"Lokaci ne mai bakin ciki! Idanuna sun cika kyau!" ... Haushi da jan ciki ana ji daga kowane bangare! Akwai dalili guda ɗaya kaɗai - ragweed, sananne daga wallafe-wallafe a matsayin abincin rashin tsafi na alloli, yana yin fure. Mazauna ƙasashe da yawa suna kiranta ƙurar shaidan. Mene ne wannan shuka da ta zama annoba ga yawan jama'a, ta yaya aka same mu, kuma zai yuwu a sami nasarar magance ta? Bari mu nemo amsoshin tambayoyin tare kuma mu aiwatar da tsarin aiki tare, saboda ambrosia kadai ba za a iya kayar da ita ba! Wannan shine abu na farko da za'a tuna game da wannan sako mai hatsari.
Tsanaki - Ambrosia! Yaya za a lalata ciyawa mai haɗari?
Me yasa ragweed yana da haɗari sosai ga mutane?
Fiye da 80% na yawan jama'a suna iya kamuwa da cututtukan rashin lafiyar, kuma babban wuri tsakanin abubuwan da ke haifar da abubuwan da suka shafi rashin lafiyan halayen ne.
Harshe a cikin tsofaffi da yara na iya faruwa nan da nan, amma wani lokacin lokacin "tarawa" sannu a hankali (har zuwa shekaru 2), kuma mummunan yanayin rashin lafiyar yana faruwa nan da nan, yana haifar da asma. Hakan ya faru da ni: shekaru 2 na gwagwarmaya tare da tsutsa a cikin kasar - ba tare da sakamako na kiwon lafiya ba, kuma a cikin na 3 - mafi girman nau'in fuka. A shekara ta 3, maƙwabta da budurwa a ƙasar su ma sun kamu da rashin lafiya.
Menene haɗarin musamman na ragweed? Kwayoyin cuta na microscopic 3-4 na ragweed pollen zasu haifar da tari mai sauri, amma rata zata bayyana a cikin tsarin rigakafi wanda wasu cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta za suyi amfani da su. Tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta 25 na aiki a cikin mita 1 mai siffar sukari na iska yana haifar da haɗarin ƙwayar cuta (m tari, lacrimation, hanci, da sauransu). Ganin cewa ɗayan shuka ya samar da adadin ƙwayoyin pollen miliyan da yawa masu aiki, lalacewar lafiyar jama'a za'a iya kwatanta su da masifa ta duniya.
Mutumin cikakkiyar lafiya na iya zama rashin lafiyan a cikin fewan kwanaki idan iskar ta cika da pollen daga tsire-tsire na ragweed na fure. Kuma wannan nau'in rashin lafiyan yana da kusan magani.
Bayani don la'akari! Daga 2000 zuwa tsakiyar watan Agusta, a cikin Moscow da yankin, an lura da ganuwar ragweed pollen a cikin iska mai yawan ƙwayoyin pollen mai aiki 8-15. A cikin mutumin da ke da raguwar rigakafi, bayyanar rashin lafiyan yana farawa da maida hankali ne game da hatsi 4 na pollen a kowace 1 kumburi. m. yanki.
Mutumin cikakkiyar lafiya na iya zama rashin lafiyan a cikin fewan kwanaki idan iskar ta cika da pollen daga tsire-tsire na ragweed na fure.
Ambrosia na Muhalli
Laifin ragweed bai takaita ga haifar da matsaloli masu yawa ga mutane ba. Kyakyawan jikinta ya yi girma sosai har tana iya jujjuya ƙasa da ƙasa bakarau don amfanin wasu albarkatu.
