Tashi. Daga tarihin al'adu

Na farko da aka kafa tarihi na tabbatar da ingancin al'adun gargajiyar Turkiyya. Kimanin shekaru dubu biyar da suka gabata, Sarkin Sumrian Saragon I, da ya dawo daga yaƙin soja, ya kawo dazuzzuka cikin birni Ura. An samo bayanai game da wannan yayin raunin kaburbura na sarauta na Chaldea a Uru. An yi imanin cewa daga baya aka girke fure daga garin Uru zuwa Crete da Girka, daga can kuma akwai kogunan ruwa da ayarin jiragen ruwa zuwa hanyoyin kasuwanci zuwa Syria, Egypt, da Transcaucasia.

Evidencearancin shaida ya wanzu a cikin jinsin, nau'in wardi, da kuma hanyoyin haɓaka su da tsufa a cikin ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya. Na farkon su sun dawo zuwa tsohuwar Girka, inda al'adun fure suka kai babban matsayi. Tsoffin Helenawa sun sadaukar da wannan fure zuwa ga allahn ƙauna - Eros da allahn ƙauna da kyakkyawa - Aphrodite. A lokacin Alexander Mai Girma, marubucin Girkanci Theophrastus, wanda ya rayu a karni na 3 kafin haihuwar Yesu, ya bayyana fure da kulawa a irin wannan dalla-dalla a cikin littafin "Tarihin Halitta" wanda masana halitta na zamani zasu iya kara kadan ga aikin sa.

Tsohuwar Romawa sun karɓi al'adun fure daga tsohuwar Helenawa, suna ɗauke shi zuwa mafi girma. Romawa suna da masaniyar hanyoyin yin amfani da wardi ta wurin shuka iri, gero, alurar riga kafi. Akwai bayanai cewa Romawa masu daraja, ba sa son barin furanni da suka fi so a lokutan hunturu, sun rubuta su tare da jiragen ruwa gaba ɗaya daga Misira. Daga baya a Rome, a cikin lokacin sanyi, sun koya girma fure a cikin greenhouses by distillation. Don haka, mawaki Martial (kusan 40 - kusan shekaru 104), yayin da yake magana game da tsefe-tsalle, ya lura cewa Tiber ba ta ƙasa da kogin Nilu ba ta yawan waɗannan furanni, kodayake yanayi yana samar da su, kuma a nan yana da fasaha. Sauran furanni masu alfarma, Anacreont, Horace, Pliny the Elder.

Wardi a waccan zamanin sune kayan adon duk bikin. Ba wani taron farin ciki ko farin ciki, ba taron siyasa ko bikin addini da aka kammala ba tare da su ba. Wardi da aka yi wa kwalliya na kwalliya, tebura mai wanki da benaye a cikin ɗakunan ajiyar abubuwa, ginshiƙan da aka yi wa ado da bango na ɗakin bikin, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa sun cika da ruwa mai ɗumi, a ƙarshe kuma sun hau kan “gado na wardi,” wato, kan matasai cike da furannin fure. A cewar masana tarihi na d Ne a, sarki Nero (im. 54-68) ya taɓa biyan ganga na gwal don aikin da ya rubuta a lokacin sanyi daga Alexandria, da sarki Helio-gabal (im. 218-222), wanda ya ba da umarnin shirya a lokacin idi akwai irin wannan ruwan sama daga furanni daga rufin ɗakin ɗakin da inda ake taruwar idi, da yawa baƙi suka sha iska a cikinsu.

Romawa sun sadaukar da fure ga gumaka na ƙauna, alheri da nishaɗi. Wani ado na wardro da myrtle ya yiwa ado da ado yayin da ta shiga gidan mijinta tare da rataye da adon ruwan hoda. An san cewa Romawa sunyi amfani da fure na fure-fure don dalilai na kwaskwarima. Misali, don adana samari da kyakkyawa, mata suna wanka da ruwan fure, kuma domin kawar da alamomi, suna shafa fure a fuskokinsu da daddare. Lokacin da kwamandan, bayan nasara a cikin yaƙi, da nasara ya shiga Roma, an rufe shi da wardi. An kuma yi musu kwalkwali da garkuwa na jarumai da waɗannan furanni.

