Da zuwan bazara ya zo mulkin farkon bazara furanni - irises. Waɗannan furanni suna faranta mana rai sau da yawa tare da furanninsu lokacin tsawar bazara, bayan haka bakan gizo mai haske mai haske ya bayyana a sararin sama.
Legends na yawancin mutanen duniya suna sadaukar da kai ga Iris, kuma ana biyan kyawawan furanninsu kyawawan furanni. Waɗannan furanni, daga dusar ƙanƙara-fari zuwa baƙi mai haske, suna nuna duk launuka na bakan gizo. Furanni suna ba da suna ga botanist - mai karɓar haraji Karl Linnaeus, wanda ya ba da irin wannan sunan ga irises don girmamawa ga tsohuwar allahn Girkanci na bakan gizo - Irida. Ita 'yar Tavmant ce da Okeanida Electra. Helenawa na da, kamar na Romawa, sun ɗauki Irida matsakanci tsakanin alloli da mutane, wanda, kamar bakan gizo, wanda aka haifa bayan ruwan sama, yana haɗa sama da ƙasa. Tsoffin Helenawa suna kiran bakan gizo, a saboda haka fure, mai kama da bakan gizo mai launi, an fara kiran ta da iris, idan akai la'akari da furanni a matsayin gwanayen bakan gizo wanda ya fadi a ƙasa.
G Bob Gutowski
Itaciyar zamani tana da nau'ikan iris 300, amma gishirin beris sun fi shahara tsakanin yan lambu, an kirkiro nau'ikan 35,000. A cikin aikin lambu na ornamental, ƙananan Siberian da kuma irises na Japan ma sun girma.
Gemu na irises suna da “gemu” akan ƙananan furannin - tsiri mai laushi mai laushi, sau da yawa yana bambanta da launin furen. Furen fure ne "mai hawa biyu", an shirya furanni shida a cikin matakan biyu: uku tare da tsahon ya tashi, uku kuma a hankali suna ƙare ƙarshen ƙasan. A launi da wadatar launuka, irises suna gasa da bakan gizo, ban da haka ma sun hada launuka.
Babban rukuni na nau'in halittu da nau'ikan bearded irises mallakar ƙananan halittar Iris ne, ga ɓangaren Iris.
Yankin yana wakiltar rukunin ƙungiyoyi masu rikitarwa da ban sha'awa. Rhizome na bayyane shekara-shekara thickenings - links, dan kadan zurfafa a cikin ƙasa, ko rarrafe tare da farfajiya, girma ga tarnaƙi kuma forming sako-sako da lokacin farin ciki. Hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizon na iya zama lokacin farin ciki da ƙanana, ganyayyakin basal suna da faɗi. Furen yana da girma, mai launin launi. Ana rarrabe ra'ayoyin sashi ta kasancewar kasancewar ɗakuna daga faffadar gashin gemun da yawa, daga haske zuwa rawaya zuwa ruwan lemo mai duhu a launi, yawanci fari da shunayya. Duk wakilan sashen suna da matukar ado.
Nau'in nau'in halittar - Harshen Jamusawa (Iris germanica.) K. Linney ya bayyana shi a cikin 1753. Yana da matukar wuya a yanayi. A cikin gidajen Aljannar, ana girbi hatsi irin na iris na Jam, iris, da, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna girma. motley da sauransu. Saboda haka, yana da mafi daidai a kira su irin matasan iris (Iris hybrida hort.).
Om Radomil
Dabbobi
Whitish iris - Iris albicans.
Ya samo asali ne daga yankin Larabawa, inda tun daga tarihi ake ta yaɗuwa a cikin al'adun Larabawa a matsayin tsararren lokaci na lambuna na gida da hurumi. Daga Larabawa sun zo wurin Mutanen Espanya kuma sun bazu ko'ina cikin ƙasashen Rum. Yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa nau'ikan matsakaici-matsakaici I. hybrida hort.
Kusa da I. germanica. An rarrabe shi da gajerun sakin layi, ganye mai fadi, da ɗan abin da aka tsinkaye a ƙarshen ƙarshen girma, da kuma sifar ɗigon murfin waje: akan fure mai rai, suna bayyana a gaɗaɗɗe saboda ƙarshen kwanon ruwansu na ɗauka a ciki (alamar alama). Launin furanni yana fari fari, duk da haka, ɗayan nau'ikan wannan nau'in suna da furanni masu launin shuɗi.