Dangane da nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje, ragweed don ƙirƙirar 1 kilogiram na kayan bushewa yana ɗaukar kimanin ton 1 na ruwa, 1.5 kilogiram na phosphorus da kuma kilogiram 16 na nitrogen daga ƙasa da sauran tsirrai. Yawan ciyayi mai saurin girma baya barin rana. Wani inuwa mai yawa, “racing yunwa” na abinci mai mahimmanci yana rage yawan amfanin ƙasa da ganyaran ciyayi, gaurayawan, da 'kayan lambu', musamman waɗanda ke ban ruwa. Utsan itace da ke fitowa a cikin 1-2 lokacin bazara sun sami damar girma zuwa 3 -4-mita na Lawn.
A lokacin da lactating dabbobi ci blooming ragweed, madara da samfurori daga gare shi saya mai kaifi mara wari, m m iyawa.
Daga bayanan taƙaitaccen bayanin da aka yi amfani da shi sun nuna “hoto” na abokan gaba, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ƙarshen kisan. Nemo inda ragweed ya zo nahiyarmu.
Daga ina ragweed ya zo mana?
Ambrosia yana cikin rukuni na ƙungiyar tsirrai da aka gabatar. Gaskiya ƙasar haihuwar wannan wakilin tsirrai sako shine Arewacin Amurka. Da shigowa da shigo da kayayyakin amfanin gona na Amurka zuwa Turai a shekarar 1873 tare da kayan furannin fari, ciyawa ta fara yin nasara, saurin yaduwa zuwa kasashen na Yammacin Turai da Asiya.
Ambrosia pollen yana da yawa sau da yawa karami a cikin zuriyar poppy. Tare da iska mai kyau, ta shawo kan nisa daga yankuna na kudanci zuwa Moscow cikin 'yan kwanaki. A cikin yanayi mai natsuwa, kwanciyar hankali, rarrabuwarsa yana ɗaukar kimanin kilomita 4-6 daga inda aka girma. Sakamakon yaduwar fiye da shekaru 100, yankin da aka kama shi a yankin na Yuro-Asiya ya kai kadada miliyan 5.
A shekara ta 1914, aka fara gano ragweed a cikin Ukraine. Tare da fiye da 600 na halitta makiyayan a cikin gida tsakanin tsirrai da kwari, a cikin sabon wurare ragweed da wuya fuskantar wani adawa da ta inganta da kuma kama sabbin wuraren. A cikin Rasha, ragweed ya fara bayyana a kudancin yankunan (Krasnodar Territory), yanayin da ya dace da bukatun muhalli a cikin mahaifarsa kuma yana ci gaba da tafiya zuwa arewa da gabas, gami da yankuna na Gabas ta Tsakiya.
A Rasha, ragweed naturalized a karkashin yanayin yanayi a cikin dukkan yankuna na kudu, a yankin Black Sea, yankin Volga, a cikin Caucasus, yankuna na kudu maso gabashin, Yankin Moscow kuma yana motsawa sosai zuwa arewa da gabas, yana hanzarta daidaita yanayin yanayin waɗannan yankuna.
Leafwort Ambrosia (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., 1753).
Holrosametal ambrosia (Ambrosia psilostachya DC).
Guda-uku Ambrosia (Ambrosia trifida L.).
Shin duk nau'ikan ragweed zasu lalace?
Ambrosia in dangin astrov (Aste-ra-ceae) an fifita shi a cikin wani daban Harshen Ambrosia (Ambrosia).
Halin halittar ya hada da kusan nau'ikan 50 na tsirrai daya-ko na zamani, amma a kan Yuro-Asiya, ciki har da Rasha, galibin halittu 3 ne da ke da hatsari ga lafiyar mutane:
- Leaf Ambrosia (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., 1753);
- Guda-uku Ambrosia (Ambrosia trifida L.);
- Holosome ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya DC).
Dukkansu suna haifar da cututtukan ƙwayar cuta, ƙazamar ƙaya ce kuma sun lalace. Amma nau'ikan farko biyu na ragweed sune ciyawar shekara-shekara kuma, gabaɗaya, yana da sauƙin sarrafa su, nau'in na uku shine perennial, wanda tushen hunturu a cikin ƙasa kuma lokacin yankan, kowane tushe lobule ya kafa sabon shuka.
