A halin yanzu, don samar da amfanin gona mai mahimmanci da kuma kula da haɓakar ƙasa, mazauna bazara a ko'ina suna amfani da takin ma'adinai mai ma'ana, waɗanda ke ɗauke da abubuwan da aka cire daga ƙasa ta amfanin gona. Kuna buƙatar sanin cewa tuks suna samar da haɓakar ɗan lokaci kaɗan na amfanin gona, yayin da rage adadin humus a cikin ƙasa, shine, yawan amfanin ƙasa.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an sami ci gaba da yawa daga masu mallakar filayen da suka sauya sheka zuwa harkar noma ta kasa. Tushen ilimin halittu yana cikin wannan yanayin amfani da samfuran halitta kawai a rayuwar yau da kullun, karɓar wanda ba shi yiwuwa ba tare da komawa zuwa Uwar Duniya abubuwan da suka ɗauki amfanin gona. Madadin da ya cancanci “wadatar sunadarai” sune takin ƙasa - na ɓarnar dabbobi da ke cin abincin tsirrai. Irin wannan taki takin gargajiya ne.
Tashin hankali daga taki rotted. As dasunsMenene bambanci tsakanin takin gargajiya da ma'adinai?
An samar da takin mai ƙasa a tsire-tsire masu guba kuma, lokacin da aka shigar da shi cikin ƙasa, kayan abu ne na ƙasashen waje don tsire-tsire wanda dole ne a canza shi zuwa nau'in amfani mai amfani.
- Don samun wadatuwa ga tsirrai, dole ne a canza abubuwa na abinci masu gina jiki zuwa tsari na chelate.
- Ma'adinan ma'adinai sun ƙunshi kunkuntar jerin abubuwan sunadarai masu mahimmanci ga tsire-tsire.
- Tuki suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙasa, la'akari da sigoginsa da bukatun tsirrai.
- Ma'adinai mai ma'adinai basa bada gudummawa ga samuwar humus, ta haka ne suke rage takin ƙasa.
Abubuwan gina jiki na takin gargajiya sun fi isa ga tsirrai, tunda su samfurori ne na ayyukan dabbobi, kuma a cikin tsarin halittu shine asalinsa na halitta. Iyakar abin da aka iyakance a cikin aikin gona: tare da al'adun da ba su dace ba, nitrites ya tara a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari. Sharar gida a lokacin sarrafa siffofin humus, wanda ke kayyade matakin amfanin gona.
Iri irin taki da fasali
Ana samun nau'ikan taki iri daga dabbobi:
- saniya (mullein);
- doki;
- naman alade;
- tsuntsu (kaza);
- zomo
- tumaki, da sauransu.
Kowane irin taki yana da nasa halaye da kuma abun da ke ciki, ya bambanta da lokacin bayyanar kasar gona.
Tasiri saniya taki: yana da mafi inganci don shekaru 2-3 a kan yashi da yashi kasa loamy kasa da shekaru 4-6 a kan lãka mai nauyi.
Tsuntsayen Bird bazuwar tsawon shekara guda. Wannan shine mafi kyawun takin gargajiya. Ya dace don amfani da riguna sama. Koyaya, maida hankali kan tsinkayen tsuntsu ya yi yawa har izuwa amfani da shi wajen sanya kayan miya zai yiwu ne kawai lokacin da aka narkar da 10-12 sau.
Abincin doki - ɗayan mafi kyau. M tsarin da arziki sunadarai abun da ke ciki, high bazuwar zazzabi, ya fi tasiri lokacin da amfani da bude ƙasa da kuma greenhouses. Dangane da aikin gona, yawan kiwar dawakai a cikin gonaki ya ragu sosai. Ya zama ƙasa da ƙasa da mullein.
Alade taki masu amfani da shi ta hanyar lambu zuwa mafi ƙaranci. Ya ƙunshi babban abun ciki na nitrogen (pungent ammonia wari), adadi mai yawa na helminths. Ba za a iya amfani da sabo ba. Yawancin lokaci ana haɗe shi da doki, ƙara gari dolomite, takin har shekara ɗaya don tsaran halitta (daga helminths), sannan kawai sai a sanya shi cikin ƙasa. Alade taki yana da kyau domin yana da zazzabi mai ɗumbin yawa. A hade tare da doki na shekara na fermentation karbi takin mai inganci.
Idan ya cancanta, ana amfani da taki na wasu dabbobi da tsuntsaye don inganta aikin ƙasa da haɓaka haɓakar ƙasa.
