Fusarium: dakatar da tsirran tsirrai

Fusariosis cuta ce da ta zama ruwan dare gama gari. Fusarium kamuwa da cuta cuta ce mai kamuwa da tsire-tsire (ciyawar da daji) wanda ke haifar da ƙwayar fungi na Fusarium. An shafi tsire-tsire a kowane zamani. Naman gwari yana cikin ƙasa kuma ya ratsa cikin tsiron ta ƙasa da raunuka. A cikin tsire-tsire matasa, cutar ta bayyana kanta a cikin nau'in lalata na tushen da tushen wuya. A wa annan wuraren kyallen takan zama launin ruwan kasa, ciyawar ta zama mara nauyi, ganyayyakin sun zama rawaya. Ba da daɗewa ba duk tsire-tsire ya bushe ya mutu. Cutar mafi yawa yadu ta hanyar foci. Cutar ta bazu cikin ƙasa. Ya raunana tsire-tsire masu rauni zuwa cutar. Haɓaka cutar tana ba da gudummawa ga babban zafi na ƙasa da iska.

Cutar ta zama ruwan dare gama gari a duk bangarorin yanayi. Tare da fusarium, tsarin jijiyoyin jini (fusarium za) da ƙwayar shuka (rot na tushen, 'ya'yan itatuwa da tsaba, fusarium na kunnuwa, kunnuwa, sauran nau'ikan fusarium) suna shafar. Pathogens sun dawwara na dogon lokaci a cikin ƙasa kuma akan tarkacewar shuka, shigar da tsire-tsire ta cikin tsarin tushe da ƙananan ɓangaren tushe.

Tumatir Fusarium. Nelson Scot Nelson

Abubuwan da ke kama da ƙwayar cuta na iya zama tushen kamuwa da cuta. Abubuwa masu illa suna ba da gudummawa ga saurin ci gaba da cutar (sauƙaƙewa a cikin zafin jiki da zafi na iska da ƙasa, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da sauransu), raunana ƙwayar, lalata daga kwari, da sauransu A fusarium wilting, lalacewa da mutuwar tsire-tsire suna faruwa saboda mummunar ƙeta mahimman ayyuka saboda toshewar hanyoyin jini. mycelium daga cikin naman gwari da sakewa da abubuwa masu guba (fusaric acid, lycomarasmin, da sauransu).

Cutar ta fara da lalacewa daga tushen sa. Pathogens shiga daga ƙasa farko zuwa kananan Tushen, to, yayin da mycelium ke girma, zuwa cikin manyan. To, ta hanyar jiragen ruwa masu gudana, sai su hau zuwa kara kuma su isa ganyayyaki. Leavesarshen ganye ya bushe, gefunan sauran ya zama na ruwa, kuma wasu yankuna suna launin toka ko launin rawaya mai haske. Jirgin ruwan ganyayyaki da na petioles sun raunana, kuma ganyayen ganye suna rataye tare da tushe. A yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa + 16 ° C, tsire-tsire marasa lafiya suna mutuwa da sauri. A lokaci guda, fungi yana toshe gubobi waɗanda ke haifar da lalata lalata kyallen takarda, tushen tushe, bushewar launin fata da bushewar rassa da ganyayyaki. Tare da haɓaka iska, ƙaramin farin murfin siffa a saman ganyayyaki.

Alamun rashin nasara

Tare da fusarium, tsarin jijiyoyin jini (fusarium wilting) da ƙwayar shuka (lalacewar Tushen, 'ya'yan itatuwa da tsaba) suna rinjayar. Tare da fusarium wilting, raunuka da mutuwar tsire-tsire suna faruwa ne ta hanyar cin zarafi mai mahimmanci na aiki saboda toshewar ƙwayoyin jini ta mycelium na naman gwari da kuma sakin abubuwa masu guba. Yankunan da aka shafa suna nuna fure mara kyau, rawaya mai ganye da ganye, fadowa cikin duhu, matsanancin ruwan sanyi. Ana iya ganin jiragen ruwa masu duhu a ɓangaren ɓangaren tushe da ganyayyaki. A yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa + 16 ° C, tsire-tsire marasa lafiya suna mutuwa da sauri.

