Itatuwan tsire-tsire na Urushalima artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), wanda kuma ake kira tuberous sunflower, ana ɗaukar shi wakili ne na sunflower na dangin Astrov. Hakanan sanannu ne, ana kiran wannan shuka da Urushalima artichoke, fitila, pear ko ƙasa. "Urushalima artichoke" ta fito ne daga sunan kabilar Tupinamoas na Indiya, wanda ya rayu a yankin da Brazil ta zamani take. An gabatar da irin wannan shuka a cikin ƙasashen Turai ta hanyar Faransa da Ingila a cikin ƙarni na 16, kuma an yadu da shi sosai azaman abinci da abinci tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. A karkashin yanayi na dabi'a, ana iya samun irin wannan al'ada a Arewacin Amurka a kan tudu da kan titi. Kuma Urushalima artichoke ana horar da shi a kusan dukkanin ƙasashe, yayin da a wasu daga cikinsu (alal misali, a Switzerland, Japan da Ostiraliya) ana ɗaukar ciyawa mai ciyawa, tun da yake tana da sanyi-ba ta iya jurewa ba, ba a iya fassara ta ba, mai ma'ana, har ma da irin wannan shuka tana iya daidaitawa da sauri ga kowane yanayi .
Short bayanin girma
- Saukowa. Tubers ana shuka su ne a cikin ƙasa buɗe a cikin hunturu na kwanaki 15-20 kafin a fara yin sanyi.
- Haske. Kamata ya yi shafin da kyau da kyau.
- Kasar. Soilasan zai iya zama kowane, idan kawai ya kasance tsaka tsaki ne ko kuma dan kadan alkaline (pH 6.0-7.5), amma bai kamata ya wuce kima ba, kuma maɗaurin gishirin bazai dace ba.
- Watse. Dankin yana buƙatar shayarwa ne kawai a cikin dogon lokacin bushe. Don daji 1, ana ɗaukar bokiti na ruwa 1-1.5.
- Taki. Kowace shekara a cikin bazara, ana amfani da takin mai ma'adinai ga ƙasa, ana amfani da kwayoyin halitta kowane 2 ko 3 a cikin makonnin kaka.
- Kiwo. Mafi sau da yawa, duka ko yanke tubers da idanu. Rarelyari da wuya, ana amfani da wata hanya ta iri (iri).
- Cututtuka masu cutarwa. Matsosai, Bears, wireworms.
- Cututtuka. Farar fata, farare ko mildew powdery.
Siffofin Urushalima artichoke
Kudus artichoke yana da tushen tushen iko, samuwar tubers da za a iya ci yana faruwa akan ɗakunan ajiya na ƙasa. Launi na 'ya'yan lemar na iya zama ja, fari, rawaya ko shunayya, sun yi kama da yanayin kamannin ginger, ƙanshinsu yana kama da turnip ko kuma kabeji. A saman karar mai kai tsaye da qarfi akwai fa'ida a ciki wanda ke wakiltar gajerun zaruruwa, tsayinsa na iya bambanta tsakanin 0.4 zuwa mita 3, kuma a sashin na sama yana da rassa. Fusoshin ganye na yatsun da aka yi dasu suna da petioles, kuma akwai nutsuwa a saman su. Ana shirya ƙananan ganye a kai a kai; siffar su elongated-ovate ko lanceolate, ƙananan ƙananan suna da zuciya-ovate, ba gaba ɗaya ba. Inflorescences-kwanduna a diamita ya kai santimita 10, suna hade da tubular mediya bisexual furanni rawaya, kazalika da furanni marasa ma'ana na lingual 10-15 na launin shuɗi. 'Ya'yan itace mai rauni ne, wanda ke tsiro a watan Agusta-Satumba.
A kan sikelin masana'antu, an bunkasa wannan al'ada a Rasha, Amurka da Asiya. Koyaya, yan lambu suna da yawa shekaru sun girma Kudin artichoke a matsayin kayan abinci wanda ya warkar da kaddarorin. Abubuwan sunadarai na Urushalima artichoke tubers suna da kama da dankali, kuma ƙimar abinci mai mahimmanci ta fi ta beets. Irin waɗannan an cinye tubers biyu da ɗanɗano da tafasasshen, soyayyen da stewed. Hakanan ana amfani dasu don yin shayi da compote.
