Guzmania (Guzmania) - asalin halittar epiphytic da tsire-tsire masu ƙasa, na gidan Bromeliaceae (Bromeliad). Halin halittar ya hada da fiye da nau'ikan 130 wadanda da gaske suke girma a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi da kuma kan tsaunin tsaunuka a cikin West Indies, Brazil, Venezuela, South Florida da Amurka ta Tsakiya, kuma sun girma a cikin gidaje, kulawar gida ba zata zama madaidaicin kulawa ba. aiki.
An samo asalin halittar ne saboda girmamawa ga masanin ilimin halittar dabbobi da likitan dabbobi na Anastasio Guzman daga Spain, wanda ya fara bayanin wadannan tsire-tsire a cikin 1802.
Babban Bayani kan Furen Guzmania
Gusmania sune tsire-tsire masu tsananin zafi kuma don nuna yanayin zafinsu na kimanin digiri 25 Celsius ake buƙata. Wadannan mazaunan gandun daji ba su girma kamar fure a kan bishiyoyi kuma suna da tushe a cikin ƙasa.
Itace na da kore mai haske ko ganyayen da ke daure mai kauri tare da kaifi mai kauri, suna yin rosette mai kauri mara nauyi, wanda zai iya kai tsayi zuwa santimita 50 kuma yana da diamita iri ɗaya. A cikin tsakiyar rosette, ganyayyaki masu launin shuɗi suna bayyana kafin suyi fure, waɗanda suke da launi mai haske kuma sun fito daga sauran ganye.
Wasu nau'ikan "suna jefa" inflorescences akan tsaran tsayi. Kulawar gida na Guzmania wanda a ciki duk shawarar da aka bi ya rikide zuwa kawai lokacin da yake da shekaru 2-3. Tsawon lokacin furanni na iya zama sama da watanni 3, amma bayan wannan, inji uwar ta mutu.
Wannan fasali ne na dukkan wakilan bromeliads, wanda ke yin fure sau daya a rayuwarsu, bayan haka suna bayar da harbe-harbe a kai kuma su mutu.
Speciesabilar Guzmania da iri
Guzmania Zana ko Tsana (Guzmania zahnii) - wata itaciya da ke da ganyayyaki masu kauri sosai, tsawonta na iya kai santimita 70 da nisa daga santimita 2.5 zuwa 3. Canza launuka na ganye na iya zama ja-ja ko launin kore mai launin shuɗi tare da ɗimbin yawa na jijiyoyin wando. Ganyayyaki mai tushe suna ja a launi.
Tsawon inflorescence daga 18 zuwa 25 santimita. Bracts da furanni masu launin shuɗi ne. Akwai bambancin wannan nau'in guzmania - variegated, wanda ke da ratsi na tsaye a kan ganye mai launin fari. Nativeasar asalin tsire-tsire na wannan nau'in shine Colombia.
Guzmania Donnella Smith (Guzmania donnell-smithii) - wata shuka wacce ganyenta ke yin sako-sako da tabar wiwi kuma tana da tsawon santimita 60 da fadin 3 santimita. Siffar ganyen tana yare ne, an nuna shi da gwaggwon biri. Green ganye tare da kodadde tinged Sikeli.
Furen fure na shuka ya zama madaidaiciya, an rufe shi da ganyen ganye. A inflorescence ne takaice, mai yawa, pyramidal panicle tare da danda axis. A kan inflorescence, ƙananan ganye an lanƙwasa, suna da m siffar oval tare da ƙarshen kaifi da launi mai haske mai haske.
Sakamakon spikelets yana da yawa, ya ƙunshi furanni 2-3 tare da axis 1 cm tsayi. Bracts sun fi guntu sama da sepals, fim mai bakin ciki, kyalli, suna da siffa mai zagaye da kuma tsawon santimita 10. Sepals suna da fadi sosai a cikin sifar, samar da gajeriyar bututu. Furannin furanni sunyi fused, tare da m, m lobes. Shuka shuka a cikin Afrilu-Mayu. Theasar wannan nau'in guzmania ita ce gandun daji na Costa Rica da Panama.