Fusarium karu. MUExtension417

A kan kwararan fitila, mafi sau da yawa kasan yana da launin shuɗi-launin shuɗi guga man ciki (saboda haka, fusarium a cikin kwararan fitila ana kiransa ja rot), wanda, tare da ƙara zafi, zama an rufe shi da launin ruwan hoda mai launin ruwan hoda. Yayin ajiyar kaya, cutar tana ci gaba cikin sauri kuma kwararan fitila sun lalace, kasancewa babbar hanyar kamuwa da cuta.

Fusarium wilt yana da haɗari musamman ga dukkanin tsire-tsire masu kwan fitila, neoregelia, wardi, chrysanthemums, echmei, anthurium, gerbera, cyclamen, balsam, zygocactus da sauran cacti da aka raba.

Hanyoyi don yin gwagwarmaya

Don rigakafin tsire-tsire na cikin gida na Fusarium, dole ne a sanya ƙasa ko daskararre, dole ne a zana tsaba kafin shuka. Lokacin shirya cakuda ƙasa, zaku iya sa miyagun ƙwayoyi Trichodermin - hatsi kaɗan a cikin tukunya tare da diamita na 25 cm. Kada ku manta da ka'idodin kiyaye tsirrai na cikin gida - cutar tana haɓaka kawai akan tsire-tsire masu rauni.

Mafi yawan lokuta, ana gano cutar ta makara sosai, lokacin da tsari ya kama yawancin tsire-tsire kuma mutuwarsa ba makawa. Marasa lafiya tsire-tsire da kwararan fitila suna nan da nan a ware, kuma masu lafiya suna fesa tare da Benomil (Fundazol). Kwakwalwa kafin dasa shuki da ajiya ana saka su tare da Fludioxonil (shiri Maxim) na minti 30, sannan a bushe na tsawon awanni 24.

Stusberry Fusarium. © Aileen Reid

Idan shuka ba ya shafa da yawa, zaka iya ƙoƙarin cire tushen itacen daga shi. Wajibi ne a datsa saman, jiƙa shi na tsawon awanni 8 a cikin maganin Benomil (Fundazole) tare da ƙari na digo na Epin. Idan tsiro ya yi tushe kuma ba ya mutu nan gaba, hakan yana nuna cewa ya yi fama da cutar.

Magungunan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta Trichodermin ko Mikosan-B. Yana da kyau a fara amfani da Fitosporin-M, Fitocide daga matakin shuka tsaba a cikin ƙasa.

Yin rigakafin

A ci gaba da cutar na taimaka wa babban zafi na kasar gona da iska, don haka sau da yawa bar iska ta inuwar, saukar da saman Layer na duniya da kuma gurbata kasar gona da amfani. Lokacin aiki, bakara kayan aikin - wuka, almakashi har ma kayan garter (waya, zaren) tare da barasa. Lokacin amfani da ruwa daga wuraren raye na halitta ko ruwan sama, ana iya yin riga-kafin tare da miyagun ƙwayoyi Fitosporin-M.

Fusarium a cikin wasu tsirrai

Astra

Fusarium za, ko Fusarium aster, cuta ce ta kanjamau wanda ke faruwa daga ɗayan namomin tsohuwar ƙwayar Fusarium. Cutar yawanci tana bayyana kanta a cikin tsire-tsire na girma, a cikin lokaci na budding da farkon fure. Ba a ƙirƙira matakan tsinkaye don magance cutar ba. Koyaya, akwai matakan kariya na iya rage aukuwar lamarin. Yana da matukar muhimmanci ga asirin don ƙirƙirar jujjuyawar amfanin gona a wurin, da juyar da amfanin gona akan manyan yankuna. Astra ya kamata ya canza tare da wasu tsire-tsire na fure da kayan lambu don ya koma wurin da ya gabata ba kafin shekaru 5 baya.

