Nasarar namo kyawawan tsire-tsire suna buƙatar ayyukan da suka dace na aikin gona. Idan an aiwatar da aikin yadda ya kamata, daidai da buƙatun fasahar shuka da kulawa, to girma seedlings tsari ne mai sauƙi kuma ana shuka kayan dasa a cikin dindindin wurin cikakken lafiya. Amma kuma ya faru da cewa lafiya, harbe harbe fara wither kuma bayan kwanaki 1-3 da seedlings gaba daya mutu.
Shuke barkono mai zafi.
Dalilan na iya zama rashin lalacewa ga tsire-tsire da ke da alaƙa da bukatun fasaha na aikin gona na al'adun zuwa yanayin girma (isasshen haske, ƙarancin zafin jiki, ƙarancin zafi, wuce gona da iri, da sauransu) kuma, a sakamakon haka, lalacewar seedlingsan seedlings da ya raunana kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar kamuwa da cuta da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta tare da ƙafa baƙar fata, rot da sauransu. An tsara wannan labarin don yadda za a guji cututtukan ƙwayar cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa waɗanda ke haifar da kurakurai masu girma, yadda za a kayar da ƙafa baƙar fata da sauran cututtuka.
M dokoki don girma lafiya seedlings
Yawancin matakan agrotechlete sune rigakafi, amma idan ba a bi waɗannan matakan masu sauƙi ba, to zai zama da matukar wahala a shuka tsirrai masu lafiya.
1. Rashin gurɓatar ƙasa cakuda shuka
Ya kamata a gudanar da ɓarna na kasar gona da gaurayawan lokacin da ake girma seedlings a cikin kwantena, tukwane, cassettes da sauran kayan amfani a matsayin matakan agrotechnical m.
Muna ba ku shawara ku karanta kayanmu: Yadda za a shirya ƙasa don shuka?
Idan baku sami damar tsabtace ruwan cakuda da wuri ba, zaku iya gurɓatar da ita kafin shuka iri ta amfani da ɗayan hanyoyin da aka gabatar ko tare da kanku na asali.
- Ana zubar da ƙasa mai ɗebo da ruwan zãfi, a cikin abin da ake narkewa a cikin ƙwayoyin potassium (maganin 1-2%). A tsakanin kwanaki 2-3, ƙasar da aka zubar aka haɗe da ita, an bushe. Bayan kwanaki 3, maimaita hanya tare da maganin soda. Narke 100 g na yin burodi a cikin 10 l na ruwa. Lokacin yin kowane liyafar, ƙasa ta bushe kuma ta gauraya.
- Makonni 2 kafin shuka iri, ana kula da cakuda ƙasa tare da ɗayan kayan nazarin halittu: planriz, phytosporin, yawan ƙwayar Ekomik, Baikal EM-1 bisa ga shawarwarin.
- Kafin yin shuka, zaku iya kula da ƙasa tare da ruwa na Bordeaux (bayani 1%) ko sulfate jan karfe (maganin 0.5%). Mayar da hankali da mafita ya kamata ya zama ƙasa don kar a ƙona tushen matasa a lokacin shuka.
Bayan duk hanyoyin shafewa, cakuda ƙasa ta bushe, kwantena cike, ana shayar da ruwan dumi mai zafi zuwa 24 ° C da shuka a cikin ƙasa mai laima.
An lura. A seedlings girma cikin peat tukwane da filastik cassettes ne kusan ba rashin lafiya tare da baki kafa.
2. Kula da yanayin ƙasa mai tsaka-tsaki
Acidic muhalli abu ne mai kyau domin ci gaban cututtukan fungal na ƙasa. Sabili da haka, kafin shuka iri don seedlings, yana da mahimmanci don bincika ƙasa don acidity (takaddun litmus). Ana la'akari da mafi kyawun pH = 6.0-6.5. Don keɓantar da ƙasa ta amfani da lemun tsami, gari dolomite, ash. Yanayin tsaka tsaki na da matukar mahimmanci ga shuki. Tare da haɓaka acid acid na ƙasa, wasu daga abubuwan gina jiki sun zama marasa amfani ga tsire-tsire. Wasu lambu suna noma ƙasa a ƙarƙashin seedlings tare da bushe ash tare da Bugu da ƙari, yashi, riƙe ƙasa tsaka tsaki tsinkaye kuma a lokaci guda bushewa da danshi mai yawa.
