"Ciyar da tsire-tsire masu kyau" - taken ɗayan littattafan da aka buga a farkon karni na 20 a Rasha yana da ban dariya sosai. Amma tambaya ta yaya kuma yadda ake ciyar da tsirran yayi nesa ba kusa ba.
Ofaya daga cikin manyan mutanen zamanin tsakiyar shi ne ɗan kogon Dominican Albert Mai Girma (1193-1280). A cikin rubutunsa "A kan Tsire-tsire", inda dalilan marasa ma'ana suka yi zama tare tare da cikakkun bayanai da aka tattara daga tattaunawa tare da manoma, mafarauta, masu satar dabbobi, masunta, masu shinge, sarari da yawa an sadaukar da shuka abinci mai gina jiki.. "... Takin abinci ne na tsirrai, kuma abincin nan ya kusanto kuma ya dace da shuka fiye da abincin dabbobi". Saboda haka, da'awar Albert Babban, da shuka "in an jima ba wata dabba za ta canza ta abinci".
Ruce Bruce Marlin
A cikin tsohuwar umarnin Rasha, mun kuma sami abubuwa masu amfani da yawa. A cikin ayyukan fitaccen masanin kimiyyar halitta na kasar Rasha A. T. Bolotov, babban ra'ayin shi ne cewa kuna buƙatar sanin “yanayin” itaciyar, wato, a fahimci yanayin tsirrai domin sanin yadda ake ciyar da shi. Da yake magana game da abincin tsirrai, Bolotov ya ambata: "Wannan abincin ya ƙunshi ruwa da wasu ƙwararrun ma'adinai na musamman ko ƙari."
Shine farkon wanda ya fara amfani da tsirar ma'adinai a cikin filayen lardin Tula. Aiwatar da shi ya ce: "Babu wata ƙasa mara kyau, amma akwai mugayen masu". Wannan magana ta zama fuka-fuki, ta zama magana.
Amma gabaɗaya, a cikin aikin gona na Rasha, shekara ɗari bayan Bolotov, ba wanda ya yi tunanin harzuka bishiyoyi tare da tuks.
A cikin "Jagorar Nazarin Aikin Noma da Aikin Noma" na E. F. Rego, wanda aka buga a 1866, mun karanta: "Itatuwa wanda ko dai ya tsaya akan ƙasa mara kyau, ko ya gaji da girbi mai ƙarfi, ko ya yi tsufa, ana iya hadi da takin ƙasa. Ya kamata a mai da takin ƙasa ... Abin da aka lalata da nama, gauraye da ƙasa, Hakanan zai iya zama ciyawar taki. yanayin jiko na tumaki da saniya fari a cikin dusar ƙanƙara ko ruwan sama ". Amma riga a cikin littafin "Taki a cikin Horticulture" (1908), wanda aka buga a ƙarƙashin editorship na shahararren ɗan itacen nan N. I. Kichunov, ya ƙunshi shawarwarin da ke dacewa sosai a yau. "Shuka ta dawaki mai kyau da aka lalata ta ƙunshi dukkanin abubuwan da sukakamata don ingantaccen haɓaka tsire-tsire. Saboda haka, ciyawar galibi ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin takin ƙasa ɗaya. Yawancin takin ƙasa, wanda a yawancin ɓangaren ya ƙunshi kayan abinci ɗaya ko biyu, gaba ɗaya sun bambanta, amma sauran ba su nan. Irin wadannan takin zamani suna da takamaiman tasirin akan tsire-tsire, ko dai suna bayar da gudummawa ga ingantacciyar ci gaba na ganyayyaki da asalinsu, ko haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa da 'ya'yan itatuwa, da sauransu. Saboda haka, cikakken sani na abun da ke ciki na daban-daban takin zamani da samar da ayyuka kamar yadda ya cancanta ga lambu, kazalika da manomi ".
Romawa sun ce: terrae adaeps - "Duniya mai". Wannan “kitse”, a ra'ayinsu, ya sa kasar ta zama ƙasa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, takin da mai a kasashe da yawa ya zama daidai. A cikin Tsohon Rashanci, "tuk" mai kitse, a cikin zamani - taki.