Daga cikin abubuwan zane-zane na tsohuwar duniyar da ta zo mana, ana samun fure a cikin kayan masarufi da alamomi. Mafi sau da yawa, an yi wa hotonta ado da lambobi, umarni, hatimin, suttattun makamai. A tsakiyar zamanai, an dauki fari fure alama ce ta shuru. Idan har akwai fararen fure akan tebur a zauren liyafa, to kowa ya fahimci cewa ba za a yada jawaban da aka yi anan ba. Bayan faduwar Rome, al'adar fure ta fada cikin lalata.

'Yan Salibiyyar sun sake dawo da dangantaka tsakanin kasashen Gabas da Yamma. Wardi sun sake komawa cikin Turai. Don haka, Thibault VI, Kidaya na Champagne (XIII karni), yana dawowa daga Jihadi, an kawo shi gidan nasa Provence fure. Daga baya Roses ya zama sananne a Spain. Lambuna na Valencia, Cordoba da Grenada a zamanin mulkin Moors sune tsayayyun shinge na fure. Yanayin al'adu na fure mafi yalwatacce kuma sun isa Faransa. Har zuwa karni na 16 akwai jami'ai na musamman a kasar nan wadanda aikinsu ya hada da yin ado da ofisoshin gwamnati da kayan almara.

Yawancin tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi an haɗa su da kyakkyawan fure. Tsoffin Romawa suna danganta fararen wardi tare da bautar allolin Venus (Aphrodite Greek). An yi imani da cewa lokacin da allahn ya fito daga teku zuwa gaɓar tekun, inda ƙurar teku ta fado daga jikinta, fararen fararen fata sun yi girma. Tsoffin Helenawa sunyi la'akari da wanda ya kirkiro da wardi na alloli Flora. Haka kuma, labarin tatsuniyoyi ya ce fure ya kasance fari fat, kuma ba mai kamshi ba har sai allahiyar ta tsoma kan ƙafarta, ta hau kan ƙaya. Daga wannan, 'yan saukad da jinin allolin suka faɗi akan furen, tun daga wannan lokacin ya sami launi ja.

Legendan labari na musulmai mai ban sha'awa game da launin rawaya, wanda ke nuna mana cewa Mohammed, yana barin yaƙi, ya ɗauki rantsuwa da matarsa ​​Aisha. Koyaya, a cikin rashi, Aisha ta zama mai sha'awar yarinyar Bahaushe. Mohammed, yana dawowa daga yaƙin soja, ya umarci matarsa ​​da ta sanya launin ruwan fure a cikin fadar bazara: idan ba ta canza launi ba, matar ba ta da laifi. Aisha ta yi biyayya, amma menene abin tsororta yayin da aka dauko fure daga tushe ta zama mai launin toka. Tun daga nan, ana ganin fure mai launin rawaya alama ce ta arya, cin amana.

A cikin karni na XVII-XVIII. Al'adar fure ta yadu a duk duniya. A Turai, Faransa ta zama cibiyarta. An ƙirƙirar manyan tarin abubuwa a nan, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ƙungiyoyi daban-daban: centipholic, damask, French. Tarin tarin daga lambun Dessin da ke Saint-Denis sun hada da nau'ikan 300. A Faransa, wani gamin gambiza na masu shayarwa da masu fure ya tashi.

Endarshen XVIII - farkon karni na XIX. - mafi yawan lokaci a cikin samar da wardi na sababbin kungiyoyi, wanda ya zama tushen tushen tsarin zamani. Sabuntawa, shayi mai hade, Pernetian, polyanthus da sauran kungiyoyi sun bayyana. An rarraba Roses sosai a Jamus, Ingila, Holland, Bulgaria da wasu ƙasashe. Sun fara shiga cikin Rasha, Italiya, Spain, Switzerland. Koyaya, babu wata ƙasa a cikin duniya data girma da aka ci gaba kamar yadda ake yi a Faransa.

Yanzu a cikin wannan ƙasa mafi kyawun kayan ado da mai na hatsi suna girma, a kan abin da suke shirya kyawawan ƙanshin, shafawa, ruwan inabi. Wani yanki mai mahimmanci na ƙasar noma shine amfanin gona na fure. A shekara-shekara samar da fure bushes ne game da miliyan 20. Yanda aka yanka wardi akasarinsu a cikin gidajen da ba a girke su ba, saboda haka ana yanke furannin furanni a Faransa a kowane lokaci na shekara. Alfahari da ‘yan kasar gaba daya shine shahararren lambun fure a duniya wanda ke a filin shakatawa na Bagatelle (kadada 24.5) a cikin birnin Paris. Tana daukar nauyin gasar gasa ta kasa da kasa.