Saukowa Urushalima artichoke a bude ƙasa
Wani lokaci don shuka
Urushalima artichoke za a iya girma a cikin akwati kuma a cikin ƙasa bude. Dasa tubers a cikin ƙasa bude ne da za'ayi a cikin hunturu 15-20 days kafin farko na barga frosts. Za'a iya yin wannan a cikin bazara, bayan ƙasa tayi zafi sosai. Don dasa shuki na hunturu, ana amfani da duk tubers, kuma a cikin bazara, idan ya cancanta, sun kasu kashi da yawa.
Don dasa shuki na artichoke na Kudus, ya kamata ka zaɓi wurin da za a yi rana, yayin da kana buƙatar neman wurin da ciyayi mai ƙarfi, wanda tsayinsa ya kai kusan santimita 300, ba zai sami damar tonon wasu albarkatu ba. Gardenerswararrun lambu suna shuka bushes tare da shinge ko kewaye da wurin.
Ƙasa mai dacewa
Kudin artichoke yana tsiro mafi kyau a cikin tsaka tsaki ko ƙasan alkaline na ƙasa, yayin da pH ya kamata ya zama 6.0-7.5. Ba abin nema ba ne a kan abun da ke ciki na ƙasa, saboda haka ana iya girma akan kusan kowace ƙasa. Koyaya, irin wannan shuka ba za a iya girma a kan lalatattun gishiri ba har ma a ƙasa mai nauyi. Shiri shafin don dasa shuki a cikin hunturu ana yin kwanaki 15-20 kafin a dasa shuki. Idan za a yi dasa shuki a cikin bazara, to, shirye-shiryen rukunin ma wajibi ne don magance shi a cikin bazara. Harkar ta ƙasa ana yin ta zuwa zurfin bayoneti na felu, alhali kuwa wajibi ne don ƙara takin a ciki. Idan saukar da ƙasa don bazara, to, ƙwayoyin ƙasa a lokacin tono ba su karye ba. Kuna buƙatar yin wannan a ƙarshen lokacin hunturu. Yayin dasa shuki, an gabatar da takin mai magani na potassium-phosphorus a cikin kasar gona. Bayan haka zaku iya fara dasa Urushalima artichoke. Zai fi kyau shuka irin wannan amfanin gona a yankin da kabeji, dankali da cucumbers suka yi girma a da.
Dokokin saukarwa
A cikin kwanakin ƙarshe na watan Afrilu ko na farko - a watan Mayu, kuna buƙatar zaɓar ƙananan m tubers girman ƙwai na kaza. Dole ne a tsoma su cikin maganin Epin (1 milligram 1 a kowace lita na ruwa), bayan an dasa su, ana lura da nisan 0.4 m, yayin da zurfin maɓallin ya kamata ya kasance daga 12 zuwa 15 santimita, kuma nisa tsakanin layuka daga 0.6 zuwa 0.7 m. Soilasa, wanda aka fitar daga maɓuɓɓugar, dole ne a haɗa shi da abincin kashi, to, an zuba wannan cakuda ƙasa a cikin tsagi.
Urushalima artichoke kulawa
Lokacin da girma Urushalima artichoke, kula da ita mai sauqi qwarai. Bayan an shuka tubers, shafin dole ne a sako shi a kankantaccen lokaci, kamar yadda ake kwance farfajiya. Bayan tsayi na seedlings ya kai mita 0.3, za su buƙaci hawa dutse tare da takin lambu. Ana aiwatar da wannan hanyar kamar yadda ya cancanta a duk tsawon lokacin girma. Kuma a lõkacin da tsawo na mai tushe daidai yake da 100 cm, a ƙarshen ƙarshen layi kana buƙatar tono ginshiƙai, to, a tsakanin su kuna buƙatar cire wayar a cikin filastik filastik, an sanya shi a kwance. Sannan suna aiwatar da garter na bushes zuwa gare shi, wannan zai kubutar dasu daga rauni daga iska. Bayan samuwar buds ya fara, dole ne a yanke su, a sakamakon, shuka ba zai kashe kuzari akan fure da samuwar 'ya'yan itace ba. Saboda wannan manufa, dole ne a taƙaita bushes ɗin zuwa 150-200 cm.