Ragweed ya juya ya zama mafi dacewa da sabon yanayin rayuwa, kuma shi ne babban mamaye sabbin wurare. Resarfin ƙarshen ambrosia shine tsire-tsire 1-2 a kowace murabba'in mita. m square.
Bayanin Botanical na ragweed
Leaf Ambrosia - shekara-shekara, ciyawar da ke tsaftace mahalli. Yana riƙe da ikon yin regrow bayan 4-5 mowing. Lokacin hawan yana farawa da duman iska zuwa + 6 ... +10 ° C kuma yana wanzuwa har lokacin sanyi na farko. Yana samar da taro mai iska daga 0.2-0.3 zuwa 2.5 m high.
Tushen ragweed, ya shiga zurfi zuwa 1-4 a cikin watanni 2, saiwar ta zurfafa zuwa 1 m. “Pumparfin famfo” yana fitar da danshi tare da duk faɗin ƙasa, yana samar da ingantaccen tsarin abinci mai gina jiki a sama-ƙasa, da sauri yana girma bayan mowing, taro. A ragweed stalk ne madaidaiciya, duhu kore tare da kananan tsagi, pubescent. Rassan lafiya.
Kula! Ba tare da bata lokaci ba na yawan iska yana bayar da gudunmawa ga ƙaruwar mai tushe lokacin girbi.
Ganyen ragweed duhu ne mai launi iri biyu. Manya - tare da kusan m ganye, m-leaved. Young tsire-tsire suna kusan sessile. A ƙananan ganye sau biyu pinnate, zuwa kashi dogon ganye. A ɓangaren ɓangaren ɓangaren ganye ba tare da ɓarna ba, ƙananan wuta, an rufe shi da ƙarancin haske, yana ba takardar a launi mai launin shuɗi.
A bayyanar, ciyawar itace tayi kama da maganin tsutsotsi da ba su da masaniyar lambu, waɗannan tsire-tsire sukan rikita batun. Yana taimaka rarrabe tsirrai ta hanyar ƙanshin su. Wormwood yana da ɗacin tsutsa mai daɗin ɗaci, kuma ragweed yana da ɗan ƙaramin tsutsa-kadan, mai shaƙa, musamman kusa da ƙasa.
Bayan watanni 2 daga bayyanar seedlings, ragweed fara Bloom. Fulawa tayi tsawon watanni 2-3. Furanni marasa daidaituwa, ƙanana, biyar. Dangane da launi na corolla, furanni sun fito daga launin kore, launin toka to rawaya.
Ana tattara furanni na maza da mata a cikin kwanduna daban. An tattara furanni na ɗan lokaci ɗaya a cikin kwanduna na 5-25 furanni masu launin rawaya, waɗanda aka kafa zuwa ƙyalli-mai siffa da ƙyalƙyali waɗanda ke kan saman mai tushe. Kwandunan mata na daɗaɗɗiyar fitila. An tattara ƙananan kwanduna 2-3. Suna located a gindin maza inflorescences, wani lokacin a cikin axils na apical ganye. Fulawa tayi tsawo kuma tana gudana daga watan Yuni zuwa Oktoba, gwargwadon yankin. Matsakaicin zafin jiki don fure da tsawon lokacinta shine + 22 ... +24 ° C. A lokacin fure, tsire-tsire suna samar da adadin ƙwayar allergenic, wanda ya ƙunshi ragweed. Girman ƙwayar pollen yana sau da yawa ƙarancin ɗan itacen poppy.