Ickanyen Kaya. Ne Shane Barlow 
Abincin doki. Lo Melodie M. Davis 
Cow taki. Lew Richard LewisM kaddarorin da taki
Tushen taki shine farɗan dabbobi daban-daban da aka haɗe da zuriyar dabbobi (bambaro, ciyawa, sawdust da sauran sharan shuka). Dangane da matsayin lalata, za a iya raba taki zuwa kashi uku:
- sabo kayan alatu da kwanciya;
- slurry;
- Semi-rotted taki;
- tarar da taki, ko humus.
Fresh taki ba tare da kwanciya ba, ba diluted da ruwa - lokacin farin ciki, ba ruwa mai ɗorewa ba, daidaituwa na kirim mai tsami na gida (za'a iya yanka shi da wuka kamar man shanu).
Fresh zuriyar dabbobi da sauƙi a kula da sifar da aka haɗe, gauraye da bambaro ko wasu kayan (sawdust, ƙananan shavings).
Slurry ne kasa mai karfi fiye da taki. Ainihin, wannan takin ruwa ne na potassium-potassium, wanda ake amfani dashi don ciyar da dukkan lambun da Berry da kayan lambu. Domin kada ya ƙona tsire-tsire, an goge slurry a cikin rabo na 1: 5-6. Yi bayan shayarwa. Amfani da danshi yayin kwanciya da takin.
Rabin-Rabin girma - ya kwanta a sararin sama na ɗan wani lokaci (watanni 3-6), a ɗan bushe kuma ya bushe. A zuriyar dabbobi ya lalace, a sauƙaƙe crumbles a hannun. Ana amfani dashi azaman babban takin don tono, musamman akan ƙasa humus-talakawa.
Humus wani yanki ne wanda yake jujjuyawar jikin mutum wanda ba a bayyane abubuwan jikin mutum da kayan zuriyar dabbobi da sauran abubuwan da suka lalace. Mafi na yau da kullun takin gargajiya da mazauna bazara ke amfani da su.
Abubuwan da ke cikin humus na abubuwan gina jiki da na nitrogen, idan aka kwatanta da taki mai kyau, ya ninka sau 2-3, wanda zai baka damar amfani da shi kai tsaye a cikin tsiro na zamani don ciyarwa.
Humus ya dogara da taki. © Jill & AndyAbubuwan da ke cikin manyan abubuwan abinci a cikin taki
Abun da ke tattare da taki ya haɗa da kayan abinci wanda ke samar da abinci mai gina jiki ga tsire-tsire, inganta kayan kimiyyar sinadarai na ƙasa, tsarinta. Kasancewa tushen tushen kwayoyin halitta, taki a lokacin fermentation siffofin humic mahadi wanda ke ƙara haɓaka asalin halitta na ƙasa.
Taki a cikin kowane yanayi (sabo, rabin-balaga, humus) shine tushen macro- da microelements kamar su nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, alli, silicon, sulfur, chlorine, magnesium, boron, manganese, cobalt, jan ƙarfe, zinc, molybdenum. Tsarin microorganisms masu aiki sune tushen asalin makamashi don microflora ƙasa.
Duk nau'in taki sune alkaline, alkalinity ya kai raka'a pH = 8-9. A cikin saniya saniya 8,8, a cikin doki - 7.8, a cikin naman alade - raka'a 7.9. Ta halitta, su aikace-aikace alkalizes kasar gona, rage acidity. An gabatar da abubuwan da ke cikin abubuwan gina jiki na yau da kullun a cikin alamun alamun tebur 1.
Tebur 1. Abubuwan sunadarai na manyan nau'ikan taki da zuriyar dabbobi
| Taki, zuriyar dabbobi | Abun ciki, g / kilogiram na taki | |||
| nitrogen | phosphorus | potassium | alli | |
| Cow (Mullein) | 3,5 | 3,0 | 1,4 | 2,9 |
| Doki | 4,7 | 3,8 | 2,0 | 3,5 |
| Alade | 8,1 | 7,9 | 4,5 | 7,7 |
| Avian (kaji) | 16,0 | 13,0 | 8,0 | 24,0 |
Amfani da taki.
Ba kamar takin mai ma'adinai ba, abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwan gina jiki a takin gargajiya suna da karancin gaske, amma kwayoyin suna inganta kayan kwalliyar kasar, suna kwance, suna kara karfin jiki, suna wadatar da microflora masu amfani, kuma suna samar da tsirrai tare da abubuwan gina jiki masu mahimmanci a cikin tsari mai sauki, mai sauƙin narkewa.