Watse
Ya kamata a shayar da tsirrai kawai tsawon lokacin bushewa, tare da buhun 1 da 1.5 na ruwa a kowace shuka. Idan tayi ruwa a kai a kai a lokacin bazara, to ba kwa buƙatar shayar da artichoke Urushalima kwata-kwata.
Taki
Lokacin noma irin wannan shuka akan rukunin sa, dole ne a sanya takin ƙasa a cikin ƙasa. A cikin bazara, lokacin da aka kwance dabarar, an gabatar da takin girma a cikin ƙasa, wanda ya haɗa da potassium da nitrogen. Yayin hawan buds don ciyarwa, ana bada shawara don amfani da taki a cikin ruwa ruwa. A tsakiyar lokacin bazara, alal misali, ana bada shawara don takin jiko na koren kore ko kuma maganin tsiren ruwan teku. Kowace shekara, yakamata a yiwa takin ƙasa ma'adinin ƙasa, yayin da ake yin takin gargajiya sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru 2 ko 3.
Kudancin artichoke kiwo
Tsakanin 'yan lambu, hanyar ciyawa ita ce mafi mashahuri: tubers, idanunsu da sassan. An yi ƙarin cikakken bayani game da wannan. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a girma wannan al'ada daga zuriya, amma yaduwar iri tana daukar lokaci mai yawa da ƙarfi, kuma za a buƙaci ilimi na musamman.
Urushalima artichoke a gida
Don saukowa amfani da manyan kwantena ko drawers tare da magudanar ruwa. Don haɓaka irin wannan al'ada a cikin yanayin gida kana buƙatar daidai iri ɗaya a cikin ƙasa bude. Amma a wannan yanayin, Urushalima artichoke yana buƙatar a shayar da shi ta tsari.
Karin kwari da cututtuka na Urushalima artichoke
Urushalima artichoke cututtuka
Kudin artichoke yana da matukar tsayayya da cuta. Amma wani lokacin ana iya shafa shi ta hanyar alternariosis, fararen fari ko mildew powdery.
Farar ƙasa
Sclerotiniosis (fararen fata) - saboda ita, ji mai kamshi mai ruɓi na siffa akan harbe, saboda wannan bushes yayi rashin lafiya kuma, yayin da cutar ta haɓaka, sai suka zama suna rufe baki da haɓaka baki daga ciki. Lalacewa ga tsirrai na faruwa ne ta hanyar ƙasa. Fari rot na rayayye yana tasowa tare da babban zafi da canje-canje kwatsam a zazzabi. Dole ne a cire duk bushes ɗin da ya shafa daga ƙasa kuma a hallaka shi.
Canji
Madadin cuta - wannan cuta ta yadu, tana taimakawa ga fadacewar dukkanin sassan iska na daji. Abubuwan duhu ko haske mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi tare da ƙasusuwa na ganye. A tsawon lokaci, tsakanin jijiyoyin tsohuwar ganye, aibobi sun girma, yayin da fararen ganye ya bushe tare da petioles. Don kawar da irin wannan cuta, dole ne a fesa bushes tare da shirye-shiryen fungicidal, yayin da yakamata a gudanar da magani a zazzabi sama da digiri 18. A wasu halaye, magani ɗaya ya isa, amma ya fi feshi da tsiron tsire-tsire bayan kwana 10-12.