Iris Alberta - Iris albertii.
Tsarin Asiya na Tsakiya. Rarraba cikin Tien Shan. A cikin jerin hotunan Trans-Ili Alatau, Alai da Ferghana sun kai girman 1700-2000 m sama da matakin. m da sama. Endem (misali ƙananan yankuna sune sifofin halayyar).
Kusan ba a samo shi a cikin al'ada ba. Ganyen suna da faffadan ido, shunayya-gwal a gindi. Peduncle har zuwa 60 cm tsayi, wanda aka yi masa alama a saman. Furanni masu launin shuɗi, marasa galihu - fari, mai kamshi, a cikin adadin 3-5. Yana fure a cikin Mayu da farkon Yuni; 'ya'yan itace a cikin watan Agusta. Akwatin cylindrical ne, ba tare da wani hakarkarinsa ba. Tsaba suna duhu launin ruwan kasa.
Hunturu-Hardy. Nagari don m nunin faifai da maɗaurin mahaɗa.
Leafless Iris - Iris aphylla.
Kallon Turai. An bazu ko'ina cikin yankin Turai na Rasha: yankin Volga-Don, yanki na Trans-Volga. A waje na Rasha - a Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai. Mafi yawa suna girma a cikin bushes, tare da gefuna, a cikin gishirin daji, akan loamy ko ƙasa mai dutse. Ganyayyaki na hunturu suna faduwa gabaɗaya, a cikin bazara da ke fitowa daga baya fiye da shinge. Saboda haka sunan jinsunan - marasa ganye.
An haɗa shi a cikin Littafin Lissafi na Federationungiyar Rasha a matsayin jinsin masu haɗari, masu haɗari. An kiyaye shi a wuraren tsabtace wurare na Moscow, Rostov da Saratov. An gabatar da shi a cikin gabatarwa a Moscow, Stavropol, St. Petersburg, Chita. Yana nuna ingantaccen sakamako a waje da kewayon.
Perennial shuka tare da na bakin ciki rhizome har zuwa 2 cm lokacin farin ciki. Ganyayyaki suna layi-xiphoid har zuwa 45 cm tsayi, yawanci mara lafiya ne, a ƙarshen iyakar ya kekataccen matakin. Ta hanyar hunturu, ganyen ya mutu, wanda aka kira jinsunan da rashin ganye. Peduncle Branching daga gindi, har zuwa tsayi 50 cm, yawanci yana ɗaukar furanni 3-5 na launuka masu launin shuɗi, zuwa 7 cm a ƙasan. An rufe tushen furanni da kumburi mai ƙarfi, ganye mai launin fata na mayafi. Perianth daidai ne, tare da karamin bututu da reshe na ɓangaren shida. A waje kadan dan madaukai lobes suna da fari, rawaya ko kuma “belac” na gemun da yawa. Yana blooms a ƙarshen bazara - farkon lokacin rani. 'Ya'yan itacen akwati ne na cylindrical. Hunturu-Hardy.
A tsakanin kewayon, yana ba da adadi mai yawa na nau'ikan da suka bambanta da yawan ganye, ƙirar alamomin shinge, girman da launi na kusoshi. A Moldova, akwai siffofin da kwalaye masu launin shuɗi mai haske.
Penubag
Iris Astrakhan - Iris astrachanica.
Tana faruwa ne a tsaunin katako, a kan busassun plateaus tsakanin masalan jeji a cikin yankuna na gabashin stavropol, Kalmykia, da kuma yankunan tsakanin Volga da Urals, kusa da Tekun Caspian.
Kamannin halittar masana halitta ne, wataƙila asalinsu ne (I. pumilaxl. Scariosaxl. Timofejewii). Ya bambanta da I. scariosa a cikin tsarin ƙirar ƙwayar pollen (ƙarshen shine salon salula a cikin I. scariosa da warty a I. astrachanica) da yawan ƙwayoyin sel a cikin sel. Yana fure a farkon bazara; Yana ɗaukar 'ya'yan itace a farkon bazara. An nuna shi ta hanyar ƙaruwa mai mahimmanci, polychrome, ko furanni masu launi iri-iri, yana da ban sha'awa azaman iyakokin kan iyaka, da kuma kayan zaɓi.
An yi wa Iris Iris ko ban tsoro - Iris furcata.
