A cikin nau'ikan tsiro na daji, dankalin turawa, shuka ne mai keɓancewa a cikin tsarin rayuwar dare, wanda ya samo asali daga Kudancin Amurka. Domin kare kai, an shuka dankali sama da shekaru dubu biyu da rabi. Kuma masu shayarwa na zamani da masana kimiyyar halitta ba tare da gajiyawa ba suna aiki akan sabbin iri.
Manyan magabata na daji gaba ɗaya na nau'in nau'in dankalin turawa
A matsayin amfanin gona, dankali ake shukawa a matsayin shuka shekara-shekara, kuma nau'ikan dankali biyu da ke da alaƙa suna yaduwa cikin duniya:
- Dankali ko dankali na Chilean, yan asalin Peru da Bolivia, yanzu an yadu a yankuna 130 na duniya. Yaduwar irin wannan dankalin turawa ya fara ne a karni na 16, kuma ya zuwa karni na 19 al'adar ta zama karuwa, ya zama na biyar a cikin jerin tsirran tsirrai.
- Potatoesanyen dankali na Andean, waɗanda aka shuka asali a yankin na Kudancin Amurka, suna da mahimmanci don ƙirƙirar nau'ikan zamani da nau'ikan halittu masu godiya ga polymorphism.
Tubers, saboda saboda abin da ake horar da dankali, fara da nuna tare da bayyanar farkon buds a kan bushes. Daga mahangar nazarin halittu, ganyayyaki shine babban narkewar rhizome, wanda ya zama nau'ikan tanadin abinci mai gina jiki.
Tsarin Dankali ta hanyar manufa
A yau, dangane da abun ciki na sugars, bitamin, sunadarai da sitaci a cikin dankalin dankalin turawa, iri sun kasu kashi hudu.
- Kayan dankalin Turawa sune ɗayan farko a cikin abincin yawancin ƙasashe. Tubers daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan suna da girma ko matsakaici a girma. Suna zagaye, tare da fata mai kauri kuma ba idanu sosai. Lokacin ƙirƙirar nau'in tebur, ana ba da kulawa ta musamman ga abubuwan da ke tattare da bitamin C da sitaci a cikin tubers, wanda bai kamata ya wuce 12-18% ba.
- Dankali mai laushi shine kayan masarufi don samar da barasa da sitaci, sabili da haka, haɓaka, fiye da 16%, abun ciki na wannan bangaren a cikin irin waɗannan nau'ikan maraba ne. Amma dankalin turawa na fasaha bashi da kyau a cikin furotin.
- Ciyar da dankali ke samarwa, manyan sitaci, ciyayi. Tun da mahimmancin dankali a matsayin kayan amfanin gona ya girma kwanan nan, babban yawan amfanin ƙasa na da mahimmanci.
- Varietiesungiyoyin iri-iri na duniya suna iya haɗu da dukiyar waɗannan rukunoni
A tsawon shekaru kasancewar dankali a cikin rani da kuma filayen plantations, kowa da kowa ya saba da gaskiyar cewa m canza launi na tubers na iya zama fari fari, da launin ruwan kasa-rawaya, ruwan hoda ko kusan shunayya. Amma har kwanan nan, dankali a cikin ɓangaren ya kasance fari ko dan kadan mai rawaya.
A ina ne violet da jan dankalin turawa suna samun sabon abu mai launi?
Amma a yau, shayarwa suna ba da dasa shuki iri iri da dankali mai launuka iri-iri. Dankalin dankalin turawa yana ba da gamsarwa na launi mai ban mamaki ga abun da ke cikin biochemical, kuma mafi daidaituwa, ga anthocyanins da carotenoids. Idan a cikin tubers tare da fararen gargajiya provitamin A ɓangaren litattafan almara ƙunshi ba fiye da 100 MG a 100 grams dankalin turawa, to, a cikin iri tare da rawaya core wannan abu ya riga ya ninka sau biyu. Kuma mafi kyawun launi na ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, mafi girman taro na provitamin A. A cikin dankalin turawa da launin ja, abun da ke ciki ya kai 500-2000 MG.