3. Yarda da yawaitar tsirrai da tsirrai
A cikin greenhouse a kan manyan yankuna, shuka ya kamata a da za'ayi tare da shawarar al'ada, ba don overrestimate da yawa daga tsire-tsire. M lokacin farin ciki taro harbe na seedlings za a iya halaka ta plucking weaker shuke-shuke: kar a cire fitar da tsunkule mai rauni seedling a kasar gona matakin.
Yankakken seedlings ƙirƙirar microclimate m danshi da tsokani girma na pathocic mycelium. Lokacin da thinning seedlings barin nesa tsakanin seedlings na 1.5-2 cm, wanda zai samar da iska mai kyau da isasshen haske kowane seedling. Lokacin shuka shuka a cikin kwantena daban, zai fi kyau shuka iri biyu kowannensu, kuma bayan germination, cire tsire mai rauni (kuma ta pinching).
4. Yarda da tsarin zafin jiki na iska da ƙasa
A matsayinka na mai mulkin, amfanin gona da aka shuka ta hanyar shuka suna da ƙaunar zafi. Sabili da haka, ana buƙatar tsayayyen tsaren matakan iska da ƙasa ake buƙata. Girma iri yana farawa a zafin jiki na cikin kewayon + 16 ... + 18 ° С, amma seedlings suna fitowa da yawancin aiki lokacin da iska ta tashi zuwa + 25 ... + 30 ° С, ya danganta da amfanin gona. Nan da nan bayan harbe-harben taro, dole ne a rage yawan zafin jiki zuwa + 16 ... + 18 ° C don kada harbe-harbe yayi shimfidawa. A wannan yanayin, seedlings suna samar da tsarin saurin sauri. Nan gaba, mafi kyawun tsarin mulki na shuka mafi yawan tsire-tsire na kayan lambu ya bambanta yayin rana + 20 ... + 25 ° С, kuma da dare + 16 ... + 18 ° С.
Muna ba ku shawara ku kula da kayanmu: Hardening seedlings.
Babu ƙarancin mahimmanci ga seedlings shine yawan zafin jiki na ƙasa. Yayi sanyi sosai, da kuma yawan zafi, yana haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na kananan tsirrai. Mafi kyawun gani shine + 18 ... + 22ºС. Yana da mahimmanci musamman don kula da irin wannan yanayin zafin jiki na ƙasa yayin nutsewa. Rage zafin jiki da ke ƙasa + 16ºС yana haifar da lalacewa a cikin kwararar abubuwan gina jiki da ruwa zuwa tsirrai, kuma adadin tsira na seedlingsanyun burntan itacen da aka ƙona yana raguwa.
Atoan tumatir5. Yarda da yanayin ban ruwa da yanayin zafi
A ƙasa a karkashin seedlings ya kamata matsakaici m. Shayar da seedlings tare da ruwa har zuwa + 20 ° C da safe, ba sau da yawa fiye da sau 1-2 a mako, amma mafi kyau bayan bushewa ƙasa ƙasa. Lokacin girma a gida, ana shayar da seedlings tare da gefen tanki, a cikin greenhouse - tare da furrows.
A cikin kwanakin 6-10 na farko, ana aiwatar da shayar da tsire-tsire don kada ruwa ya faɗi akan tsire-tsire. Akai-akai da wadataccen ruwa yana cutar da tsarin iska na ƙasa, ayyukan tushen saiti. Bugu da ƙari, ƙara yawan zafin ƙasa da iska na ba da gudummawa ga saurin haɓakar cututtukan fungal, yara matasa na iya mutuwa. Sabili da haka, bayan yin ruwa, ƙasa mai rigar dole ne a bushe da yashi bushe (wannan shine mafi kyau), ko je zuwa shayarwa ta hanyar kwalliya.