Jinsunan Caucasian, wasu fewan tsirarun representedan karamin yanki na yankin da ke yankin territoryasar Caucasus ta Arewacin Rasha ya wakilta. Yana girma a cikin foothills a kan gangara na daban-daban abubuwan bayyana, haske da danshi ƙasa. A kan bushe, buɗe wa tudun rafin rana, a kan rami mai faɗi, a cikin ramin daji har zuwa mita 2200. Akwai tsire-tsire masu furen fure-fure ɗaya, galibi suna kuskure I. tsire-tsire pumila. Sakamakon fure na baya, I. furcata yawanci baya haifar da cakudaddun iri a shafukan yanar gizo na hadin gwiwa tare da I. pumila. An kunshe shi a cikin Littafin Cigaba da Takaitaccen Tarihi na Stavropol kamar yadda ba'a saba ba. Babu wani daga cikin ajiyar da aka kare. An gabatar dashi cikin gabatarwa a Moscow, St. Petersburg, Stavropol. Yana nuna ingantaccen sakamako a waje da kewayon.
Yana da kyau don hybridization (a matsayin nau'i na uba) tare da sauran nau'in berises na berises, da kuma nau'ikan su, saboda yana ci gaba da yada bayyanar cututtuka.
A cikin shimfidar wurare na Arewacin Caucasus, ana samun mafi yawan nau'ikan I. furcata, wanda ya ƙunshi sau 2 ƙasa da ƙwayoyin sel a cikin ƙwayoyin tushe fiye da I. tsire-tsire na phylla (2n = 48) daga yankuna-gandun daji na ɓangaren Turai na Rasha. A cikin Transcaucasia, tsirrai tsakanin I. furcata da I. nau'in aphylla ana lura da su sau da yawa.
Jamusanci Iris - Iris germanica.
Aka ba da labari a Jamus a cikin karni na XIX. gwargwadon yanayin al'adar. Yana da wuya a yanayi. 3. T. Artyushenko an samo shi ne a Transcarpathia, a kusa da Vinogradovo, a Dutsen Black.
Ganyen suna da fadi-ido, bluish - 35-40 (50) cm tsayi, 20-30 mm fadi. Peduncle mai laushi, daidai yake ko ya fi tsayi ganye - 40-100 cm tsayi. Furannin furanni babba ne, masu ruwan hoda mai haske, mai ƙarfi mai daɗin kamshi, tare da gemu mai haske ko launin ruwan wuta. Akwatin tana juye-juye. Tsaba duhu launin ruwan kasa, alagammana. Yana fure a watan Yuni; Yana bada 'ya'ya a watan Agusta.
Bluish Iris - Iris glaucescens.
Jinsunan suna wakiltar isan adadin jama'a da aka samu a Rasha a kan iyakar iyakarta. A cikin Rasha, yana girma a kudu na yammacin Siberiya. A waje na Rasha - a Tsakiyar Asiya (Kazakhstan), a cikin Mongolia (arewa maso yamma), a China (arewa maso yamma). Yana girma a cikin tsutsotsi-ciyawa-ciyawa, a kan sandunan solonetzic, busassun dutse da gangara mai laushi. An haɗa shi a cikin yankin Red Books na yankin Omsk a matsayin jinsin da a bayyane ya ɓace, kuma Altai Territory a matsayin mafi wuya. Babu ɗayan ajiyar ko reshe na yanayin tarayya da na jamhuriya da ke kare.
Ba a fahimci jinsin sosai a waje da yankin da ke girma ba. An gabatar dashi sau da yawa a Barnaul, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg (wintering ba tare da tsari), Ufa (miƙa sods, rhizomes, tsaba), amma yana da wuya a noma. A cikin yanayin al'adu, yakan yi amai, yana fama da rashin ruwa na ƙasa. Nagari na namo a wuraren bushe tsaftataccen yanki. Dabbobin suna da tamani sosai a cikin kayan ado saboda yanayin polychrome na nau'in halitta da kyakkyawan sifar ganyayyaki masu ratsa jiki. Ana iya amfani dashi azaman farkon bazara mai perennial don nunin faifai. A zabin bai shiga ba.
Om Radomil
Pawararren --wararru - Iris pallida.
Ya girma a kudu a Yammacin Yammacin Turai (Alps).