'Ya'yan itãcen marmari daga ragweed - achenes na obovate ko ƙirar mai goge-goge, launin toka-kore mai launin shuɗi tare da kashin 4-6. 'Ya'yan itãcen ripen ba a farkon Agusta. Plantaya daga cikin shuka a lokacin girma girma daga 25 zuwa 150 dubu tsaba. Yankunan da ba a kwance ba (ko da bala'in kiwo) suma suna riƙe da sa'a da shuka. Da zarar a cikin babban ganuwa (4-5 cm), za su iya nan da nan su dasa ko shuka a shekara mai zuwa. Tsaba da suka fada cikin maɓallin 10-15 cm ba su yi girma ba, amma suna iya kasancewa har zuwa shekaru 40 kuma a ƙarƙashin yanayin da suka cancanci su tsiro su fara haɓaka da sauri.
Ambrosia trifid da holobellate sun bambanta da tsutsa ta hanyar fasali daban na tsarin waje. A cikin tripartite, ba kamar itacen tsutsa ba, itacen ganye yana da hannun jari 3-5. Guda-uku Ambrosia sau da yawa yakan rufe kayan lambu kayan lambu, makiyaya, fi son su girma da haɓaka kan m kasa.
A cikin hololtaceous ragweed, ƙasa mai rhizome tare da m tushen an haɓaka wanda ya yi nasara overwinter a cikin ƙasa kuma fara ciyayi a cikin bazara. Lokacin da aka rarrabu zuwa sassa, kowannensu ya samar da shuka daban.
Tsaba na ragweed shekaru 40 riƙe germination.
Hanyoyin Kula da Ambrosia
A wahalar yin gwagwarmaya ragweed
A cikin tsarin rayuwa, ragweed ya haɓaka kaddarorin musamman waɗanda ke taimaka wa ta tsira a gwagwarmayar neman sararin samaniya:
- ragweed yana samar da adadin ƙwayoyi masu yawa waɗanda zasu iya kasancewa har zuwa shekaru 40, kuma a kowane mataki na girma daga kiwo zuwa cikakke;
- Ambrosia yana yaduwa ta hanyar shuka kai da kuma kawai ta hanyar tsaba waɗanda ke buƙatar hutu na watanni 4 zuwa 6, wanda aka samu ta hanyar digging kaka tare da sauyawa na tafki. A shekaru masu zuwa, lokacin da ya shiga cikin yanayin muhalli mai karɓa, yakan fito kuma ya sami ci gaba mai kyau;
- rashin daidaituwa na ragweed (sama da tushen wuyansa) a lokacin girma yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka haɓaka da kuma sa alama a cikin taro na iska;
- zurfin shiga ainihin tushen ragweed - babban famfo wanda ke ba da shuka tare da danshi da abubuwan gina jiki;
- Kwayar halitta mai saurin girma ta rikidewar ci gaban wasu tsirrai, da kuma "abincin da ke jin yunwa" na abubuwan gina jiki ba tare da hasken rana ba a cikin gajeren lokaci ya lalata su.
Ambrosia mummunar sako ne mai haɗari wanda a cikin gwagwarmayar lalata ta gaba ɗaya ya zama dole a haɗa duka lalata ta zahiri, da kuma amfani da sinadarai (waɗanda ba a son su a cikin sassan da ke kusa da su) da kuma lalata ƙwayoyin halitta.
Za'a iya raba hanyoyin magance ragweed zuwa nau'ikan da yawa:
- lalata jiki;
- hanyoyin agrotechnical;
- amfani da sinadarai.
Rushewar jiki ta jiki
Hanyar da aka fi karɓa kuma ta gama gari don ɗakunan rani da yankuna kusa hannun weeding. Halaka na ciyawa, wanda da farko an rage shi ne don haƙa shi tare da tushe (idan ba ci gaba ba ne, amma keɓantattun tsire-tsire).
Maimaita yawa. Tare da mowing 1-2-ninka, matashin shuka ya girma daga 5 zuwa 20 matasa harbe. Don share sako, kuna buƙatar aiwatar da mowing aƙalla 5-6. Young ragweed yanka a cikin zamani na farko ko (a cikin matsanancin yanayi) taro budding. Tsire-tsire ba su da lokaci don samar da tsaba, wanda ko da lokacin da ba a taɓa yin komai ba sun sami ikon yin shuka. Itatuwa mai lalacewa koyaushe yakan yanke jiki ya mutu tare da farkon yanayin sanyi.