Netherlands ce ke matsayi na farko a duniya wajen fitar da furanni, gami da wardi. Masana'antar furanni anan ta sami irin wannan girman wanda babu shi a cikin kowace ƙasa. Yaren mutanen Holland, wanda ya kwace ƙasar daga teku, ba ya kiyaye tsawan filayen hectare dubu. Kusan kashi 90% na kayan aikin floric da suke fitarwa zuwa ƙasashe da yawa na duniya, gami da namu.

An mai da hankali sosai don kiwo wardi a Bulgaria. Sama da dubu ɗari biyar bushes wannan ƙasar fitarwa zuwa dama kasashen Turai. Bugu da kari, kasar Bulgaria ta shahara a duniya wajen samar da man fure. An tanadi manyan wuraren dasa tsiran oilanyen mai. Abin sha'awa, ana buƙatar kilogram 1 na mai, kilogiram 500 na fure, ko furanni miliyan uku, ana buƙatar su.

Bayanai na farko game da al'adun fure a Rasha sun fara ne daga lokacin mulkin Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich na Moscow (c. 1613-1645). Terry ya yi girma a cikin Moscow a wannan lokacin. Koyaya, ana gano fargaba a cikin Rasha kawai daga farkon karni na XIX. Sun sami shahara ta musamman tsakanin masu noman fure a ƙarshen karni saboda godiya ga ayyukan I.V. Michurin, N.I. Kichunov, N.D. Kostetsky. A wannan lokacin, an fara amfani da fure don biranen shakatawa - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Odessa.

A cikin karni na XX. Tedwararrun fromwararrun fromasa na Babban Botanical Garden na USSR Academy of Sciences, sun haɓaka haɓakar fure na fure, waɗanda suka yi abubuwa da yawa don rarraba nau'ikan fure da na waje. Suna kula da lambobin sadarwa tare da wasu lambunan Botanical, kazalika da gonakin noman fure, gandun daji, masu noman fure. Duk da lokacin sanyi mai dusar kankara, yanayin sanyi, wani lokacin bazara mai bushe da kuma lokacin damina mai sanyi, an samar da tarin girma na kasar sama da 2,500 kuma ana ci gaba da mamaye kasa mai tsafta a shekaru arba'in.

Florists a cikin Babban Botanical Garden na USSR Cibiyar Kimiyya ba kawai aiwatar da aikin gabatarwa na tsari ba, ƙididdige hanya da zaɓi mafi kyawun nau'ikan ƙasashen waje da na gida, amma kuma haɓaka da sarrafa fasahar namo don takamaiman yanayin yanayi. Yada yawaitar mafi kyawun nau'in da aka bada shawarar yin yaduwar taro a wasu yankuna na yanayin zafi, masu girke girke da sha'awar suna nuna fasahohi da hanyoyin amfani da wardi a cikin lambun da ginin wurin shakatawa da kuma yin kwalliyar filaye daban daban.

Akwai manyan tarin wardi ba wai kawai a yankuna na kudu sun dace da al'adu ba - Crimea (Lambunan Nikitsky - nau'ikan 1600), a cikin Caucasus (Nalchik - nau'ikan 900), Transcaucasia (Tbilisi - nau'ikan 600), amma a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na Latvia (Salaspils - 750 iri), Belarus (nau'in Minsk - 650), kazalika a cikin Leningrad (nau'ikan 400) har ma da Siberia (Novosibirsk - nau'in 400).

Yawancin mu masu noman fure suna tsunduma cikin rarraba nau'ikan fure da na waje, haɓaka gwaninta cikin narkar da ƙasashen waje: V. N. Bylov, N. L. Mikhailov, I. I. Shtanko, N. P. Nikolaenko, K. L. Sushkova da sauransu da yawa. Babban taimako ga ci gaban kayan lambu na kayan ado a ƙasarmu ya kasance ta Ivan Porfirievich Kovtunenko daga Nalchik. Tare da halartar sa, shimfidar wuri na farko, galibi tare da wardi, Nunin Nunin Noma a Moscow (yanzu VVC) an gudana.

Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su:

• Sokolov N.I. - Wardi. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1991