Ganyen yana xiphoid, mai haske saboda murfin kakin zuma, har zuwa tsawon cm 60. Peduncle har zuwa 80 cm tsayi, jerawa a cikin sashin layi na sama. Furanni suna da yawa, kusan sessile, m, mai shuɗi mai shuɗi. Takardun marubuta masu shirya fim Yana fure a watan Yuni. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari a watan Agusta.
Tsoron waterlogging. Driedanƙanyan rhizomes din su ana kiranta tushen tushenta. A tsakiyar rariya ta winters ba tare da tsari. 'Ya'yan itacen itace madaidaiciya, almara sauƙaƙe tare da yawancin oblate masu yawa. A al'ada tun daga 1827.
Ba a daɗewa ba an sami nasarar inganta tsarin tsirar masana'antu a Italiya kuma. Florentine, kamar yadda suke ba da mafi yawan amfanin ƙasa na "tushen tushen violet". An sake gabatar dashi akai-akai daga Italiya da Faransa a cikin mahimman gonakin mai na Crimea da Moldova. Yana da ɗaya daga cikin magabatan asalin da suka fito daga rukunin gungun gemu. A kai a kai yana isar da alamu a lokacin bayyanarwar alamomi: tsarin kifin, kayan ƙanshin furanni, ƙwanƙwasa mara nauyi. A cikin yankuna na arewaci da arewa maso yammacin ɓangaren Turai na Rasha, yana da sauƙin fadawa cikin al'ada, saboda yana tsoron matsanancin ruwan acidic mai lalacewa, kuma yana buƙatar mafaka don hunturu.
Dwarf Iris - Iris pumila.
Dry turf-ciyawa da gashin tsuntsu-wormwood steppes, stony, sau da yawa calcareous gangara, yashi da solonetzes (var. Aequiloba Ledeb.) Na yanayin zafi da kuma arewacin subtropical zuriya daga Tsakiyar Turai zuwa kudu na Ural Ugwu (a gabashin iyakar iyaka zuwa Tobol River) . Mafi yawa daga cikin steppe geophyte, wani bangare ne na tsabtar ciyawar ciyawa, duk da haka, yawancin jama'a suna yawan zuwa bakin ciki - "kasa", inda suke zama kayan tsirrai na ciyawar hamada.
An haɗa shi a cikin Littattafan Lissafi na Federationungiyar Rasha da Yankin Rostov a matsayin jinsin masu haɗari, masu haɗari. Al'ummomin ƙasa huɗu suna cikin wuraren ajiya (Astrakhan, Galichya Gora, Zhigulevsky, Khopersky).
Fata fata - Iris scariosa.
Jinsunan Turai-Caucasian (Caspian). Babban ɓangaren kewayon yana cikin arewa maso yamma da sassan yamma na yankin ƙasƙancin Caspian (yankin Astrakhan, Kalmykia) da kuma a gabashin Ciscaucasia. Yankin arewa ya kai kusan. Elton, zuwa gabas gangara zuwa ƙananan kogin. Volga da p. Kuma; Kudancin yana biye da hanyar Nogai; yamma ta yamma - a gefen gabas ta Ergeni da kuma tsaunin Prikalausky. Yana girma akan solonetzic kasa tare da gangara, akan busassun plateaus, a tsakanin hamada-steppe, wasu lokuta yakanzo zuwa ga yashi ...
An haɗa shi a cikin Littattafan Lissafi na Federationungiyar Rasha, Tervropol Territory da Yankin Rostov a matsayin jinsin masu haɗari, masu haɗari. Ofaya daga cikin alƙaluman an kiyaye shi ta hanyar kariyar Astrakhan.
Ie Guauke Guy II
Iris sun sauya - Iris variegata.
A kan dutse mai bushe, tsakanin bishiyoyi, dazuzzuka, da farin daji, tare da gefunan gandun daji na kudu a Yankin Tsakiyar Turai, yankin Balkans, kudu da kudu maso Yamma (ba a jera su ba a cikin flora na Moldova) da kuma yankin Izmail na yankin Odessa.