Powdery mildew
Powdery mildew - Urushalima artichoke ya lalace a cikin rabi na biyu na kakar girma, tare da sako-sako da farin shafi shafi yana bayyana a gaban farfajiya na farantin ganye. Yayinda cutar ta fara, ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta ta canza launi zuwa launin ruwan kasa ko ruwan hoda mai haske, ƙyallen da cutar ta shafa ya zama kamar toshin baki da bushewa. Cutar na yin fafutuka cikin yanayi mai zafi tare da canje-canje masu kauri cikin zafin jiki da zafi, kuma saboda babban abun ciki na nitrogen. Ana iya warkar da cutar ta hanyar fesa bushes tare da bayani na shirye-shiryen fungicidal, misali, Bayleton, Skor, Amma, Topaz, Kvadris, Tilt, Topsin da makamantansu.
Karin kwari na Urushalima artichoke
Al'adar na iya lalacewa ta bears, slugs da larvae na wasu kwari. Don kare artichoke Urushalima daga slugs, ya kamata a dage farawa manyan granus na anti gamsai a saman shafin.
Idan a shafin yanar gizo irin wadannan kwari masu cutarwa kamar Mayu, scoops ko bears aka lura, to kafin a dasa Kudin artichoke a cikin kasar, sai an tono shi kuma aka gabatar dashi ta hanyar Fox ko Diazonon.
Tsaftacewa da adanawa na artichoke na Urushalima
A maturation na Urushalima artichoke tubers ba kasa da kwanaki 120. Ba kwa buƙatar tono su gaba da jadawalin, saboda a wannan yanayin ba za su sami lokacin zuwa ripen zuwa ƙimar da ake buƙata ba. Kuna buƙatar cire tubers a cikin bazara bayan ƙasa ta warmed da kyau, ko a cikin fall bayan da ta fara daskarewa ƙasa. Tubers, kasancewa a cikin ƙasa mai buɗewa, zai iya tsayayya da sauƙi a cikin zafin jiki na iska zuwa digiri 40, amma don hunturu shafin ya kamata a jefa tare da dusar ƙanƙara ko ƙasa mai bushe. Lambunan yawanci suna tono a cikin kaka lokacin da irin wannan adadin tubers wanda ya isa duka lokacin hunturu, yayin da ragowar ke cire su daga ƙasa a cikin lokacin bazara (ba za su kasance amiss ba a lokacin rashi na bitamin). Koyaya, yakamata a cire su kafin lokacin dumin yanayi ya shiga, in ba haka ba, ƙwayayen za su yi toho, kuma za su rasa dandano da fa'idarsu, yayin da artichoke na Urushalima zai zama kamar ciyawa kawai.
Tubers ya kamata a adana su kamar yadda sauran tushen amfanin gona, don wannan an sanya su a cikin kwalaye kuma yafa masa yashi. Kafin adana Urushalima artichoke don ajiya a cikin cellar, dole ne a wanke su kuma jira har sai sun bushe da kyau. Hakanan za'a iya ajiye akwatina tare da artichoke na Urushalima don ajiyar akan baranda da ke cikin baranda ko loggia. Idan ƙirar 'yan kaɗan ne, to, ana iya ajiye su akan shiryayyen firiji, waɗanda aka tsara don kayan lambu.
Iri daban-daban na Urushalima artichoke
A yau, shayarwa suna ƙoƙarin haɓaka irin wannan nau'in artichoke na Urushalima, a cikin abin da za'a sanya tubers a cikin ƙasa gaba ɗaya, tun da tushen tsarin tare da kafa nodules da aka kafa zai iya girma cikin fadada da zurfi. Masu shayarwa tuni sun sami nasarori. Hakanan suna aiki akan narkar irin wannan nau'in abinci, wanda kauri daga cikin harbe zai fi yadda aka saba. Kuma suna kan aiki ne kan irin nau'in halittar da aka yanka.