Tushen wuya. Idan an dasa shuka sama da tushen wuyan (wurin da tushen ke wucewa cikin tushe), to sai matasa harbe suka fara haɓakawa a sashin karar, kuma itaciyar tana haɓaka lafiya, kuma ana sanyata daga farkon kwanakin sabuwar rayuwa. Idan ka sare farfajiyar tushe, to sauran zasu “yi aiki lafiya”, suna wadatar da shuka da ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki. Yanke tushen wuya na ragweed zai fi kyau a yi da hoe, amma kuma zaka iya amfani da mai noma. Tare da aiwatar da madaidaicin aiwatar da wannan hanyar, ana iya rage adadin jiyya zuwa 3 a kowace kakar.
M ruwa da kuma kula da sako a cikin farin farin ko kuma farkon lokacin ganye na ganye.
Hanyoyin agrotechnical na lalata halayen ragweed
Mafi kyawun hanyar agrotechnical halaka don lalata ragweed akan shafin shine hanyar da ke tattare da ciyawa tare da sauran tsirrai.
Hanyar wucin gadi Tinning duk gidajen yanar gizo kyauta, gami da lambuna da bishiyoyi, yankuna kusa da su. Kuna iya amfani da cakuda hatsi da kayan perenni, foxtail, alfalfa, fescue, guntun kashi, ƙwayar alkama, sainfoin, da dai sauransu Tsararen lawns na halitta tare da turf mai yawa zai share yanki na ragweed, kuma kula da ciyawa mai laushi ya fi sauƙi fiye da gwagwarmayar ƙazanta tare da sako "cheeky".
Kyakkyawan sakamako yana bada rabin filin tururita amfani da gefuna. Misali, mustard mustard (Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kimiyya ta Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Rasha) ta share filayen keɓe keɓewa.
Dole daidai juya amfanin gona a cikin juyawa amfanin gona da kuma cika dukkan bukatun fasahar aikin gona, wanda a hankali zai datse hannun jari na shuka iri, gami da ragweed.
Chemicals ga halakar ragweed
Hanyar mafi tsattsauran ra'ayi ita ce kashe ragweed tare da herbicides. Kwanan nan, kasuwa ta sake cikawa da sabon tsirrai na tsiro, wanda, ta hanyar lalata ciyayi, kansu sun lalace a cikin ƙasa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin hadaddun ƙwayoyin cuta don ciyawar fure da fauna. Irin waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da AmbroMag, Tornado, Hurricane Forte, Roundup, da sauransu.
Zai fi kyau a yi amfani da tsire-tsire a cikin wuraren da ke da ragweed da sauran ciyayi a wajen yankin - tare da tituna, filayen da aka watsar da su, wuraren da ba kowa, da sauransu Ana buƙatar matakan da suka dace a can don magance yaduwar ƙwayar ragweed.
Tuna! A cikin yankuna na mazauna, wuraren kiwo, yayin da a cikin ƙasar, an haramta amfani da sinadarai mai guba.
Yin amfani da tsire-tsire, yi hankali da hankali sosai, bi duk buƙatun akan marufi ko wasu shawarwarin mutum. Kada ka manta game da matakan tsabta na kariyar kai.
Mai karatu! Muna fatan cewa labarinmu zai ba ku damar jin daɗin rashin girman ragweed, kuma hanyoyin da aka gabatar don halakarwa zai ba da sakamakon da ake so. Babu wata shakka cewa kowannenku ya inganta kuma ya yi amfani da nasa hanyoyin hana sarrafa sako ba tare da cutar da kanku da mambobinku ba, ƙasa da tsirrai masu shuka. Raba asirinmu tare da mu, wanda zai taimaka wajen haɓaka sabbin dabaru masu tasiri da kawar da ƙasarmu daga cutarwa.