Hankalin anthocyanins, samar da shunayya, Lilac ko shunayya mai launi na ɓangaren litattafan almara da kwasfa, a cikin launuka masu haske mai haske sau biyu dozin ya fi girma fiye da nau'in tebur mai launin haske. A kowace gram 100 na alkyabba mai launin shuɗi ko shuɗar shudi na iya zuwa nauyin 9 zuwa 40 na anthocyanins. Haka kuma, maida hankali ne akan irin wannan yanayin na yau da kullun da carotene koyaushe ya fi girma a kwasfa. Amma a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara, waɗannan abubuwa za'a iya rarraba ba tare da bambanci ba, waɗanda ke ba da izinin shayarwa su sami tsire-tsire tare da nau'ikan tubers da ke kewaye da ciki da na ciki.
Bugu da ƙari, akwai adadin bioflavonoids sau biyu a cikin ja, shuɗi ko violet dankali fiye da na gargajiya iri tare da haske canza launi na ɓangaren litattafan almara. Amma sitaci a cikin launuka masu launin ya fi ƙasa, saboda haka ana iya amfani dasu don abinci mai gina jiki da abinci mai warkewa, kuma wani lokacin har ma da albarkatun ƙasa. Zaɓin aiki na duk sabbin launuka masu launi da kuma sanannun karuwarsu a cikin lambu suna ba mu damar faɗi cewa ba duk nazarin fannonin dankali da aka yi amfani da su ba. Nazarin da masana ilimin halitta da kuma likitoci a Koriya da Amurka suka yi ya nuna cewa gabatarwar launin kore da launin ja a cikin abincin yana taimakawa jiki tsayayya da atherosclerosis da ciwon kansa.
Abubuwan da ke cikin abun da ke ciki na dankalin ja da ruwan dankalin turawa suna da sakamako mai amfani kan yanayin gabobin gani da jijiyoyin jini, suna hana tsufa kuma suna taimakawa wajen yakar cututtukan zuciya.
Ja da ruwan hoda dankali daga shayarwa na CIS
Namo iri dake ba da digo tare da daskararren launin shuɗi ana yin su ba kawai daga masu kiwon Yammacin Turai ba, har ma da masana kimiyya daga Belarus da Russia. Ma'aikata na Cibiyar Bincike na Masana'antar Shuka na Federationungiyar Tarayyar Rasha sun sami nau'ikan hatsi mai laushi na dankalin turawa da ruwan hoda, waɗanda ke samun nasara a cikin babban layi na ƙasar.
Amma farkon dankalin turawa mai launi a Rasha an samo shi a yankin Tomsk. Anan, tunda 2007, ƙirƙirar nau'ikan orange, ruwan hoda, purple da dankali shudi. Masana kimiyyar Siberian sun yi girma kuma sun girma dankali mai ban sha'awa iri-iri tare da babban abun da ke carotene da anthocyanins.
Godiya ga kayan iri da aka karɓa daga Cibiyar Dankali ta Kudancin, Cibiyar Bincike na Shukewar Shuka mai suna Vavilov, kamar yadda kuma daga cibiyoyin bincike a Amurka da Jamus, masu binciken Belarusiya da ke da hannu a cikin abubuwan ci gaba, sun sami damar ƙirƙirar nau'ikan sama da saba'in, haskakawa ba ta zama ƙasa da analogues na duniya ba.
Iri dankali yake da amfani sosai
Bukatar jinsin dankalin turawa mai haske, wanda galibi ana samun shi ne daga tsaka mai wuya da zaɓi mai mahimmanci, yana ƙaruwa koyaushe cikin duniya, wanda ke sauƙaƙa da sha'awar lambu da kuma bayyana kaddarorin amfanin irin waɗannan .an takin. Binciken ilmin halitta bai iyakance ga irin wannan zaɓi ba.
Ofaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin da ke tsarancin tsirrai, bisa ga dankalin turawa tare da bawon ja-ruwan kasa, wanda aka yaɗa a cikin Amurka, ya kirkiro nau'in Rushu Burbank Sabuwar Leaf iri-iri.