Hanyoyin da ake da su a yau sun kasu kashi biyu da na huɗa. A cikin nau'in fodder na tubers, ba a kafa mai yawa ba, amma girbin arziki na taro mai girma yana girma. Ana amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan don namo kan sikelin masana'antu. Duk da haka, dukkan nau'ikan abinci da nau'ikan kayan abinci suna rabuwa da balaga har zuwa farkon da na marigayi. Mafi kyawun nau'in artichoke na Urushalima za a bayyana a ƙasa:
- Sha'awa. Wannan nau'in marigayi mai saurin girma yana haɓaka yawan aiki, daidaituwa ga danshi, da kuma juriya ga zafi da sanyi. Strongaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan harbe harbe na matsakaici na ƙyalli suna ƙawata faranti masu launin ganye na launin kore mai duhu. Farar fata mara laushi suna da idanu masu zurfi. Ana amfani dashi don narkar da masana'antu a yankuna tare da yanayin dumama.
- Leningradsky. Wannan marigayi iri-iri yana halin babban yawan aiki. Dankin yana da sifa mara kyau da harbe mai launi duhu duhu. Fararen ganye na ganye kore. Ganyen fari masu elongated masu matsakaici ne a girma. An adana su cikin ƙasa har zuwa farkon lokacin hunturu. Irin wannan za'a iya noma shi a yankin arewa maso yamma.
- Volzhsky 2. Wannan vigorous iri-iri ne resistant zuwa fari da sanyi. A bushes suna da karamin tushen tsarin da harbe harbe. Fuskar bakin ganye na ganye mai dan kadan ne. Tubersasashin launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi suna da guntun launuka masu launin shuɗi
- Balagagge farkon. Wannan farkon iri-iri ne halin low haske da bukatun juriya sanyi. Tushen tsarin abu ne mai ƙima. Shootsarfin da aka taurara masu ƙarfi suna da faranti masu launin zuciya, waɗanda aka yanke tare da gefen manyan hakora. Farar fata mai laushi suna zagaye.
- Pasko. Marigayi bututu mai ban sha'awa iri-iri yana da yawan amfanin ƙasa. Vigorous bushes kunshi mai rauni Branching harbe, manyan ganye ruwan wukake da kuma zagaye tubers farin launi, wanda nauyi game da 80 grams.
- Rana. Wannan nau'in tsiro mai cike da daskararre yana da yawan gaske; ana iya noma shi a kowane yanki. Plantsarancin tsirrai na tsire-tsire sun yi ƙarfi sosai da harbe harbe da manyan faranti. Farar fata na girman matsakaici suna da siffar elized elliptical kuma suna nauyin kimanin gram 60.
- Nemo. Late iri-iri, halin da ake samarwa. Manyan leafananann farantin faranti ana sanya su cikin allurai marasa ƙarfi. Tushen abu mai karami ne, kyawawan furanni masu launin pear-kusa da idanu suna da ruwan hoda. An yi amfani da ire-iren su don bunkasa a yankuna na kudanci.
Wadannan nau'ikan artichoke na Kudus masu zuwa suna shahara sosai a tsakanin lambu: Bely, Patat, Spindle-dimbin yawa, Vadim, Red, Omsk White da Arewacin Caucasus.
Kayayyakin Urushalima artichoke: cutarwa da fa'ida
Kayan warkarwa na Urushalima artichoke
Kudin artichoke ya ƙunshi yawancin bitamin da ma'adinai daban-daban. Tubers sun ƙunshi baƙin ƙarfe fiye da turnips, karas da beets, yayin da kilogiram 1 na Urushalima artichoke ya ƙunshi mil 60 na 70 na carotene. Kudin artichoke na Urushalima yana dauke da sinadarin potassium da alli, chromium da fluorine, magnesium da manganese, silicon da sodium, bitamin B1, B2, B6, B7, C, PP, haka ma fiber, pectin, fats, sunadarai, acid acid, ana ana analogue na insulin da amino acid arginine, valine, leicin da lysine.
Wannan tsire-tsire na iya taimakawa tare da urolithiasis, adon gishiri, ƙwayar jini, gout da kiba. An shirya kayan ado daga artichoke na Urushalima, wanda ke taimakawa wajen daidaita ayyukan ƙwayar cutar, da kuma ƙananan matakan sukari.Mazauna manyan biranen da ke da yanayin rashin kyawun yanayi suna ba da shawarar cewa kwararru sun haɗa da ƙwararan artichoke na Kudus a cikin abincinsu, kamar yadda suke ɗauke da inulin da fiber, waɗanda ke taimakawa tsaftace jikin ɗan adam na radionuclides, gishiri mai nauyi, da kuma yawan ƙwayoyin cuta da gubobi. Masana sun ba da shawara su haɗa tubers na irin wannan shuka a cikin abincinsu a cikin halaye masu zuwa:
- tare da cututtuka daban-daban na ƙwayar gastrointestinal;
- Ya tsarkake jikin da gubobi.