Rey Andrey Korzun
An san shi daga makaranta cewa dukkan tsire-tsire, gami da fruita fruitan itace, suna buƙatar takin gargajiya da ma'adinai, wanda, kamar yadda masanin ilimin kimiyya D.N. Pryanishnikov ya yi nuni da gaskiya, ba wai kawai ban ware ba, har ma da haɗa juna..
Kamar yadda ka sani, jikin dukkan tsirrai ya kunshi abubuwan sunadarai iri daya. Kimanin abubuwa sunadarai 70 da aka samo a cikin itacen ash. A cikin su, masana kimiyya sun bambanta rukuni biyu: macrocells, wato, tsirrai sunyi amfani da su a cikin manyan adadin (daga ƙarami zuwa kashi ɗari zuwa yawan nauyin bushe), da microelements, wato, ya zama dole ga tsirrai a cikin adadi mai ƙima (daga kashi ɗari na kashi). Tsakanin microelements, wasu lokuta ana bambanta su, wanda tsirrai ke amfani dashi koda ƙanana kaɗan. Daga cikin macrocells, tsire-tsire suna buƙatar carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur (daga abin da aka samar da mahaɗin kwayoyin halitta), phosphorus, potassium, alli, magnesium, baƙin ƙarfe, sodium, wani lokacin silicon, chlorine, aluminum. Daga cikin micronutrients, tsire-tsire mafi yawa ana buƙatar boron, manganese, jan ƙarfe, zinc, molybdenum, cobalt, da dai sauransu, da na micronutrients - cesium, rubidium, cadmium, strontium, da dai sauransu.
Kamar yadda kuka sani, itacen 'ya'yan itace yawanci ya ƙunshi sassa biyu: jari, wanda ke ba da abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma scion, wanda sashi ne na iska. Yin amfani da na'urar assimilation, maɗaukin “yana aiki” azaman mai daukar hoto. Yana da mahimmanci a jaddada cewa idan, lokacin da aka samar da tushen kayan abinci mai yawa tare da abubuwan gina jiki masu yawa, rashin lura da yawa ko ɗayansu yana lura, to tsire-tsire bazai iya haɓaka kullun kuma su ba da 'ya'ya. Wani lokaci ya isa ya zama daidai da dacewa da kula da ƙasa wanda ya sa sashin da ya isa zuwa can ga tsire-tsire da shi ya zama ya kasance ko kuma sake farfado da ƙasa “ajiya” tare da takin gargajiya da ma'adinai.
Kurmi & Kim Starr
Ya kamata a lura cewa lambunan gidajen samari ne kafin shiga cikin lokacin fruiting da wuya su sha wahala daga rashin abincin ma'adinai. A farkon lokacin rayuwarsa, wanda ake kira ƙarami, tsire-tsire masu buƙatar ruwa. Itace ɗan ƙarami itace wacce tayi dacewa da abin mamaki. "Ya saba" ga gaskiyar cewa ƙasa a kusa da tushen sa ke ba da ruwa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, itaciyar, idan kwatsam kuka daina shayarwa, za su amsa wannan tare da ci gaba da jin daɗi da fruiting.
Idan akwai isasshen danshi a cikin ƙasa kuma zaku iya yin hukunci ta hanyar bayyanar da shuka da tayi girma kuma tana ci gaba, kuna buƙatar yin tunani game da ƙimar "ciyar" - bayan duk, zaku iya shagala da gangan. A wannan yanayin (kuma a cikin mutane da yawa) yana da kyau a ɗauki shawarar Farfesa A. S. Grebnitsky don shuka ƙwayar lupine mai narkewa a cikin layuka na fruitan itace. A cikin littafin "Kula da Orchard," ya rubuta: "... lupine mai tsayi mai tsayi za a iya shuka shi a gindin bishiyoyi zuwa tsintsaye kuma ya kasance a can tsawon shekaru ba tare da girbi ba. Wannan lupine yana da kauri da tsawo, wanda, da yake ya rayu wani lokaci, a ƙarshe ya mutu yana jujjuya shi a cikin ƙasa, yashe ƙasa a cikin shugabanci, wanda (musamman akan yumɓu na yumɓu masu nauyi) abu ne mai matukar dacewa ga bishiyoyi. A cikin kaka, zaku iya yankar ciyawar lupins kuma ku barsu a cikin lambu: wannan takin ƙasa na ƙasa ne don amfanin bishiyoyi ".