Tebur 2. Yawan gabatarwar taki
| Taki, zuriyar dabbobi | Taimakawa ga kasar gona, kg / sq. m square |
| Cow (Mullein) | 7-10 kg / m² |
| Doki | 3-5 kg / m² |
| Alade | 4-6 kg / m² Wasu yan lambu suna bada shawarar har zuwa 10-15 kg / m² don digging kaka |
| Avian (kaji) | 1-3 kg / m² don digging kaka. A saman bayani miya 1: 10-12 na ruwa. |
Dokoki don amfanin sabo taki
Tun da taki sabo ne ya fi maida hankali ne akan taki, ana shigar da shi cikin ƙasa a cikin kaka da hunturu a filin da babu 'ya'yan itace da tsire-tsire. Kusa zuwa zurfin 25-30, ƙasa da sau da yawa - har zuwa 40 cm.
An samar da aikace-aikacen bazara ne kawai ga tsabtace tsakiya da na ƙarshen. Don farkon albarkatu, an gabatar da taki kawai don digging kaka (Table 3).
Tebur 3. Matsakaici da kuma yawan aikace-aikacen ciyayin saniya
| Al’adu | Kudin aikace-aikacen, kg / m² | Matsakaicin aikace-aikacen |
| Albasa, kabeji, tafarnuwa | 4-6 kg / m² | Daga kaka ko bazara don tono |
| Kokwamba, zucchini, squash, pumpkins, kankana | 6-8 kg / m² | Daga kaka ko bazara don tono |
| Tumatir marigayi, na tsakiya da na ƙarshen nau'in farin kabeji | 4-5 kg / m², don kabeji har zuwa 6 kg / m² | Daga kaka ko bazara don tono |
| Dill, seleri | 5-6 kg / m² | Daga kaka ko bazara don tono |
| Karas, dankali, beets | 4 kg / m² | Daga kaka ko bazara don tono |
| Berry (currant, rasberi, guzberi) | Layer har zuwa 5 cm | A cikin kaka kawai a shekara |
| 'Ya'yan itacen Pome da' ya'yan itace na dutse | Har zuwa kilogiram 3 ga kowane itace | Autumn tare da tazara tsakanin shekaru 2-3 |
| Bishiyoyi | 10 kg / m² a jere jere | Autumn, lokaci 1 cikin shekaru 3 |
| Inabi | Magani: 1 yanki mullein akan sassan ruwa na 20 | A cikin bazara, sau ɗaya kowace shekara 2-4 |
A cikin hunturu, sabo taki ne ke warwatse cikin dusar ƙanƙara. Bayan dusar ƙanƙara ta narke, sai ya faɗi ƙasa kuma aka haƙa shi da bazara. Zurfin shigowa iri ɗaya ne kamar na kaka.
Yawan aikace-aikacen dusar ƙanƙara shine sau 1.5. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin hunturu an rasa wasu abubuwan gina jiki (nitrogen). Yawancin lokaci ana barin taki a cikin tari kafin aikace-aikacen don watanni 2-3. A wannan lokacin, daga zazzabi mai zafi na "kona taki," wani ɓangaren sako yana mutuwa. Idan taki daga cikin sito nan da nan ya faɗa cikin filin, to, zai fi kyau a bar shi ƙarƙashin tururi, yana lalata ciyawa a lokacin rani.
Ka tuna cewa kowane irin albarkatu, musamman kayan lambu, wanda aka mamaye shi da kwayoyin, zai rage ingancin ci gaba. Kayan lambu da musamman tushen amfanin gona sukan sha wahala daga tushe mai lalacewa, abin da ya faru a ƙarshen lokacin bazara da ƙara ƙarfin milyw na ƙaruwa. Domin kada ya shawo kan tsire-tsire, yi amfani da bayanai a cikin tebur 3.
Tebur 3. ofarar da taro na taki, kg / 10 l guga
| Fresh taki | Guga mai lita 10 |
| Cow ba tare da zuriyar dabbobi ba | 9 kilogiram |
| Cow Litter | 5 kilogiram |
| Doki | 8 kg |
| Mai nishi | 12kg |
| Humus | 7 kg |
Yin amfani da sabo mullein don miya
Mullein na iya ciyar da kayan lambu da kayan amfanin gona lokacin bazara. Don kayan miya, ana amfani da mafita mai rauni sosai.