- don kare kamuwa da cututtukan hoto;
- don rigakafin ciwon sukari;
- don rage karfin jini;
- don haɓaka haemoglobin cikin jini.
Wannan tsire-tsire yana ƙunshe da ƙwayoyin carbohydrates fiye da beets da sukari. Kudin artichoke na Urushalima suna da fa'idodi mafi girma nan da nan bayan an girbe. Gaskiya ita ce yayin lokacin da aka tsawan lokacin ajiya wani yanki na insulin ya zama fructose a sakamakon hydrolysis. Amma wannan baya nufin cewa tubers ta zama mai cutarwa, musamman ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwon sukari, tunda suna amfani da fructose maimakon sukari.
Irin wannan al'adar na iya kawar da tashin zuciya, dakatar da amai, kuma yana taimakawa kawar da ɗanɗano mai ɗaci a cikin maƙarƙashiyar baki da magance hawan acid. Har yanzu, ana iya haɗa irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin a cikin abincin don mata masu juna biyu, saboda suna wadatar da jikin tayin da mahaifiya tare da abubuwa masu amfani. Idan yayin aikin likita na cututtukan cututtuka daban-daban ku ci tubers na irin wannan shuka, to, murmurewa zai zama da sauri, wannan saboda gaskiyar cewa Urushalima artichoke yana taimaka wa tsarin rigakafi, kamar yadda kuma ya tsarkake jikin gubobi. Idan kullun shan ruwan 'ya'yan itace irin wannan shuka, wannan zai taimaka wajen rage yawan acidity na ruwan' ya'yan ciki, kawar da ciwon kai wanda ke da alaƙa da hawan jini, kuma yana taimakawa wajen warkar da raunuka da raunuka cikin sauri, kuma yana taimaka wajan rage yanayin a cikin cututtukan duodenum da ciki, kuma idan akwai cutar polyarthritis . Ya kamata a sha ruwan 'artichoke Urushalima' sosai a sau uku a rana, milligrams 15 kwata na awa daya kafin cin abinci.
Duk da haka ana amfani da irin wannan al'ada ta cosmetology. Kudin artichoke na Jerin nausiya yana taimakawa kawar da haushi ko kumburi da fata, sannan kuma yana taimakawa wajen tsarkake pores da wrinkles mai santsi. Don cire fata mai narkewa, dole ne a goge wuya da fuska tare da ruwan wannan shuka da daddare. Don bi da fata mai shafawa, ana amfani da mask, don shiri wanda suke amfani da Urushalima artichoke tuber an shafa akan grater tare da ƙari na ½ tsp. zuma. Maski ɗaya ɗaya, abun da aka ambata a sama, yana ciyar da fata mai bushe, amma dole ne a haɗe shi da ½ tsp. man zaitun. Bayan na uku na awa daya, ya kamata ku wanke fuskarku tare da koren shayi mai duhu, kuma bayan wasu mintuna 10. suna shafa shi da cube mai kankara. Hanyar kwaskwarima ta hada da jiyya 20.
Contraindications
Wannan al'ada ba ta da contraindications. Koyaya, baza'a iya amfani dashi don haƙurin mutum ba. Idan akwai albarkatun kasa, to wannan na iya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban rashin hankali, amma bayan dan lokaci kadan hanjin zai yi amfani dashi. Akwai wasu lokuta da irin wannan jarabar ba ta faruwa ba, to masana suna ba da shawara idan akwai ƙwararren Boiled ko stewed. Hakanan kuna buƙatar tuna cewa ba zaku iya cin abinci mai yawa na Urushalima artichoke a lokaci guda.