Da kyau, idan itaciyar itace tayi rauni, tayi karanci kuma tana ci gaba? Gano dalilin, a aikace abu ne mai sauqi ka gano ko yunwa ce ko a’a.. Rashin rauni, ƙananan ganye, 'ya'yan itatuwa mara ɗanɗano, tsinkaye ga nau'ikan cututtukan tabbas tabbas alamun yunwa. Amma kuna buƙatar sanin idan zai yiwu daidai abin da shuka take buƙata. Wani "gwani" zai musanta gaskiyar gaskiyar: "Ka ba ni mashin na bazara na daskararren taki, agronomist ɗin baya buƙata, za a sami amfanin gona". Don haka a'a ba haka bane. Fresh taki, da fari dai, saboda dalilai da yawa (musamman, saboda gaskiyar cewa ya cika da ciyawar tsaba), ba za mu ba da shawarar shigo da shi cikin gonar ba, kuma abu na biyu, a ƙarshen hunturu - farkon farkon bazara, wannan Ba za mu sake ba da shawarar shi ba: abubuwa da yawa masu amfani ga tsire-tsire za su ɓace yayin narkewar dusar ƙanƙara da gudana.
Kurmi & Kim Starr
Yaya za a kasance? Mafi kyawun zaɓi, kamar yadda al'adar ta nuna, shine shirya takin zamani a hankali, a gaba. Don rage asara mai narkewa a cikin taki, yana da amfani don ƙara peat mai bushe, yana kwanciya a cikin yadudduka na 20-30 santimita, madadin a cikin tsiro tare da yadudduka na taki. Haka kuma yana da kyau don ƙara takin mai magani na phosphate - 15-25 kilogiram na superphosphate da ton na taki. Lokacin amfani da takin daga taki tare da superphosphate, yawan amfanin ƙasa ya fi yadda ake amfani da taki da superphosphate dabam.
Karel Čapek yana da karamin lambu a Prague a gidansa. Ya ce saduwa da ƙasa da kowane abu mai tsiro da fure yana ɗaya daga cikin kyawawan abubuwan rayuwa a rayuwarsa. Yana matukar sha'awar aikin gona, Chapek ya fara nazarin ilimin dabbobi, kimiyar kasa, fasahar aikin gona da samun ilimi mai zurfi a wannan fannin. Ya rubuta, "ƙasa mai kyau," kamar abinci mai kyau, yakamata ya zama mai saurin ɗaci, mai nauyi ko sanyi, ko yashiya ko bushewa ... yakamata ya durƙushe, amma ba ya murƙushewa ba; ya kamata ya durƙushe, amma ba gurguwa ba ".
Chapek, tare da halayyar halayyar sa, ya rubuta cewa mai lambu ne na gaskiya, "sau ɗaya a cikin gonar Aidan ... Ina da ƙyar abin da yake dandanawa in faɗi: - Kuma wannan, ƙaunataccen, humus! A ganina, zai ma manta da ɗanɗano ɗan itacen daga bishiyar sanin nagarta da mugunta: zai yi ƙoƙari ya kwashe komai daga wurin Ubangiji Allah amalanke na aljanna humus ".
A applesYawancin lokaci lambu dole ne ya yi ba tare da "humus aljan" ba, sabili da haka, ga alama, mai karatu zai yi sha'awar sanin menene kuma yadda ake ciyar da tsire-tsire 'ya'yan itace a cikin gonar dabbobi na Rutkevichi (gundumar Schuchinsky, yankin Grodno). Gabaɗaya, ta hanyar, idan sanannun fasahar noma ta itacen apple, hanyoyin aikin gona na namo pear ba su da haɓaka, kuma galibi abin da aka ba da shawarar don itacen itacen apple ana amfani da shi a zahiri a cikin wannan amfanin gona, ba la'akari da takamaiman kayan aikinsa ba.. Dangane da kwarewar Rutkevichs, muna son ba da lambu mai son recommendationsan shawarwarin da za su iya.