Maganin Magani: kowane akwati (mafi dacewa da ganga mai galvanized) an cika 1/3 tare da taki, an ƙara zuwa saman da ruwa, kuma a rufe. Dama sau ɗaya a rana. Fermentation yana makonni 1-2. Wannan giya ce ta mahaifiya.
Don ciyar da tumatir da bishiyoyi masu 'ya'yan itace, an shirya maganin aiki: 1 guga na uwar giya daga tanki an lalata ta sau 3-4 tare da ruwa. Ciyar da za'ayi a cikin zamani na matasa ganye. Ana amfani da maganin aiki bayan an yi ruwa a ƙarƙashin tushe a cikin kudi na 10 l na aiki na 1 m per. Tabbatar ciyawa.
Don amfanin gona na kayan lambu, an shirya mafita mai aiki bisa lita 1 na uwar giya na lita 8 na ruwa. Ana aiwatar da sutura mai tsayi a lokacin shayarwa ko bayan yin ruwa a ƙarƙashin mulching, 1-2 sau a cikin lokacin girma, yana juyawa tare da takin ma'adinai (idan ya cancanta).
Shiri na ruwa saman miya daga taki. Vin Gavin WebberYin amfani da taki mai jujjuyawa
Semi-rotted taki bashi da karfi kuma ana iya amfani dashi kai tsaye azaman taki ko kuma ciyawa.
Don shirya miya, an shirya mafita cikin natsuwa: ɓangare ɗaya na taki da sassan 10 na ruwa. Dage kuma bayar da gudummawa ga kayan lambu da kayan amfanin gona na Berry.
Ana shayar da bishiyoyi a kan girman diamita na waje na kambi don ƙasan ƙasa ko don furrows a yanka a cikin layuka 1-2 a kusa da kambi.
A karkashin bushes sa saman miya koma baya 15-20 cm daga bushes.
Don kayan lambu na kayan lambu a cikin furrows na aisles (idan sun kasance fadi) ko a cikin furrows yanke tare da gadaje.
A ƙarƙashin tushen tsirrai, ba za a iya samar da maganin mullein rabin-tsiro mai ƙwari ba.
Manyan miya suna rufe ƙasa, idan ya cancanta, ana shayar da mulched.
Semi-ripened taro shine ingantaccen taki don kabeji, kabewa, alayyafo. Tare da wannan taki, waɗannan albarkatun gona zasu zama magabata na kwarai don amfanin gona, barkono mai daɗi, tumatir, da kuma kayan lambu.
Yin amfani da taki mai ruɓa
Halittar Humus
Ganyen overripe ko humus shine asalin tushen humus a cikin ƙasa. Humus wani abu ne mai kama da yalwar launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, tare da kamshin bazara na ƙasa mai kyau. An kafa shi ta hanyar fermentation na taki a ƙarƙashin rinjayar ƙwayoyin cuta. A sakamakon haka, an samar da humus, humic acid da ƙananan abubuwan ma'adinai. Humus yana da haske a cikin kayan haɗin. 1 m³ ya ƙunshi kilogiram 700-800 na humus. A cikin daidaitaccen guga na lita 10, adadinta shine 6-7 kg. Kyakkyawan cikakkiyar humus ba ta da kyau.
A mafi girma da abun ciki na humus a cikin ƙasa, da more m ne substrate. Don haka, a cikin chernozems, abun ciki na humus shine 80-90%, kuma a cikin sod-podzolic adadinsa yana raguwa zuwa 60-70%.
Alamar taki a cikin takin domin dumamaHarkokin Humus
Humus yana da waɗannan abubuwan agronomic:
- yana inganta haɓakar ƙasa;
- yana ƙaruwa da ikon riƙe danshi;
- yana haɓaka photosynthesis, don haka yana ƙara yawan amfanin gona;
- yana kunna haɓaka da haɓaka tsirrai;
- yana kara juriya ga cututtuka da kwari;
- populates ƙasa substrate tare da amfani microflora;
- rage tara baƙin ƙarfe mai nauyi a cikin samfurori;
- inganta kayan ado na kayan fure, da sauransu.
Yadda za a dafa humus mai inganci?
