Akwai tsire-tsire mai ban sha'awa a cikin dangin amaranth, wanda mahaifarsa ita ce gaɓar shahararren tafkin Titicaca. Yankin rarrabawa a yanayi shine babban gangara na Andes tare da ƙ asa mara kyau da kuma yanayi mai tsauri. Ta yaya aka san al'adun abinci na quinoa fiye da shekaru 3000 da suka gabata. Ya zama al'ada don gabatar da tsarin abincin Aboriginal Andes. An yi amfani da samfurin sosai a cikin abincin Indiyawa tare da masara da dankali. Incas ya kira wannan tsiron "hatsi na zinare". A cikin sunan Rasha quinoa yana da ma'anoni da yawa: quinoa shinkafa, quinoa movie, quinoa, quinoa da sauransu.
Harshen Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), ko Kinva - amfanin gona mai gurɓataccen abu, tsiro na shekara-shekara, nau'in halittar Maryamu (Chenopodium) Iyalin Amaranth (Amaranthaceae).
Quinoa, ko Quinva (Chenopodium quinoa)Rashin daidaituwa na Quinoa zuwa yanayin namo, ƙimar abinci mai mahimmanci, da abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwa na magani suna ba da dama a yanzu don rarraba da kayan amfanin gona a yankuna da ke da matsala ga aikin noma a duk faɗin ƙasa da na nahiyoyi.
Quinoa ko shinkafa quinoa ya bayyana a Rasha in an gwada kwanan nan, amma sanannun shi ke ƙaruwa koyaushe. Wannan al'ada tana ƙaunar dare mai sanyi kuma ba zai iya tsayar da zafin rana ba. A Rasha, Siberiya da yankuna na arewacin na Turai sun fi dacewa da aikinta.
Ana iya sayan tsaba na Quinoa don dasa shuki a cikin gidajen rani a manyan kantunan iri ɗaya ko kuma daga kamfanonin da ke cikin wadatar tsaba na albarkatun gona. Siyan tsaba, gami da dasa shuki, a cikin shagunan talakawa, mutum ba zai iya dogaro da shuka 100% ba. Ana cire hatsi kafin a sayar dashi, kuma a wannan aikin, ɓangaren amfanin gona ya lalace ta hanyar tayi. Zai fi dacewa don sayen tsaba don shuka a cikin shaguna na musamman ko kan yanar gizo.
Launuka daban-daban na 'ya'yan itatuwa quinoa. Masana kimiyya sun danganta quinoa ga albarkatun alkama na abinci.Abubuwan amfani da warkarwa na kwalliyar quinoa
Tsohuwar Incas ta kira wannan tsiro "mahaifar dukkan hatsi" saboda fa'idojin amfani da magunguna. A tsarin rubutu da kuma matsayin ma'asumi, masana abinci sun daidaita quinoa tare da madarar nono kuma suna dauke shi samfurin abinci mai mahimmanci na rashin abinci mai narkewa, furotin da kuma abubuwan cin abinci, da kuma ga masu fama da rashin lafiyan. Al'adar tana da ban sha'awa ga likitoci, masana ilimin abinci, masu gina jiki, masu abinci, masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, kuma masu cin ganyayyaki suna girmamawa sosai.
Hadin sunadarai na quinoa ba shi da alaƙa cikin abubuwan bitamin na ƙungiyoyi "B", "A", "E", "C", "K", "PP", "D" da sauransu. Ya ƙunshi ma'adinai da yawa, musamman alli, zinc, phosphorus, baƙin ƙarfe, jan ƙarfe, magnesium, manganese. Hatsi na Quinoa yana da wadataccen abinci a cikin fiber, mai, kuma ingancin furotin na dabbobi yana kama da madara na al'ada. An kwatanta shi da ingantaccen abun ciki na sunadarai da amino acid, musamman lysine, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga saurin warkar da raunuka, gami da waɗanda ke bayan aikin. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari sun ƙunshi tryptophan, valine, threonine, phenylalalanine, tyrosine, histadine, isoleucine da leucine.
A cikin kayanta, quinoa yana nufin tsire-tsire masu magani. Yana da maganin antioxidant, choleretic, anti-mai kumburi, kayan diuretic. Yana tabbatuwa yana shafar tsarin juyayi, ana amfani dashi wajen kula da jijiyoyin mahaifa, yana shafar tsarin kasusuwa, yana daidaita karfin jini da rage lolesterol, yana tsarkake jikin gubobi. Yana da kayan anti-oncological. Amfani da matsaloli tare da hanta da ta hanji. Abubuwan Quinoa sun dace da abincin 'yan saman jannati a kan dogon jirgi.
'Ya'yan itãcen Quinoa suna da ɗanɗano mai daɗin ɗanɗano, suna ba da baranda da kuma jita-jita gefen abinci mara kyau na crunchy. Ana amfani dashi don shiri na darussan na biyu masu yawa, masu amfani da kayan abinci, gefen abinci tare da dandano mai tsaka tsaki, abubuwan sha, kayan gari. A Turai, wani lokacin ana yin quinoa a matsayin kayan lambu, ana amfani da salati. Loversaunar masu ƙaunar abinci suna amfani da tsaba na quinoa don abinci don soaked kuma an wanke shi sosai daga saponins, wanda ke ba da haushi ga samfurin ko a cikin nau'in ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta.