Guzmania jini ja (Guzmania sangu Guinea Mez) - kyakkyawa mai zafi tare da ganye mai layi-layi, tare da saman da aka zana da kuma madaidaicin maƙerin da ke haifar da gurnet mai kamannin goblet. Ganyayyaki suna da tsawon zuwa 30 santimita kuma a lokacin furanni sun samo launin ja mai haske. Wannan nau'in ba shi da shinge, kuma furanni masu launin rawaya suna kan gajerun yadudduka, suna haɗuwa cikin inflorescences na 7-12 guda.
Furen fure ya tofa sun kuma zama dogayen bututu. Bracts ya fi girma daga sepals. Lokacin fure shine Afrilu da Agusta. Wannan guzmania a cikin daji ya zama ruwan dare a cikin gandun daji na Colombia, Costa Rica, Ekwado. Yana da nau'ikan da yawa:
- Halin brevipedicellata yana da alamar kwalkwali-like, bra bra;
- sanguine ya zagaye bracts tare da nuna karshen, fararen shinkafa ko launin shuɗi;
- tricolor - akwai rawaya mai tsayi a tsaye a kan ganye kore mai duhu.
Guzmania mosaic (Guzmania musaica) - tsirrai masu yaduwar furanni gabaɗaya, masu zagaye tare da ƙarshen ganye, waɗanda suke da launuka masu launin shudi mai kauri a saman haskensu kore. Tsawon ganyayyaki na iya kaiwa santimita 70, kuma faɗin faɗin kamu 5-8 ne. Furen fure na tsiro yayi madaidaiciya, ya fi guntu ganye.
Infwararren kunne mai ɗaukar hankali yana ɗaukar furanni daga 12 zuwa 20 masu launin shuɗi-fari, gindinsa wanda aka lullube da launuka masu launin fata mai launi iri-iri. Fata, fused sepals ne sau biyu har da bracts kuma suna da launin shuɗi. Wannan ra'ayi an ba shi ne ta yanayin Colombia da Panama.
Guzmania Nicaraguan (Guzmania Nicaraguensis) - mai shuka tare da m goblet Rosette na ganye wanda inflorescence ne nutsar. Rosette ya ƙunshi fasalin harshe 10-15 tare da kyakkyawan ƙarshen ganye, yana da tsawon har zuwa santimita 6 da faɗin har zuwa santimita 2.5, waɗanda aka rufe daga ƙasa, ƙarshe ɓace, ƙarami, guga man akan sikelin mai launin launi.
Yawan inflorescence na wannan guzmania ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba akan farfajiyar da ba a kula da shi ba, yana da tsawon santimita 10. Hannun takalmin gyaran kafa da aka nuna sosai cikin siffar kuma ya kai tsawon santimita 5.
An sanya furanni akan gajeren kafa na kafafu tare da furanni masu launin rawaya waɗanda suke girma tare, suna haifar da bututu. Thearshen abubuwan ganyen suna zama kyauta. Pataccen fim ɗin sepals na siffar elliptical, har zuwa santimita 2.5 a tsayi, fis a gindi. Nativeasar asalin wannan nau'in itace gandun daji na Tsakiyar Amurka da Mexico.
Guzmania ƙungiya-ƙungiya (Guzmania monostachia) - wata itaciya da take da Rosette mai ɗimbin yawa na kwance-layi tare da nunin ƙarshen ganye har zuwa santimita 40 da faɗin santimita 2. Ganyen yana launin masu launin shuɗi-kore, wanda shine paler a ƙasa.
A kan fararren kafa ta kai tsaye akwai silsila mai sau dayawa mai sauƙi, wanda ya kai santimita 15 da faɗin santimita 3 a diamita. Abun braids mai nauyi-biyu yana da arabi, sifar siffa. Furanni masu fure tare da fure mai launin farin launi, har zuwa santimita 3 tsayi.
Akwai iri:
- alba - yana da ganyayyaki masu launi iri-iri da kwarjinin launuka biyu - fari da ke kan saman da kore - ƙasa;
- variegata - ganyen wannan tsirran suna da fararen huji a jikin kore;
- monostachia - inji an halin da kodadde launuka masu launi na fruiting furanni tare da madaidaiciya launin ruwan kasa mai duhu.