- Sanya sarari a cikin inuwa don adana kayan
- rufe tare da kayan da aka gyara domin bangon gaba a buɗe;
- an sanya abubuwan haɗin a cikin yadudduka, a cikin 10-15 cm; aka gyara - bambaro, yankan bambaro, ganye, sabo, ciyawar, rabin-ripened;
- kowane yanki an zubar da ruwa ko dilken slurry, mullein bayani;
- a saman murfin tare da fim ko wani abu wanda ba ya barin ruwa ta hanyar (daga ruwan sama);
- samun iska a cikin iska ta hanyar iska tare da tsari na fim ana buƙatar;
- lokaci-lokaci shebur da bushe yanayin shayar; zafi a lokacin ferment a cikin kewayon 50-60%, zazzabi a ƙarƙashin + 25 ... + 30 * C;
- Don hanzarta fermentation, ana bada shawara don zubar da yadudduka tare da shirye-shirye (Baikal EM-1, Ekomik Yield, Radiance-3 da sauransu).
Idan duk bukatun sun cika, ana iya samun humus na balaga a cikin watanni 1-2.
Baya ga samarwa, akwai wasu hanyoyi don saurin sarrafawa cikin taki zuwa humus ko takin, wanda kuma yake zuwa takin zamani da takin gonar. Misali, maganin kashe kwari ta amfani da tsutsotsi na California, aerobic da anaerobic composting.
Amfani da humus a yankunan kewayen birni
Ana amfani da Humus na:
- inganta haɓaka ƙasa;
- takin mai magani da takin albarkatu a lokacin girma;
- shiri na gaurayawar kasar gona don shuka tsiro;
- shiri gaurayawar kasar gona don amfanin gona na gida, da sauransu.
Yin taki a cikin gadaje. © jazzman2015Dokoki don amfanin humus
A cikin humus, akwai ƙananan ragowar ammoniya waɗanda ba sa lalata tsarin tsirrai. Sabili da haka, ana iya amfani da humus a matsayin babban takin, ko a yi amfani da miya a saman lokacin dumi.
A lokacin shirye-shiryen bazara na kasar gona don shuka / tsiro tsire-tsire, humus a cikin shawarar da aka bada amfani ana amfani dashi a cikin Layer na cm 10 cm na ƙasa. A matsakaici, ana amfani da kilogiram 10 na humus ta 1 m² na yanki.
Ana amfani da Humus ga dukkan amfanin gona kamar ciyawa, wanda, ke jujjuya a lokacin bazara, yana zama ƙarin takin gargajiya don tsire-tsire masu ciyawar.
An haɗa Humus a cikin yawancin gaurayawar ƙasa don shuka seedlings da amfanin gona na fure. Amma idan don seedlings theasa cakuda ƙasa na iya ƙunsar humus 50%, to ana amfani da adadin matsakaici na taki ƙarƙashin amfanin gona na gado. Wucin kiba na humus na iya haifar da “mai da amfani” na ageratum, eschsolzia, da cosmea. Zuwa ga m ofnin fure, tsire-tsire za su ƙara taro mai yawan tsire-tsire.
Don tsirrai na cikin gida, rarar humus ya kai 1/3 na ƙara yawan kayan da aka shirya.
Raspberries da sauran ciyayi za a iya mulched su da ciyawa 5 cm na ciyawa daga bazara zuwa Yuli ba tare da dasa shuki a cikin ƙasa ba.
A cikin gidajen katako, ana amfani da humus ga gadaje (ban da babban keɓaɓɓen) a farkon shekara a cikin 40-60 kg / m². A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, kafin canjin ƙasa, ana amfani da 15-25 kg / m² a shekara.
A lokacin rani, ana sintiri humus tare da ruwa don foliar da miya mai tushe a cikin adadin da bai wuce 1 sashe ba na sassan 10-15 na ruwa.
Humus, kamar ciyawar sabo, ana amfani da shi don ba da gadaje masu ɗumi.
A takaice jerin amfani da taki da nau'ikan sarrafa ta wanda aka bayyana a fili ya bayyana fa'idodin kwayoyin halitta ga kasa. Amfani da takin gargajiya, zaka iya warware maganganu da yawa game da aikin lambun gida da aikin gona, gami da babba - haɓaka haɓakar asalin halitta shafin.
Ya ku masu karatu! Raba hanyoyin sarrafa ku da amfani da taki, humus, takin domin lambun da kayan amfanin gona. Raba kwarewarku a cikin kayan aikin gona na karancin abinci tare da karancin amfanin takin zamani da sauran sinadarai wadanda ba sabon abu bane ga kasar, don haɓaka haɓakar ƙasa, haɓaka amfanin gona, da kuma ƙara yawan rigakafi ga cututtuka da kwari.