- A waje, irin wannan dankalin turawa ba karamin bambanta shi da launin rawaya da aka saba da fari.
- Tana da launin rawaya mai launin rawaya da mai laushi mai laushi.
- Lokacin da girma, da iri-iri nuna babban yawan aiki da juriya ga cututtuka da shan kashi da Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro.
- Yawancin silsilar abinci na sauri a duniya tana amfani dashi.
- Wannan iri-iri, ana cin nasara a shuka a Amurka da Australia, ana amfani dashi azaman abinci da dankali.
Amma a sakamakon binciken da likitocin Rasha suka yi a shekarar 2009, ba a yarda da tsire-tsire na gona tare da wasu dabbobin da ke da alaƙa ba, gami da ire-iren dankali iri iri masu amfanin ga ɗan adam. A cikin dabbobi masu gwaji da suka cinye irin wannan tubers, an gano canje-canje na kwayoyin halitta a cikin gabobin ciki, sabili da haka, ba a ba da izinin dankali na asali don rarraba da namo a Rasha.
Ko yaya girman shahararrunnnnn launin masu launin, akwai nau'in dankalin turawa na wani launi mara kyau wanda kawai ke cutar da mutane. Wannan sananne ne ga gardenersan lambu kore dankali, wanda ya zama irin wannan bayan dogon tsayi a cikin haske.
A ƙarƙashin rinjayar walƙiya, alkaloid na halitta, solanine, ya fara tarawa a cikin tubers. Don haka shuka tana kare tubers daga sakamakon mahallin da cututtuka, amma ga mutane, solanine bashi da wani amfani.
Dankali mai Dankali mai Danshi, Dankali Mai Dadi
Idan ainihin dankalin turawa, kayan lambu ne da ke da alaƙar daren, barkono da tumatir, to, ga dankalin turawa mai daɗi, wanda ke ba da babban ƙwayayen sitaci, mafi kusancin dangi zai zama bindigar daji da ɗaukaka da safe.
Dankalin dankalin turawa mai dadi da dankalin turawa ya girma a cikin kasashen Asiya da yawa, a Afirka da Amurka ana yaba masu saboda ingancinsu da ingancinsu. Wannan sanannen abinci ne na al'adun duniya, mahaifar mahaifarta wacce tuddai tuddai ne na Colombia da Peru. Kamar dankali na yau da kullun, dankali mai daɗi, dangane da iri-iri, na iya samar da kwanon launi daban.
Sanannun nau'ikan da ke da wadatar arziki a cikin carotene cewa 'ya'yan lemu na orange sun fi gaban karas a cikin amfani. An ci nasara dankalin dankalin turawa mai dadi wanda ke ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na anthocyanins, yana nuna kaddarorin da suka yi kama da dankalin turawa. Amma dangane da alli, carbohydrates da baƙin ƙarfe, dankali yana ƙasa da dankali mai daɗi, wanda, ƙari, sau ɗaya da rabi sun fi caloric.
- A cikin tropics da subtropics, zaki da dankalin turawa mai dadi dankalin turawa yana girma kamar amfanin gona na zamani, wanda a cikin yanayin har takin ya kai kilo 10.
- A cikin yanayi mai zafi a cikin al'adun shekara-shekara, yana yiwuwa a shuka nau'ikan farkon fari, waɗanda nauyinsu yakai kimanin kilogram 3. A Rasha, akwai ingantacciyar gogewa a cikin shuka dankalin turawa mai daɗi tare da lokacin girma har zuwa kwanaki 110.
A cikin duniya, an yanyan dankali mai yalwar itace mai yawa, wanda ya banbanta ba kawai a lokacin lokacin dimbin yawa ba, launi na ɓangaren litattafan almara da bawo na tubers, amma kuma cikin ɗanɗano. Yayin da wasu jita-jita na dankalin turawa suna da daɗin ɗanɗano, wasu ba za a bambance su da dankalin gargajiya ba. Akwai nau'ikan da ke da dandano mai ɗanɗano tare da dandano mai laushi a cikin palate.