Placesauki wurare masu dumin ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin lu'u-lu'u a kan rukunin yanar gizon, kariya daga tasirin rinjaye da sanyi arewa maso gabas da iska mai gabas. Ramin kowane kwatance ya dace da saukowa. Koyaya, yakamata a baiwa fifikon kudu maso yamma, yamma, da kuma kudu masu hankali. A kasar gona ya zama isasshe sako-sako, da permeable ga ruwa da iska, in ya yiwu yashi ko haske loamy. Mafi kyawun amsawar ƙasa don haɓakar pear shine acidic tare da pH na 4.2 don kusa da tsaka tsaki tare da pH na 5.6-6.5.
Kirki yana amsar taki. Hakanan ana ba da shawarar ma'adinan ma'adinai a wannan yanayin tare da abubuwan da aka haɗa tare da takaddun gargajiya-ma'adinai ko gauraya.. A 1 m2 na gangar jikin da'irar (tsiri) - 3 - 8 kilogiram na takin, humus ko rabin-balaga da taki, 100 g na superphosphate da 20-30 g busassun takin mai magani na nitrogen (yadawa a saman kasar gona da rufewa yayin da aka kwance). Lokacin amfani da saman riguna na ruwa, ana zuba maganin a cikin ajikin furcin tare da tsinkayar da'irar ko tare da tsintsiyar kusa. Ya kamata maida hankali ya zama mai rauni: 2-8 g da lita 1 na ruwa. Kari akan haka, yi amfani da maganin slurry da droppings na tsuntsu, wanda aka tsabtace shi da ruwa, a hankali, sau 3-4 da sau 10 (bushe sau 20). Ka'idodin maganin maganin takin gargajiya da na ma'adinai shine guga 1 don huhun 3-4. Kafin a saka miya a cikin busassun yanayin, ya kamata a shayar da ƙasa a cikin furrows. Dole a ajiye kewayen akwati, ba tare da ciyawa ba.
PearsTsabta da oda tabbas alamu ne cewa gonar, gidan gona yana hannun mai martaba. Inda akasarin rashin noma yayi nasara, anan girbin yayi murna. Yadda za a zubar da sharar gida? Gardenerswararrun lambu ko da a cikin karamin shinge na lambu sun sami nasarar warware wannan matsalar. Sukan yi amfani da ciyawar ciyawa, ganyayyaki da suka fadi, fi, sharar abinci, da kuma feɗe.
Takan tattara allunan yawanci ba zai wuce mil 2. Don yin wannan ba, da farko cire saman ƙasa tare da zurfin 20 cm, sannan ƙirƙirar "matashin kai" - zuba peat tare da Layer na 10-15 cm kuma sa wani Layer a 20-30 cm na takin abu. Kowane irin wannan Layer yana da danshi kuma an rufe shi da dunƙule na ƙasa ko peat. A cikin lokaci, tari na takin ana kankama sau da yawa.
Wasu lambu sun fi son tsarin sarrafa kayan abinci wanda takin ya faru a matakai uku na shiri.. Don yin wannan, yi amfani da akwati mai ƙarfin wuta ba tare da tushe ba (ƙididdigar girma: tsayi 1.5 m, tsawon 6 m, nisa 2 m). An rarraba wannan akwatin zuwa kashi biyu da keɓaɓɓe tare da yanki na akalla 2X2, saboda ku iya yin aiki a ciki tare da felu ko fenti. Ci gaba mai takaddun ci gaba ya ƙunshi saka sabo a cikin ɓangaren farko, takin da aka shirya daga sashi na uku, da takin daga sashi na biyu ana canja shi zuwa na uku.
Yana da kyau a tuna cewa a cikin tsirar tsiron peat, feces da sauri bazu, zazzabi a ciki ya hau zuwa 60-70 ° kuma tsutsotsi da ƙwaiyensu sun mutu. Cakuda feces da ƙasa ba ya zafi. Sabili da haka, don lalata, za a iya amfani da takin ƙasa ƙasa bayan shekara guda da rabi.