Ganyayyaki suna xiphoid sosai ko layi-layi, tsawon 25-40 cm., 15-20 mm., Madaidaiciya ko dan ƙaramin sikila, tare da daskararren gajeren yatsun tsaye a tsakiyar farantin, daidai yake da ƙanƙantar da ƙafa. Peduncle 45-50 (60) cm tsayi., A cikin ɓangare na sama gajere. Furanni suna da yawa, cm cm 3-5., Ba tare da ƙanshin ƙanshi ba, galibi bicoloured: lobes na waje na lobes tare da hanyar yanar gizo mai launin shuɗi, hadewa a ƙarshen farantin a cikin wuri ɗaya na maroon; lobes na ciki suna da haske ko rawaya shuɗi. Akwatin yana da tsawo. Tsaba suna da haske ko launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, a hankali. Yana blooms a ƙarshen Mayu - farkon Yuni. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari a watan Agusta.
Florentine Iris - Iris florentina.
Bean gemu na asalin matasan. An yi shinge a shinge, har zuwa 70 cm tsayi, yana ɗaukar 5-7 fari tare da launuka masu launuka masu kamshi. Ganye suna launin toka, babban xiphoid. Yana fure a ƙarshen Mayu. Ba ya bada tsaba, yana yaduwa kawai da ciyayi. Bai isa sosai ba. A cikin al'adun karni na XV.
Ie Guauke Guy II
Siffofin Girma
Wuri: Yankunan da aka kunna haske, iska mai kariya. Kuna iya shuka tsirrai a wurare masu cike da duhu, amma ietetous na hoto ne.
Ilasa: haske ko matsakaici a cikin abun da aka kera, ingantaccen m, an horar da shi zuwa zurfin akalla 20 cm kuma mai kyau, pH 6.5-7.5. A kan kasa mai arziki a cikin kwayoyin halitta, tsire-tsire suna haɓaka ƙarfin ciyayi mai ƙarfi ga lalata fure. Bugu da kari, ba su da lokacin da zasu gama girma a faduwar kuma su sha wahala daga cututtukan fungal. Lokacin shirya loamy da loamy kasa a 1 m2, ana bada shawara don ƙara kilogiram na 8 humus, 10 g na nitrogen da 15-20 g na phosphate da takin potassium.
Kula: a farkon lokacin bazara, an sako kasar gona zuwa zurfin 5-8 cm kuma ana amfani da kayan shafawa na ruwa a jiki (10-12 g na superphosphate da 10 g na potassium sulfate a 1 m2). Tunda rhizomes suna kusa da farfajiya na ƙasa, kayan miya bushewa sun fi kyau kada a shafa. Ana aiwatar da suturar nitrogen ta farko (10 g / m2) bayan farkon girma na ganye, na biyu (10 g / m2) tare da ƙari na 10-15 g na phosphorus da 20 g na takin mai magani a cikin 1 m2 bayan kwanaki 10-12. A lokacin furanni kuma nan da nan bayan an gama, ana ciyar da tsire-tsire phosphorus (15-20 g / m2) da kuma potash (20-25 g / m2) takin mai magani.
A kan kasa mai rauni, lokacin hawan na biyu na tushen tsarin ci gaba (shekaru goma na biyu na Agusta), tare da phosphorus a 1 m2 (25-30 g na superphosphate) da potash (15-18 g na potassium sulfate), takin mai magani na nitrogen (8-10 g na ammonium nitrate). Ana yin riguna na ƙarshe na ƙarshe tare da phosphoric (15-20 g) da potash (10-15 g) takin zamani a ƙarshen Satumba - farkon Oktoba. Wannan rigar ta sama tana bayar da gudummawa ga ingantacciyar samuwar kuma banbancin rayayyun halittu, da kuma zurfin hunturu mai zurfi, wanda ke sa tsire-tsire suyi haƙuri da yanayin yanayin hunturu kuma ƙasa da wahala daga cututtukan fungal da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta.
Bayan fure, an cire harbe fure. A duk tsawon lokacin tsiro, weeding da loosening na ƙasa yana gudana. A cikin kaka, ana yanyan ganyen a tsawan tsawan santimita 10. Sabbin iri, musamman na zaɓin Amurka, suna mulched don hunturu tare da peat, humus, an rufe shi da ganye da kuma rassan tsiro. A wuri guda na iya girma har zuwa shekaru 5.
Cututtuka da kwari: irises ana iya shafawa ta hanyar tsatsa, heterosporiosis, launin toka, ɓarna a cikin ƙwayar cuta, rigar rot, layin mosaic, aphids, gladiolus thrips, slugs, albasa irin ƙwaro, tushen albasa mite, strawberry, kara da gall nematodes.
Ie Guauke Guy II
