Ana samun wakilan mambobi ne na gidan mulmula a duk duniya. Ficus, itacen roba, itacen saniya, ƙwayar abinci da, a ƙarshe, ciyawa - duk sun fito daga wannan dangin. Babban bishiyoyi da katako mai rarrafe, bishiyoyi, bishiyoyi masu ban girma suna zaune a cikin duniya. A cikin yankuna na kudanci da kuma tsakiyar yankin na Tarayyar Rasha da CIS, bishiyar bishiyoyi ko bishiyoyi sun yaɗu, 'ya'yan itacen da ake amfani da su don abinci, kuma "tsutsotsi" masu ɗamara suna ciyar da ganye, waɗanda ake amfani da cocoons don samun zaren siliki na halitta. A cikin Asiya ta Tsakiya, ana kiran mulberries kamar itacen-sarki da kuma itacen-Berry don kayan aikinta. A cikin kasashen Asiya ta Tsakiya da China, ana amfani da ciyawar mulmula don amfanin da za a ciyar da su ga tsoffin iyayen don su kara rayuwa mai lafiya.
White Mulberry (Morus alba).
Abubuwan da ke cikin abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ciyawa
Mulberry 'ya'yan itãcen marmari a cikin abun ciki ba da kiwon lafiya wa masoya daga cikin wadannan dadi berries. Sun ƙunshi glucose da fructose, Organic acid. Sun haɗa da bitamin C, E, K, PP, hadaddun bitamin B da carotene. Ana amfani da "tebur na lokaci-lokaci" a cikin berries. Yawancin macrocells (alli, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium da sauransu) da microelements (zinc, selenium, jan ƙarfe, baƙin ƙarfe) ɓangare ne na 'ya'yan itace mulberry. King Berry shine kyakkyawan samfurin kayan abinci. Abubuwan da ke cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa, mafi kyawun antioxidants na halitta - carotene, bitamin C da E, selenium, sauƙaƙa jikin tsufa na cututtuka da yawa, yana da kayan sakewa.
Yin amfani da ciyawa don dalilai na magani
Official magani yana amfani da 'ya'yan itãcen ciyawa a cikin lura da anemia lalacewa ta hanyar gastritis (tare da babban acidity). A cikin magungunan jama'a, ruwan 'ya'yan itace, sabo, kayan kwalliya, infusions kayan aiki ne da ake buƙata a cikin maganin cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta, ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta, stomatitis na ƙwayar biliary, cututtukan gastrointestinal, ciwon huhu da mashako tare da tari mai narkewa da sauran cututtuka da yawa. Haushi cikakke a cikin nau'i na kayan ado shine mafi kyawun maganin anthelmintic. Jiko na berries zai taimaka tare da tari, da ganye - tare da hauhawar jini.
'Ya'yan itãcen marmari
Bayanin Botanical
Mulberry itace ingatacciya itace, yana isa 10-35 a tsayi tare da ƙaƙƙarfan tushe mai tushe. Tsammani rayuwa ta kasance tsakanin shekaru 200-500. Forms mai iko yada kambi. Ganyen masu sauki ne, yayyafa, tare da shiri na gaba tare da dukkan harbe. Don shekaru 4-6 na rayuwa, samar da amfanin gona na berries. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari ne edible, wakilci ta fruitful na drupes boye a cikin overgrown fleshy perianth. Tsawon 'ya'yan itatuwa 2-5 cm, fari, ruwan hoda, furanni shuɗi mai duhu. Tasteanɗanawar berries tana da daɗi da ƙanshi, mai daɗi, mai-daɗi tare da ƙanshin haske mai daɗi. A kan haske kasa yana samar da ƙarin tushen da ke ƙarfafa ƙasa.
Mulberry Na Gida
Mulberry (Morus, a nan, mulberry) an kasafta shi a cikin wata ta dabam, wacce nau'ikan 20 ke wakilta, amma a cikin kiwo na gida, ana amfani da nau'ikan 2 sau da yawa: black Mulberry da farin mulberry.
Abubuwan halittu masu ilimin halitta na black Mulberry
Babban yanki na rarraba ciyayi baƙar fata ana la'akari da Afghanistan, Iran, Transcaucasia. Wadannan bishiyoyi masu tsayi (har zuwa 15 m) tare da kambi mai shimfiɗa ana rarrabe su da rassan kwarangwal masu ruwan kasa-launin ruwan kasa. Perennial rassan takaice, da yawa, samar da mai yawa shoot na matasa harbe a cikin kambi. Bar 7-15 cm, yadudduka-dimbin yawa tare da mai zurfi-dimbin yawa yanke-tushe a gindi, duhu kore, leathery. Zuwa taɓawa, ganyayyaki suna da wuyan gani daga bisa, mayyar tana da laushi-mai laushi. Monoecious da dioecious itatuwa. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari mai duhu ko launin baƙi-launi mai launi, mai haske, ɗanɗano mai ɗaci.