Kuna iya amfani da ƙananan smallan ƙananan peat ko bushe humus don ciyawa ƙasa mai shayar. Ya kamata a kula da yanayin zafi mafi kyau a matakin 70-75%. Don rage zafi, ɗakin yana da iska, amma ba tare da abubuwan zane ba.
6. Ba tare da sake watsawa ba, kar a sami ƙwayar tumatir masu inganci
Idan yanayin gida ya ba da izini, kuma ana buƙatar ƙaramin adadin ƙwayar cuta, to, ana fallasa kwantena a kan taga ta cika gari da hasken rana. Amma wani lokacin, ba tare da la'akari da adadin seedlings girma ba, ya zama dole don ƙara shi, musamman idan shuka iri a Janairu-Fabrairu.
Ga seedlings, sa'o'in hasken rana da aka ba da shawarar aƙalla awanni 12-14 a kowace rana, amma a farkon lokacin bazara da damuna, har zuwa kashi 50% na adadin wutar da ake buƙata ana isar da su ga tsire-tsire. A karancin hasken haske, tsirrai suna chlorotic, shimfidawa kuma tanƙwara zuwa ga asalin hasken. Sabili da haka, an shigar da kayan gyaran gida a cikin ɗakuna na gida da katako don samar da seedlings tare da matakan da suka dace da ƙarfin hasken, amma ba tare da fitilu masu zafi ba, amma na musamman tare da haske mai sanyi.
Yawan yin shuka yawanci ana yin su ne daga karfe 7 na safe zuwa 20 na safe. Yawancin lambu suna amfani da phytolamps ko hasken rana. A halin yanzu, yawancin lambu na lambu suna juyawa zuwa hasken wuta na LED. Suna fitowa da jan haske da launin shuɗi, wanda ke haɓaka haɓakar shuka, kusan ba sa haskaka zafi kuma suna da ƙarfin tattalin arziƙi a yawan amfani da makamashi.
7. Kar a shawo kan shuka
Lokacin sayen sayan ƙasa wanda aka shirya don gida mai shuka, ba kwa buƙatar ƙara ƙarin takin mai magani, musamman ma abubuwan nitrogen. Idan aka shirya cakuda ƙasa da kansa, to, dole ne a ciyar da tsire-tsire. Kodayake tare da cakuda ƙasa mai kyau da aka shirya, zaku iya yin ba tare da takin ƙasa ba, musamman amfanin gona waɗanda seedlingsauransu ke da ɗan gajeren seedling (27-35 days).
Yawancin lokaci girma tsire-tsire tare da ganye kore, mai kara mai ƙarfi basa buƙatar ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki. Yawan abinci mai narkewa na nitrogen yana da matukar wahala ga shuki. Yana sa shimfida tsirrai da wurin kwana. The mai tushe zama na bakin ciki, haske, tare da elongated internodes, ganye ganye zama painfully duhu kore a launi. Janar raunana tsirrai na ba da gudummawa ga mafi saurin kamuwa da cututtuka na albarkatu. Don kaucewa wuce gona da iri, seedlings kafin ruwa bai buƙatar ciyar da shi ba.
7-15 kwanaki bayan daukana, foliar ciyar da kemira, nitroammophos, jiko na ash ne da za'ayi tare da Bugu da kari na masu kara kuzari - epin, zircon da sauransu. Idan seedlings sun cika da nitrogen, yana yiwuwa a aiwatar da yawan shayarwa kuma nan da nan magudana ruwa daga cikin kwanon ruɓa, kuma ciyayi ƙasa tare da busassun yashi da wani yanki na har zuwa cm 2. Kuna iya yin ƙaramin sawdust ko ɓoyayyen ƙasa, yankakken bambaro a ƙasa na farfajiya. Microwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta za su fara ɓoye fiber da amfani da ƙarancin nitrogen a cikin ƙasa don wannan. Don inganta ma'aunin abinci mai gina jiki a wannan lokacin, ana iya yayyafa tsire-tsire tare da ferovit (chelate iron).
Legan ƙafa a kan ƙwayar taba.
