban adadin furotin, yana haɓaka jin daɗin satiety, a wannan batun, masana abinci masu gina jiki sukan yi amfani da shi azaman tushen abincin abinci da ake asarar nauyi. Kuma an san cewa a cikin irin waɗannan 'ya'yan itatuwa babu cholesterol.
Contraindications
Idan akwai gyada a cikin adadin mai yawa, to hakan na iya cutar da ko da mutum mai lafiya. A wannan batun, a cikin yin amfani da shi wajibi ne don sanin ma'aunin, musamman ga mutanen da ke fama da matsanancin nauyi. Idan mutum yana da alaƙar rashin lafiyar, to gyada na iya cutar da shi da yawa, musamman idan an ci kernels tare da fatar, wanda ke ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙarfi. Ba za a iya cinye su tare da arthrosis da arthritis ba. Hakanan kuna buƙatar tunawa cewa cin rancid ko fruitsayan itace m na iya haifar da guba.