Abubuwan halittu na halitta na quinoa
Quinoa ko shinkafa quinoa shuka ce ta shekara-shekara daga abubuwan ƙonewa. Tsarin waje na mai tushe da ganyen quinoa yayi kama da wata babbar katuwar Moorish. Tsire-tsire a cikin vivo a cikin ƙasa sun kai mita 4.0 a tsayi. Lokacin da aka girma a cikin ƙasashen Turai, yana da ƙananan ƙananan - 1.5-2.0 m. Suna da kara mai dunƙulen ganye mai sauƙi mai laushi uku masu kama da ƙafafun kuɗaɗen. Ana amfani da ganyayyaki matasa a cikin salads, an samo hatsi da gari daga tsaba. Ta hanyar kaka, ganye kore juya launin rawaya, ja, shunayya kuma suna da matukar ado. Tushen sanda ne, wanda aka suturta shi, wanda yake da damar samar da tsirrai tare da ruwa daga yadudduka masu zurfi, wanda yake da matukar mahimmanci lokacin da aka horar da shi cikin yankuna masu bushe Lokacin girma yana daga kwana 90 zuwa 130 kuma ya dogara da yankin namo da iri.
Quinoa wata ƙasa ce mai cin gashin kanta, amma tare da shawo kan guguwar yana ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa daga 10 zuwa 20%. Bayan furanni, yakan samar da babban goge-kyandir (kamar masara) ko furen fari, rawaya da ja, yana kunshe da launuka daban-daban. Furanni a cikin inflorescences sune fari-rawaya, ƙarami. Masana ilimin halitta suna danganta al'adar ga ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, saboda ƙarancin ƙarancin harsashi a cikin hatsi, kuma ana kiran 'ya'yan itaciyar' ya'yan itaciyar. Tabbas, wannan ba iri bane, amma ƙaramin iri ne. Abubuwan ƙanana sune ƙananan (0.3 cm a diamita), a cikin siffar yayi kama da kwamfutar hannu girman zuriyar gero. Yarjejeniyar da tsaba yake da taushi. Tsaba, dangane da iri-iri, suna da launuka iri-iri: fari, rawaya, lemo, ruwan hoda, ja, baki.
Quinoa, ko shinkafa. © Tom RatajFasahar aikin gona ta Quinoa
La'akari da yanki mai rarrabawa (galibi tsaunuka ne) da kuma siffofin yanayin haɓaka na halitta, al'adar tana buƙatar yashi da yashi mai ƙarancin isasshen ƙwaro da ɗaukar nauyi zuwa matakin ƙasa na acidity. A cikin gidan rani, ana iya kasancewa a kan ƙasa mai ɓata tare da acidity na pH = 4.8 zuwa alkaline mai matuƙar gaske tare da pH = 8.5.
Shuka ta Quinoa
Mai haƙuri game da yawan zafin jiki yayin girma da haɓaka, quinoa yana buƙatar wasu yanayin ƙasa don yin shuka. Lokaci na hankali don shuka tsaba shine lokacin da ƙasa a cikin Layer 5-15 cm warms har zuwa + 6 ... + 8 ° C. Yawancin lokaci wannan lokacin yana rufe tsakiyar Afrilu-tsakiyar Mayu. Idan lokacin bazara ya yi gajere kuma yana da zafi, yawan zafin jiki na ƙasa ya wuce + 8 ° C, ana adana tsaba tsawon kwanaki 2-3 a cikin injin daskarewa kuma an shuka daskararre. Ba tare da irin wannan shiri a kudu mai zafi ba, tsire-tsire ba za su yi aiki ba.
Tsarin shuka shine talakawa. Nisa a cikin layi shine cm 5-7, bayan fashewa an kara shi zuwa 20-40 cm zurfin wuri iri ya bambanta tsakanin 0.5-1.5 cm. Nisan dake tsakanin layuka shine 40-60 cm. tsire-tsire masu girma ne a tsayin mutum da sama. Jiki na wucin gadi yana rage yawan amfanin ƙasa. Lokacin da aka fizge bakin ciki, ana amfani da matattarar koren kore tare da ganye don shirya salads na bazara na Vitamin. Idan ya cancanta, ana aiwatar da thinning na biyu bayan kwana 10.
Quinoa seedling. Ason Mason FeducciaKulawar fito-na-fito bayan haihuwar
Kafin yin shuka, ya fi kyau ka sanya ƙasa da ciyawa bayan shuka. Kafin farashi na quinoa harbe, ana buƙatar danshi mai laushi akai. Idan ya cancanta, ruwa daga ruwa kawai tsiri a cikin hanyoyin. Ana aiwatar da shayarwa ta farko lokacin da ganye na gaske na 2-3 suka bayyana. Duk da saurin harbe-tsire, tsire-tsire na quinoa da farko suna girma sosai a hankali kuma suna buƙatar kula da shafin a cikin tsabta. A wannan lokacin, babban kulawa ya ƙunshi cikin lalacewar ciyawar ciyayi. Lokacin tsabtace wurin da ciyawar ciyawa, ku yi hankali, quinoa yana da kama da na irin sako na ciyawa. Don kamanceceninta na waje, ana kiranta swan shinkafa (thean itacen yayi kama da shinkafar shinkafa).