Matakan Kula da Cututtukan ƙwayar cuta
Matakan agrochemical sune hanya mafi sauri kuma mafi aminci don kiyaye seedlings daga lalacewar cuta. Daga cikin cututtukan, mafi munanan cututtuka sune raunuka tare da cututtukan fungal da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. Blackafar baƙar fata tana da haɗari musamman akan tsire-tsire. Mai tsananin cutar wannan cutar yana da girma sosai - ga epiphytotic. A tsakanin kwanaki 2-3, tushen tsiron mycelium mafi yawa ke lalacewar bishiyoyi kuma tsire-tsire sun mutu. Sabili da haka, yana da matukar muhimmanci a bi duk bukatun abubuwan agrotechnical na shuka na shuka.
Menene ke ba da gudummawa ga cigaban ƙafafu baƙar fata a cikin seedlings?
Duk da shirye-shiryen dasa shuki, wasu daga cikin hankulan ƙasa na filawar, ko sclerotia, suna wanzuwa kuma suna cikin yanayin hutawa. Suna tarawa a cikin ƙasa, kan tarkacewar shuka, a kan tsaba, a kan wuraren tsayawa na katako. Cutar da ake tarawa a ƙarƙashin halayen da ta dace ta fara haɓaka sosai. Mycelium yana girma a cikin ƙasa. A matakin tushe, kamuwa da tsirrai ke farawa, wanda ke bayyana kanta a cikin hanyar wilting da masaukin seedlings. Kowane ɗayan dabarun cututtukan tsire-tsire masu cuta suna haɗuwa cikin filin ci gaba na mafi guntu. Idan ba'a dauki matakan gaggawa ba, 'ya'yan itacen zasu iya mutuwa gaba daya. Don kare cikakken tsire-tsire, ya zama dole don aiwatar da aikin agrotechnical da aikin agrochemical a layi daya.
Abubuwan rarrabe na rarrabuwar kafa na baƙar fata
Idan duk abubuwan da ake buƙata sun cika fasahar fasahar noma, amma seedlings suna kwance daban, haɓaka mai haɓaka cikin hanzari, to yan seedlings ko ƙwayayen matasa basa da lafiya. Game da cuta tare da ƙafa baƙar fata, ganyayyaki a cikin ɓangaren mahimmin duhu yana duhu, baƙar fata mai buɗe ido yana bayyane a bayyane. Cutar ta haifar da nau'ikan fungi na ƙasa da yawa: wasu suna shafar seedlings na kwanakin farko na haɓaka da haɓaka. Plantsungiyar tsire-tsire matasa waɗanda suka kamu da rashin lafiya a wannan lokacin duhu, mucous, da rot a cikin yankin da mycelium ke tsiro a cikin shuka (asalinsu, tushen wuya, ƙananan ɓangarorin seedling). Sauran rukunin fungal suna shafar girma seedlings shirye shirye don dasa. Cutar ta ta bayyana kanta a cikin hanyar thinning da darkening (har sai baki) na tushen wuya, bushewa da cututtukan. A shuka ba ya mutu, amma dasa a cikin ƙasa ba shi da lafiya na dogon lokaci da kuma siffofin ba quite lafiya kayayyakin (shugaban kabeji amfanin gona suna musamman shafi).
Abin da za a yi idan seedlings sami baƙar fata baƙar fata?
Na farko zamanin seedlings yawanci ba shayar, don haka kamar yadda ba tsokani masauki. Idan kuwa har ba zai yiwu a magance ci gaban cutar ba, sai a cire ciyawar da ke ƙone ta kuma a ƙone ta. An kuma cire wani bangare na kasar gona, inda aka sami tsire-tsire masu cututtukan, kuma an kula da wurin da jiko na ash. Yawanci, ana shirya irin waɗannan hanyoyin a gaba don kada ɓata lokaci mai tamani. Narke kofuna waɗanda 2 na itacen ash a cikin lita 1-2 na ruwan zãfi. Nace 6-7 hours. Tace da tsami a cikin lita 9-10 na ruwa mai ɗumi. Ana magance wannan maganin tare da tsirrai da ƙasa, kimanin 1 l / sq. m square. A gida, kafin fesawa, kuna buƙatar yin trays tare da seedlings a wuri guda.