Wannan nau'in ya yaɗu cikin gandun daji na Kudancin Florida, Nicaragua, Peru, Arewacin Brazil da Indiya.
Guzmania reed (Guzmania lingulata) - wata shuka da ke da kyawawan abubuwa, masu kyan gani da inflorescences na ado, wanda dole ne a cire shi bayan fure. Wannan guzmania yana tsiro da cizo a kan bishiran gandun daji a Brazil, Honduras da Bolivia. An nuna ganyayyaki, a sararin layi, tare da ingataccen gefen nau'i mai ɗumbin yawa. Tsawon ganyayyakin ya fito ne daga 30 zuwa 45 santimita, nisa shine 4 santimita.
A kan gajeren gajeren kuma gajeren zango, akwai corymbose multifloral inflorescence wanda ke da diamita kusan 7 santimita. Flowersanan furanni masu launin rawaya sun kai tsawon santimita 4 kuma suna yin ado da taguwa da shuɗi. Lokacin fure shine hunturu ko farkon bazara.
Wannan nau'in guzmania yana da kyau sosai. An san nau'ikan waɗannan masu zuwa cikin yanayi:
- sardinalis - yana da inflorescence mai dumbin yawa tare da bracts mai launin ja mai haske. Yana fure a cikin Maris da Satumba.
- harshen wuta - yana da gajeru (har zuwa 34 cm) kuma kunkuntar (har zuwa 1.7 cm) ganye. Lokacin Fulawa - Yuli, Agusta.
- lingulata shine babban tsire-tsire tare da furanni da yawa da inflorescences tare da ganyen ganye mai launin ja ko ruwan hoda. Lokacin Fulawa - Disamba, Maris, Agusta.
- ƙarami shine ƙananan tsire-tsire masu launi guda ɗaya tare da madaidaitan kafaffun launuka masu launin ja. Yana tono daga Fabrairu zuwa Yuli.
Kulawar Guzmania
Guzmania yana nufin tsire-tsire waɗanda zasu iya girma duka a cikin inuwar da kuma wurin haske. Lokacin girma a gida akan windows na rana, ya zama dole don samar da kariya daga hasken rana kai tsaye da tsakar rana, sha tare da masana'anta translucent ko takarda. Ji ya fi kyau a kan windows suna fuskantar yamma ko gabas.
Ana iya amfani da windows na arewacin don shuka tsire-tsire, duk da haka, yayin da kyakkyawa na wurare masu zafi bazai yi fure ba. A lokacin rani yana da kyau a ɗauki tukwane tare da tsirrai zuwa ingantaccen iska, yayin da yake kariya daga rana kai tsaye, zayyana da ruwan sama. Idan ba zai yiwu a ci gaba da guzmania a cikin iska ba, yana da buqatar a kwantar da dakin a kai a kai.
Daga kaka zuwa bazara, guzmania a gida baya buƙatar shasha, akasin haka, ana buƙatar isasshen adadin haske. Ana bada shawarar ƙirƙirar ƙarin hasken wuta ta amfani da fitilun mai kyalli na tsawon aƙalla awanni 8.
Ana sanya fitilu a nesa da santimita 60 daga tsire-tsire. A cikin hunturu, yin iska ma dole, kawai kuna buƙatar tabbatar da cewa shuka ba ya faɗi ƙarƙashin rinjayar zayyana.
Kula Guzmania a gida ya zama dole saboda tsire-tsire mai ƙauna ne kuma ya fi son "rayuwa" a cikin lokacin bazara-lokacin zafi a zazzabi na 20 zuwa 25. A cikin hunturu, lokacin da tsire-tsire ke da yanayi mai tsabta, ya zama dole a adana shi a cikin dakin mai sanyi tare da zazzabi na 15-18. Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki mai haƙuri shine Celsius 12.