Har zuwa 30 cm a tsayi, girma na tsire-tsire quinoa yayi jinkirin. Bayan shiga cikin matakan haɓaka, tsire-tsire masu sauri suna samun ƙararen kore, fitar da kyawawan kayan kwalliya da fure.
Taki Quinoa da ruwa
Quinoa, haɓaka tushen itace mai zurfi-zurfi, kusan ba ya buƙatar shayarwa kuma yana nufin tsire-tsire masu haƙuri na shekara-shekara. A guda watering isa ga al'ada a lokacin daga taro harbe zuwa 3 na gaskiya ganye.
Idan ƙasa ta cika da kwayoyin halitta kafin shuka, to babu takin da za'ayi a lokacin girma. Don samun haɓakar haɓaka (har zuwa ƙaruwa 18%), ana iya ciyar da tsire-tsire tare da takin nitrophose ko takin-mai-nitrogen a lokacin inflorescence ejection. Yawan takin zamani, bi da bi, shine 70-90 g ko 50 da 40 g na nitrogen da phosphorus a cikin ammonium nitrate da superphosphate. Ana amfani da takin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin ban ruwa (in da akwai) ko a saman ƙasan ƙasa na cm 10 cm kuma a rufe ta hanyar kwance. Game da noman rashin ruwa, ana sanya sutura mai kyau zuwa ruwan sama ko ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar mafita, daga baya kuma dasa shuki a cikin ƙasa.
Shuka shuka ta Quinoa. Zug55Kare quinoa daga cuta da kwari
Mafi sau da yawa, ana amfani da quinoa ta hanyar kara rot, launin toka mai guba, ƙone ƙwayoyin cuta, mildew mai ƙasa, ganyen ganye. A gida, don yaƙar cututtuka, kuna buƙatar amfani da samfuran halittu kawai waɗanda ba su da lahani ga mutane da dabbobi don kare tsire-tsire daga cututtuka. Waɗannan su ne Agat-25, Alirin-B, Gamair, Gliokladin. Abubuwan da aka lissafa na biofungicides suna da tasiri ga dews na etiologies daban-daban, rot, ƙone ƙwayoyin cuta. Dosages, tsawon lokaci na shuka, amfani da gaurayawar tanki tare da bioinsecticides ana nuna su a kan kunshin ko umarnin don amfani.
Kusan Quinoa ba ta lalacewa ta hanyar kwari, amma idan an lura da wakilan narkarda ko tsotsa a kan tsire-tsire, zaku iya amfani da Lepidocide, Bitoxibacillin, Fitoverm, Haupsin daidai da shawarwarin a cikin cakuda tanki tare da biofungicides.
Girbi
Ana aiwatar da tsabtacewa bayan an gama rawaya da faɗuwar ganye. Wani lokaci tare da farkon farkon sanyi quinoa bashi da lokacin yin ripen. Yana iya jure yanayin sanyi na ɗan gajeren lokaci har zuwa -2 ... -3 ° С da balaga a cikin kwanakin zafi masu zuwa.
Sun fara tsaftacewa a cikin bushewar yanayi. An yanke tukunyar, a ɗaura shi cikin ɓaure, a kai shi masussukar. Idan ruwan sama ya yi ja, an cire ruɓaɓɓen ruwa kuma an dakatar da su saboda bushewa a ƙarƙashin rumfunan daftarin. Suna buƙatar bushewa da sauri, tun da tsaba na iya yin shuka a lokacin day a yanke filayen. An busar da bushewar datti a cikin iska ko amfani da na'urori iri iri (zaku iya amfani da fam ɗin mahalli).
Mafi kyawun zaɓi don adana quinoa shine firiji ko injin daskarewa. Lokacin da aka ajiye shi a ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗa, samfura a cikin kwantena dole ne a matse su a ciki a cikin bushe, wuri mai duhu a zazzabi ko a rage zafin jiki.
Kafin amfani don dafa abinci, ya kamata a wanke quinoa tare da saponin, wanda ke ba da ɗanɗanar jita-jita ga jita-jita.
Girbi quinoa. Eline Madeline McKeeverKurkura tsaba a cikin ruwa a zazzabi a daki, canza ruwan a kalla sau 5 har sai bacewar sabulun sabulu. Hanyar asali ana ba da ita ta hanyar wasu lambu. Ana tono tsaba a cikin matashin kai, sanya shi a cikin kayan wanki sannan ya kunna yanayin matsewa a cikin sauri low. Abubuwan da aka wanke daga saponins an shimfiɗa su akan tawul kuma an bushe (ba akan fim). Adana a cikin akwati ta rufe sosai kuma amfani idan ya cancanta.