Kwana 5-7 bayan 100% na tsire-tsire, ana kula da seedlings tare da kyakkyawar spraying tare da bayani na humate-EM, wanda ke ƙaruwa da rigakafin tsirrai kuma a lokaci guda mummunan cutar kwari. Maganin an shirya shi a cikin kudi na 1 kwalba 10 na ruwan dumi. Kuna iya amfani da wasu shirye-shirye na rigakafi.
A yau, masana sun ba da babban jerin shirye-shiryen sunadarai da kayan tarihin da ke taimakawa kare seedlings daga cututtuka daban-daban, ciki har da kafa kafa. Tare da tsire-tsire masu girma da kansu, yana da aminci ga lafiyar iyali don amfani da samfuran halitta. Suna lalata halaye masu kyau na ƙasa da cututtukan fungal akan tsire-tsire kuma babu cutarwa ga mutane da dabbobin gida.
Dangane da umarnin, shirye-shiryen biofungicidal suna ba da izinin fesa tsire-tsire da ƙasa a cikin tsawon lokacin shuka, wanda zai kare shi gaba ɗaya daga cututtukan ba kawai tare da ƙafa baƙar fata ba, har ma tare da rot, mildew powder, latsewar blight, peronosporosis da sauran cututtuka. Anyi amfani dashi don fesawa da kuma amfani da ƙasa bisa ga shawarwarin - alirin-B, phytosporin-M, trichodermin, gamair-SP, phytolavin-300, bactofit, da dai sauransu.
Hanya mafi kyau don magance ƙafafun baƙar fata shine lasening da hilling. Daskarar da ɓawon burodi zai ƙara haɓakar iskar oxygen zuwa ga tushen, da kuma keɓance hanyoyin juya su. Kwanaki 2-3 bayan dasa shuki, an dasa shukokin a hankali sannan ana shayar da su ta amfani da toho da tsummoki. Ya kamata lingsyan itace su bushe a wannan lokacin.
Kafin ɗaukar tsirrai, don manufar rigakafin, ana kula da cakuda ƙasa tare da ƙwayar sulflo a cikin adadin 5 g a kowace murabba'in mita. m. Zaka iya ƙara crystallon ko kemiru a cikin kankanin allurai ga cakuda ƙasa ka gauraya sosai. Tsarin da za'a iya samarwa da kasancewar abubuwan da aka gano a cikin takin mai magani zai taimaka wa tsire-tsire bayan ruwa daga cikin sauri don daidaita da sabon yanayin. Wasu lambu, kafin tsince shuki, domin ya kare su daga baƙar fata, ƙara ƙwayar maganin, Barikin, Fitosporin zuwa cakuda ƙasa kuma ya cakuda shi sosai. Tsire-tsire bayan irin wannan trenge kusan basu da kafaƙar fata.
Shirye-shiryen Bariki da Bariki, kamar yadda suke dauke da farin ƙarfe, hana ƙwari kawai ba, har ma da cututtukan hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri. Sabili da haka, an ba da shawarar da za a gabatar da su don kare ƙananan ƙwayoyin daga ƙafafun baki kafin dasa shuki a cikin dindindin. Kafin saukowa, an gabatar da shirye-shiryen da aka ambata a baya Shafi, Shafi ko kuma a cikin hanyar maganin phytosporin, trichodermin, Planriz an gabatar da shi cikin rijiyoyin. Idan babu shirye-shirye, to, kafin dasa shuki, kowane rijiyar an zubar kwana ɗaya kafin dasawa tare da maganin dindindin na 1% na potassium.
Ta haka ne, lura da duk abubuwan da ake buƙata na fasaha na aikin gona don shuka iri, zaku iya samun kayan dasa kayan lafiya.
Hankali! A cikin bayanan da aka yi akan wannan kayan, muna tambayar ku don raba asirin ku da tabbatattun dabaru don haɓaka ƙwayoyin lafiya.