© dimnikolov
Lokacin kwanantar da kayan sabo, ƙwararrun 'yan lambu sun zuba yadudduka na 15-30 cm tare da gari mai phosphorite ko lemun tsami, da sauya takin a ƙarshen bazara ko farkon lokacin kaka mai zafi a cikin ɗakun na biyu, ƙara ci abinci ko superphosphate.
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don takin. Amma a nan, ga alama a gare mu, ya dace mu tuna da maganar M.V. Lomonosov: "Na fi son kwarewa guda ɗaya ga ra'ayoyin ɗari shida waɗanda aka haifar da hasashe kawai.". Takin mai da aka dafa-da dafa shi ta kowace hanya - takin zamani.
Idan saboda wasu dalilai baku sanya takin ba, amma kuka sami damar sayan takin gargajiya da ma'adinai, to zasu samar da apples and pears da abinci. A cikin kaka, kafin digging, watsa takin gargajiya da ma'adinai a cikin lambu. Allurar takaddun ma'adinai ya dogara da kashin abubuwan abinci mai ma'adinai a cikin kasar gona da bukatar tsirrai. Abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta ba za su taɓa cutarwa ba, tun da wannan yanayin suna aiki ba wai kawai a matsayin tushen abubuwan gina jiki ba, har ma a matsayin hanyar inganta abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa. Don kowane mitar yanki na yankin da za a haƙa, ba da 2 - 5 kilogiram na daskararren taki ko 150-300 g na tsintsayen tsuntsaye (ƙididdigar tsabta - ba tare da datti ba). A zahiri, a kowane yanayi, waɗannan ƙimar halayen suna iya kuma ya kamata su canza.
A cikin kaka da farkon bazara, ana iya amfani da feces da ruwa tare da kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin bishiyoyin 'ya'yan itace. Tabbas, dole ne a saka su nan da nan a cikin ƙasa don isasshen zurfin, to, za su lalata su kuma zama marasa lahani a lokacin girbi.
Mattjiggins
Ta yaya, don gano ko tsire-tsire suna buƙatar abubuwa masu ma'adinai?
Tun daga tsakiyar karni na karshe, an ci gaba da jerin karatuna - yadda kuma yadda ake "ciyar" 'ya'yan itace, amma har yanzu wannan matsalar ta kasance cikin gaggawa. Gaskiyar ita ce amsar wannan tambaya ya dogara da inda kuma lokacin da filin, kuma ba kawai binciken filin tare da takin mai magani ba. Sakamakon gwaje-gwajen na iya zama “tabbas” ana amfani da su ne kacokam a cikin yanayin da aka samo su. Amma ko a nan za su zama sosai, kusan a yanayin yanayin canza sosai, misali, yanayin. Don haka duk shawarar da aka bashi (kuma ba za su iya zama wasu) shawarwari da aka tsara don ƙasa mai kama da ita ba kuma yanayin yanki na yanayi ne.
Da kyau, ta yaya zaka sami ƙarin daidaitattun bayanai?
A cikin aikin lambu na yau da kullun, a yau galibi suna amfani da maganganun gani (ido). Mai lambu mai son yin amfani da shi ma zai iya amfani da shi. Yana samuwa ga kowane mai lura. Ya danganta ne da bayyanarwar waje na karancin abinci mai gina jiki ko kuma mai wuce gona da iri, wanda aka bayyana a cikin canjin launi da ganyen, bayyanar a kansu na tabe, rabe, yatsu masu mutuwa da sauran karkacewa a bayyanar tsirrai daga dabi'a. Haka kuma, ga kowane bangare, canje-canje a bayyanar tsire-tsire idan akwai rashin abinci mai gina jiki halayyar kirki ce. Misali, tare da matsananciyar yunwar alli a cikin bishiyar apple, haɓakar Tushen yana rage gudu, suna zama marasa gajarta, suna kama hanyar kututture.
Idan itacen apple ya rasa nitrogen, to sai ya yi saurin ci gaba, ganyayyaki sun rasa launin korensu kuma suna canza launin rawaya. Alamomin farko na rashin potassium iri daya ne da na rashin nitrogen, kuma a nan gaba - fitowar wani duhu mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi tare da gefuna na ganyayyaki, da samuwar bakin harbe. Babban alamun rashi na phosphorus masu rauni ne na rauni da tsiro marasa kyau, ganye mai duhu, inuwa mai laushi na cutarsu da jijiyoyinsu a kasan farfajiya, tare da matsananciyar yunwa - samuwar rawaya-kore da duhu kore aibobi.
