Alkama na hunturu amfanin gona ne na hatsi wanda yake da ƙima saboda yawan amfaninsa da ƙyamar ma'amala. Ana amfani da hatsi don kerar hatsi, taliya da burodi, kuma alkama alkama tana ciyar da dabbobin gona. Bambaro daga ire-iren waɗannan suna da matukar muhimmanci ga abinci mai gina jiki. Bugu da kari, an kara shi ne a wajen kera takarda da kayan gado ga dabbobi.
Halin al'ada da matakai na ci gabanta
Wannan nau'in alkama ana kiransa hunturu saboda ana shuka hatsi nan da nan bayan an girbe amfanin gona na baya. Lokacin da wata al'ada ta shiga cikin kasa, to tana tafiya da ci gabanta a matakai da yawa. Adadin girma ya dogara da yanayi, abun da ya shafi ƙasa da sauran yanayi. Masana sun bambanta matakai 6 na ci gaban alkama na hunturu:
- Lingsa Seedan itace geran itace ne wanda ke faruwa bayan shuka. Jimlar ta kasance daga 15 zuwa 25, sannan tsire-tsire suna shiga cikin hunturu. Sun ci don dasa su a ƙarshen, seedlings suna ci gaba a cikin bazara bayan dumama.
- Tillering shine tsari na samar da hanyoyin gewaye a kan mai tushe da asalin sa. Yawan tsaba da aka shuka a cikin ƙasa, har ma da zurfin jefa su, na iya shafar tasirin tsirrai.
- Ficewar zuwa bututun shine lokacin da zai fara lokacin da farkon fitowa ya bayyana akan babban tushe. Tsarin yana faruwa a cikin bazara, kusan wata daya bayan sake komawa zuwa lokacin girma.
- Earing - bayyanar spikelets a kan harbe.
- Fulawa yana farawa kwanaki 4-5 bayan bayyanar spikelets kuma yana ɗaukar kusan mako guda. A cikin kewayawa daban, furanni sun fara bayyana akan ƙananan ɓangaren, sannan kuma akan gewaye da babba.
- Yin hauka wani babban yanki ne wanda hatsi ya samar a cikin kwandon shara kuma sannu a hankali ake rasa danshi. A cikin makonni biyu, hatsi na ƙwayar madara ya bayyana (danshi 40-60%). Sannan yazo da kashi da kakin zuma na ripeness, yawan ruwa a cikin hatsi ya kasance daga 20 zuwa 40%. Cikakkiyar cikakkiyar riba ita ce matakin da hatsi ya ƙunshi ruwa don 15-20% kuma ya zama mai ƙarfi.
Tsawancin ciyawar alkama na hunturu na iya zama daga kwanaki 275 zuwa 350, gami da lokacin hunturu. Wannan lokacin ya dogara da lokacin dasa shuki a cikin kasar gona da yanayin yanayi. A lokacin bazara, tafiyar matakai zasu sake dawowa lokacin da zafin jiki ya kai 5 ° C.
Shuka da Fasahar Kulawa
Fasahar noman alkama na hunturu tsari ne mai tsawo. Yawan amfanin ƙasa yana ƙaruwa sosai a kan ƙasa mai ɗorawa a gaban kullun ruwan sama a cikin lokacin dumi, kazalika in babu tsananin sanyi.
Kasa da bukatun yanayi
Alkama za ta samar da amfanin gona mai kyau a cikin ƙasa mai ɗorewa, yawan ruwan acid ɗin da yake daga 6 zuwa 7.5. Cakulan da ke da isasshen ruwan sanyi ko wasu nau'ikan ƙasa waɗanda ke ɗauke da babban adadin abubuwan gina jiki sun dace da shi. Yawan girbi ya dogara da yanayin zane. A kan ƙananan ciyayi, tsire-tsire suna girma da haɓaka.
Irin nau'in alkama na hunturu na zamani suna da tsaftataccen sanyi. A gaban kyakkyawan dusar ƙanƙara, waɗannan tsirrai suna iya jure ɗumbin zafin jiki na -20-30 ° C. Koyaya, a cikin rashin dusar ƙanƙara, tsire-tsire na iya mutuwa ko da -15 ° C.
Don irin alkama, saurin zazzabi a cikin bazara yana da haɗari musamman. Idan dusar ƙanƙara ta faru bayan tafiyar ciyayi ta dawo, suna iya lalata amfanin gona gaba ɗaya.
Takin
Yana da mahimmanci takin alkama na hunturu iri-iri akan lokaci kuma da kyau, in ba haka ba amfanin gona zai zama mai ƙarancin gaske. Akwai manyan hanyoyi biyu na hada takin gargajiya: babban kayan miya (a cikin kasa) da foliar, ko ganye. Ana iya ciyar da wannan al'ada sau da yawa dangane da lokaci na ciyayi:
- lokacin dasa - potassium, phosphorus, takin gargajiya;
- nitrogen kari - a cikin bazara, saboda an wanke su da sauri daga ƙasa.
Ofayan manyan hanyoyin inganta ingancin amfanin gona ta ƙara takin mai magani shine kayan miya.
Sheet saman miya na alkama na hunturu a bazara tare da urea ba ku damar samun manyan hatsi masu nauyi kuma ƙara adadin su. Ba kamar sauran takin zamani na ammoniya (ruwa na ammoniya da nitrate), wannan abun baya ƙona tsire-tsire.
Cutar da ciyawa
A lokacin shuka, alkama yana haɓaka mara kyau idan ciyawar ta hana shi. Hannun ƙwayoyi don alkama na hunturu sune mafita na sinadarai waɗanda ke yaƙar ciyayi. Yawancin lokaci ana shigar da su cikin ƙasa a cikin Afrilu da Mayu, lokacin da ayyukan tsire-tsire marasa so ke ƙaruwa. Wasu suna haɗu da aikace-aikacen takin mai magani na nitrogen tare da magani tare da ciyawar.
Cututtukan alkama na hunturu sune cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta (baƙar fata, rawaya, basal bacteriosis), ayyukan putrefactive a cikin tushen, cututtukan cututtukan fungal (fusarium) da sauransu. Daga kowace cuta akwai magunguna na musamman waɗanda suke amfani da ƙasa ko aka fesa su da taro kore.
Girma na hunturu ana girma a cikin yanayi mai zafi. Gari ne mai bada amfanin gona wanda ake amfani da hatsi da sanduna a masana'antar abinci da noma. Koyaya, yawan amfanin ƙasa ba zai zama mai girma ba idan ba ku bi duk ƙa'idodin aikin alkama ba. Zai yi girma da kyau kawai akan wasu nau'ikan ƙasa tare da tsarin musamman na takin zamani da ban ruwa.