Guzmania fure mai ruwa da kuma laima da laima
A lokacin girma da haɓaka (kusan daga Maris zuwa Oktoba), kulawa guzmania a gida yana buƙatar yawan ruwa kamar yadda ƙasa ke bushewa. A wannan yanayin, ana zuba ruwa kai tsaye zuwa mafita. Yana da kyau a shayar da guzmania da safe.
Ruwa a kantuna ya kamata ya kasance koyaushe game da santimita 2.5, kuma sau ɗaya a wata dole ne a sabunta shi. Bayan fure kuma kafin lokacin ya fara, dole ne a cire ruwa daga kanti.
A cikin hunturu, shayar da guzmania ana gudana sosai, bayan bushewa kasar gona kusan rabin tukunyar. Idan zazzabi iska ta ƙasa da digiri 20, to ba a shayar da shuka kwata-kwata, amma kawai an yayyafa shi. Zuba ruwa a cikin rami na kanti a ƙarshen ciyawar guzmania yana tsokani lalata.
Idan an sanya guzmania akan bishiyar bromeliad, to kowane kwanaki 10 ana cire shi daga tallafin kuma a sauke shi cikin ruwa har sai an cika shi, bayan haka an ba shi izinin zubar da ruwa mai yawa kuma a mayar da shi jikin bishiyar.
Idan a cikin hunturu ana shuka shuka a zazzabi sama da digiri 20, to lokaci-lokaci ana zuba ɗan adadin ruwan dumi a kanti.
Ruwa don ban ruwa na guzmania ya kamata ya zama mai taushi, shimfida lafiya da dumama (kimanin digiri 3 sama da yawan zafin jiki a cikin ɗakin).
Kamar duk tsire-tsire masu zafi, guzmania yana son iska, cike da danshi mai yawa. Za ta ji daɗin zama a cikin gidajen takarda da wuraren shakatawa. Kulawar gida na Guzmania wanda zaku iya sanya tukwane tare da tsire-tsire akan trays tare da pebbles rigar, yumɓu mai yalwa ko gansakuka.
A wannan yanayin, kasan tukunyar kada ta kasance ta haɗuwa da ruwa. Hakanan, don tabbatar da yanayin da ake buƙata, ana yin spraying sau da yawa a rana, musamman idan iska a cikin dakin ya bushe.
Kula Guzmania a gida ya ƙunshi tsabtace ganyen ƙura, lokaci-lokaci tare da datti zane. Yin amfani da kakin zuma don haskaka ganye ba da shawarar ba.
Farawa a watan Mayu kuma ya kare a watan Agusta, ana amfani da takin zamani sau daya a wata. Don waɗannan dalilai, yana da kyau a yi amfani da takin gargajiya na musamman don bromeliads, amma in babu wannan, takin gargajiya na tsire-tsire na cikin gida tare da ƙarancin abun ciki na nitrogen, wanda yake cutarwa a cikin manyan allurai don guzmania, kuma ya dace.
An narkar da taki a cikin ruwa don ban ruwa kuma an zuba shi cikin soket. Lokacin amfani da takin gargajiya, dole ne a rage kashiɗinsa sau 4 fiye da sauran tsirrai.
Guzmania kulawa da juyawa
An dasa fure ta Guzmania kamar kowace shekara 2-3, kamar yadda ake buƙata. Za'a iya aiwatar da hanyar kawai a ƙarshen fure, lokacin da yara masu ilimi suka girma kadan. Lokacin dasawa, dole ne a kula da kada a zurfafa wuyan shuka, wanda hakan zai haifar da mutuwarsa.
Kula da guzmania kuma ya ƙunshi zaɓi na tukwane da yawa ba, zai fi dacewa ka ɗauki ƙasa da faɗi. Wanne 1/3 na tukunya cike da malalewa daga guda na giya mai yumɓu ko yumɓu da aka lalace. Amfani da guzmania ana buƙatar sako-sako da. Kuna iya siyan cakuda na kayan tsirrai a cikin shagon fure, ko kuma kuna iya dafawa da kanku.
Akwai "girke-girke" da yawa don shirye-shiryenta:
- yankakken Pine haushi - 3 sassa, peat peat - 1 part, yankakken gansaket sphagnum - 1 part, ƙasa mai ganye - 1 part, humus - part 0.5. Hakanan an ƙara wasu layuka da gawayi a nan.