Pear (Pear)Lokacin da karancin sunadarai ya kasance, saka miya ta zama tilas.
Da kyau, ta yaya har yanzu kuke magance matsalar: don ciyar da itacen apple ko a'a don ciyarwa lokacin da komai ya kasance cikin tsari.Da farko, yi kokarin ƙayyade amfanin gona ta hanyar fure buds. Kidaya guda nawa ne akan kusan reshe daya, gano yadda irin wadannan rassan suke a jikin bishiya. Fure furanni biyar daga kowane toho. Yanzu zaku iya lissafin adadin furanni da yawa za a tsammaci a kan bishiya. Tabbas, ba kowane fure bane yake ba da kwai. A cewar masana, a cikin bishiyoyi masu balaga, a ƙarƙashin yanayi masu kyau, ovary mai amfani shine kusan 10%, a cikin matasa - 15-20%. Tun da ƙididdige yawan 'ya'yan itace guda ɗaya, yana da sauƙi a tantance irin amfanin gona da ke jiranka. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don lissafin buƙatar takin, ruwa ban ruwa ...
Anan ga wasu nasihu masu amfani domin yanyanan lambu wadanda basu da idanunsu cike da kayan gwaji. Tare da furanni matsakaici ko ,an 'yan itace, taimaka wa itacen sa ƙulla kamar' ya'yan itatuwa da yawa.. Ofaya daga cikin magunguna uku masu zuwa sun dace da wannan: maganin 0.01% na boric acid (1 g da lita 10 na ruwa), maganin 0.02% na zinc sulfate ko manganese sulfate, da kuma cakuda cakuɗa mai kyau na dukkanin hanyoyin ukun. Tabbas, a cikin yanayin na ƙarshe, rage sashin kowane ɗayansu don yawan taro ba ya wuce 0.02%.
Idan aka rage girman girman itacen apple kuma ganyen ya zama rawaya (tabbataccen alama ce ta karancin nitrogen), kara gram 20 na urea a guga na ruwa lokacin feshi. Maganin ta 0.5% (50 g a 10 l na ruwa) bayani (ba tare da abubuwan ganowa ba) kwanaki goma bayan fure, yana da kyau ku sake sake cin itacen itaciya. Kuma a lõkacin da suka wuce haddi ovary da dama, ciyar da itãce da cikakken ma'adinai taki. Ana iya warwatsa shi a kan ƙasa mai laushi, ko ma mafi kyau, fesa su tare da bayani na ƙananan taro (0.3-0.5%).
Janar shawara: yi amfani da takin mai ma'adinai a hankali, kar a overdo. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, zai fi kyau kusan ciyar, fiye da overfeed (akwai tsohuwar magana: idan ba a cikin matsakaici ba, kuma zuma ta zama kamarmu). Tabbas, a cikin ƙasa ana iya samun isasshen adadin abubuwan abinci na mutum ko ma fiye da ƙari. A wannan yanayin, gabatarwar wadannan abubuwan zai zama cikakke ba duka biyu daga mahangar tattalin arziki ba kuma saboda takin mai magani na iya haɓaka abubuwan gina jiki zuwa matakin da zai iya cutar da tsire-tsire, kuma daga baya ga mutumin da ya ci 'ya'yan itatuwa waɗanda aka mamaye su da abubuwan sinadarai.
Itacen apple (Malus)Sabili da haka, muna ba da shawara sau ɗaya don koyo da wuri-wuri ta alamun gani don sanin abin da shuka ke buƙata.
A cikin "Fasali kan Furanni" na abin tunawa da tarihin tsohuwar litattafan Indiya Dhammapada akwai layuka waɗanda ke zama gyara da kuma lambu na zamani: "Kada ya kalli kuskuren wasu, ga abin da aka yi ba wasu sun yi shi ba, sai dai abin da ya yi kuma ba shi da kansa ya yi ba.".
Mawallafi: G. Rylov, Dan takarar ilimin kimiyyar aikin gona