Fusarium aster (Callistefus). © Jaroslav Rod

A rukunin yanar gizon, wanda aka shirya don dasa shuki asters, wanda bai isa ya kawo taki da takin sabo ba, amma takin humus ne kawai da takin zamani. Dukkanin hanyoyin da ke haɓaka juriya a cikin tsire-tsire suna ƙaruwa da juriya ga kamuwa da cuta ta Fusarium, wato: yin shuka iri-iri tare da hanyoyin magance microelement, haɓaka lafiya, seedlingsanyun seedlings mai ƙarfi, kayan miya na sama tare da takin na macro da takin mai magani. Kada a dasa tsire-tsire da densely, yana da buƙatar cewa hanyoyin su ke da iska da kyau kuma ruwa baya tsayawa a wuyan tushen. Ya kamata a cire tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da Fusarium da wuri-wuri daga shafin ko daga gonar fure. Bai kamata a taɓa binne su a ƙasa ko takin ƙasa ba. Tabbas suna buƙatar ƙona su. Kuma hakika, yana da matukar muhimmanci a zabi nau'ikan da zasu iya jurewa zuwa Fusarium don dasawa

Tumatir

Alamar farko ta lalacewa ita ce ƙananan ganyayyaki suna shuɗe kaɗan kuma suka zama chlorotic. A cikin ƙananan ɓangaren kara, tasoshin sun zama ruwan kasa mai duhu. Ofarfin bayyanar cututtuka ta tsananta a rana mai zafi, ta tsawon lokaci, cutar ta mamaye dukkanin tsiron. Yawancin ganye suna bushewa kuma tsiron ya mutu. Ana samun jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jiki a cikin ɓangaren ɓangaren na tushe da kuma a cikin petioles.

Tumatir Fusarium. . F. D. Richards

Daya daga cikin hanyoyin hana yaduwar shine amfani da kayan zuriya mai kyau. Haɓaka-haɓakar cuta masu haɓaka cuta (Red Arrow F1, Porthos F1, Titanic F1, Chibli F1, Erato F1, Santiago F1, da dai sauransu). Gabatarwar trichodermin cikin cakuda seedling (1-2 g / shuka) kuma zuwa cikin ƙasa (a cikin nauyin 100 kg / ha) kafin dasa shuki a cikin dindindin wuri na iya rage lalacewar shuka duka biyu a farkon lokacin da kuma girma.

Tsarin iri tare da fungicides da kuma ɗumama dumama kafin shuka ya kawar da kamuwa da ƙwayar. Fesa tsire-tsire da kuma zubar da ƙasa a lokacin girma lokacin da alamun wilting suka bayyana tare da kwayoyi daga ƙungiyar benzimidazole na iya hana ci gaban cutar.

Karu

Ana samun wannan cuta a duk wuraren da ake yin hatsi kuma shine sanadin asarar hatsi a yayin girbin alkama. Ingancin hatsi kuma yana ɗanɗana mahimmanci: ikon shuka ya ragu, halayen yin burodi sun lalace kuma, saboda samuwar mycotoxins, yuwuwar yin amfani da wannan hatsi kamar yadda aka rage abinci. Tare da alkama, sha'ir da hatsin rai suna iya kamuwa da cutar Fusarium.

Fusarium karu. Ision bandeji

A wasu lokuta na musamman, dukkan kuzarin ya zama bakarare. Amma, a matsayin mai mulkin, kawai spikelet mutum da sassan kunnuwa ke shafa (m spikelet m). Irin waɗannan spikelets suna da launin shuɗi ko ruwan hoda. Tare da shan kashi da naman gwari Gerlachia nivalis, a fili bayyana launin ruwan kasa aibobi bayyana a kan Sikeli.

Dankali

Cutar tana haɓakawa a kan tubers lokacin ajiya dankali. Greyish-launin ruwan kasa dan kadan raunuka aibobi a kan tubers. Sannan naman a karkashin tabon ya zama sako-sako, ya sami launin ruwan kasa. Voids an kafa shi a ciki, cike da fari, launin shuɗi ko duhu Farin mycelium na naman gwari. Abun da ya shafa ya bushe da sauri, fatar jiki, samar da folds a kusa da asalin tabo.