- Leafy ƙasa - 1 part, kwakwa mai fiɗa - 1 sashi, guda na Pine haushi - sassa 0,5, yashi - 0,5 sassan, sphagnum gansakuka - ɗayan hannu.
- An ɗauka a daidai sassan, ƙasa ta ƙasa, yashi da kuma yanki na haushi.
- Gern tushen ƙasa - sassa 3 da gansakuka na sphagnum - 1 sashi.
Guzmania yaduwar iri a gida
A cikin lokuta mafi ƙarancin gaske, yaduwar iri mai yiwuwa ne. Abu ne mai sauqi kuma ingantacce don yaduwar zuriya.
Tsaba kafin shuka an wanke tare da mai rauni bayani na potassium permanganate da bushe. An shirya cakuda don shuka don daga lalacewar sphagnum ko peat da yashi. Tun da ƙwayawar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ke faruwa a cikin haske, suna warwatse a saman ƙasa.
Yawan zafin jiki da ake buƙata don saurin girma shine digiri 24. Wajibi ne don aiwatar da iska ta yau da kullun da fesawa. Ana iya sa ran Seedlings 10-20 kwanaki bayan shuka.
Bayan wata biyu da rabi, 'yan tsire-tsire matasa sun shiga cikin abin da ke kunshe da 1 ɓangaren ƙasa na turf, sassan 2 na ƙasa mai ganye da 1 ɓangaren peat. Bayan wata shida, an shuka guzmania mai girma a cikin tukwane. Kula Guzmania a gida, koda kuwa an aiwatar dashi tare da duk shawarwarin, ana iya tsammanin fure ba a baya ba cikin shekaru 3-4.
A ƙarshen fure, guzmania ya mutu, yana "bada rai" tare da ɗiyan da yawa da suka fito daga kumburin sabuntawa. Don watanni 2, waɗannan ayyukan zasu samar da ganye da yawa da asalinsu mai rauni.
A wannan lokacin, an rarrabe su a hankali kuma an dasa su cikin tukwane cike da sphagnum mai ɓoye ko tare da cakuda da ya ƙunshi ɓangaren yashi 1 da haushi na itace da sassan 3 na ganye.
An dasa tsiron da aka dasa a wuri inda zafin jiki ya kai digiri 26-28, kuma an rufe shi da kwalin gilashin ko jakar filastik don haɓaka haɓaka da haɓaka tsirrai. Bayan nasarar yin nasara da ci gaban da aka samu, “samari” sun fara shigar da kansu cikin yanayin tsare-tsare kamar yadda aka saba.
Guzmania zai yiwu matsaloli
- Tare da wuce haddi na ruwa, Rotting na tushen mai yiwuwa ne.
- Sau da yawa, guzmanias yana kamuwa da cututtukan fungal saboda abubuwan da ke cikin ɗakuna masu dumama da gumi.
- Abubuwan launin ruwan kasa akan ganyayyaki suna nuna kunar rana a jiki.
- Hannun ganyayyaki sun zama launin ruwan kasa lokacin da rashin isasshen iska, kazalika da ban ruwa tare da ruwa mai kauri ko rashin adadin ruwan da ake buƙata a mafita.
- Mutuwar shuka a ƙarshen fure tsari ne na halitta.
- Bayyanar launin rawaya a cikin ganyayyaki tare da rawaya mai sauƙi da mutuwar ganyen gaba ɗaya yana nuna rashin nasara na mite gizo-gizo.
- Bayyanar launin ruwan plaque-tubercles akan ganyayyaki - ana lalata tsire-tsire ta ma'aunin bromeliad.
- Idan an rufe ganyen da farin auduga-kamar farin ruwa, wannan na nuna cewa an sami galaba ainahin mealybugs.
- Idan shuka ba ya samar da tallafi, to wannan yana nuna cewa ya rasa abubuwan gina jiki.
- Ganyayyaki masu laushi da taushi suna nuna ƙarancin zafin jiki na abubuwan guzmania.