Black Mulberry (Morus nigra).
Abubuwan halittu masu rai na farin ciyawa
An dauki kasar ta China mahaifar fararen ciyayi, kodayake tana girma a cikin dukkanin kasashen Asiya. White ciyawa ta kai tsayinsa har zuwa 20. coloraƙar launi na haushi na kara, ya bambanta da ciyawar baƙar fata, launin ruwan kasa tare da manyan fasaloli. Matasa reshe suna da launin shuɗi-kore, wani lokacin ma launin ruwan kasa. Crohn ya yi kauri sosai daga yawan samari. Ganyayyaki masu laushi, ciyawa. Sun bambanta da bayyana. Ganyen suna da sauki ko uku zuwa biyar lobed tare da lashed gefuna, mai tsayi-mai tsayi. Petioles an rufe shi da sakin jiki mai laushi. A cikin bazara da bazara, launi na ganye duhu duhu, kuma a cikin kaka - bambaro rawaya. Dioecious itatuwa, dioecious. A berries suna da yawa (har zuwa 5.5 cm), fari, ja da baki, mai-daɗi.
White Mulberry (Morus alba).
Bambancin Mulberry
Iri na farin ciyawa suna da 'ya'yan itatuwa ba fari kawai, har ma da ja da baki. Ofaya daga cikin irin nau'in Black Baroness yana farawa a farkon (Yuni-Yuli) manyan kayan amfanin gona na babban berries tare da ƙanshi mai daɗi. Yana yin tsayayya da ɗan gajeren sanyi har zuwa -30 ° C.
Kyakkyawan launuka iri-iri na baƙar fata don ba da izinin gida "Shelley No. 150" kyakkyawan al'ada ne na al'adun ganye. An ba da iri-iri a cikin yankin Poltava kuma ana rarrabe shi da manyan ganye, wanda tare da petiole zai iya kaiwa mita 0.5 a girma. Berries har zuwa 5.5 cm tare da babban palatability. Itace mai girma ya girma har zuwa kilogiram 100 na fure.
Ana bambanta ganyen 'White of Tenderness' da Luganochka iri iri da dandano da launi iri iri. Fari da ruwan hoda masu ruwan hoda masu launin shuɗi zuwa 5.0-5.5 cm.
Mulberry namo
Zabi wani wuri don ƙasa
Mulberry nasa ne na enan shekara. Sabili da haka, kuna buƙatar zaɓar wuri a gonar don al'adun shekaru da yawa al'adu zasu iya girma da haɓaka kyauta. Itatuwan bishiyoyi na iya kaiwa tsawan tsawo zuwa 30-40 zuwa m, amma a cikin yanayin iyakantaccen lokacin bazara ko maigidan gida ya fi dacewa da samar da al'ada, musamman a tsakiyar layin, a cikin daji ko gajere (2-4 m). Al'adar hoto mai ban sha'awa, ba a kan yanayin ƙasa ba. Kyakkyawan tsarin samar da tsari na tushen tsarin yana gyaran kasa mai yashi, samar da ƙarin ƙarin asalin tushen. Mulberry, ba kamar amfanin gona da yawa ba, na iya yin girma a kan ƙasa mai gishiri ba tare da daidaitawa game da ingancin berries da ganyayyaki ba (farin mulberry) da ake amfani da shi don ciyar da matattarar maciji. Bai yarda da hana ruwa ba.
Mulberry fure.
Shuka dasa
A gida, bishiyoyin monoecious sukan girma saboda kada su mamaye sarari mai yawa, amma idan yankin na makircin ya ba da izini, to, ana dasa hadaddun wata dioecious shuka kusa da shi - bishiyoyi maza da mata. Idan al'adar ta zama mai kama da itace, to, ana sanya tsire-tsire a nesa na 2.5-3.5 m daga juna. An dasa siffofin Shrub bayan 0.5-1.0 m. An shirya ramin saukar da rami a cikin kaka. Zurfin da zurfin rami a faɗuwar 50x50x50 cm, a cikin bazara za'a iya fadada shi kuma ya zurfafa a ƙarƙashin tushen tsarin seedling. Mafi kyawun lokaci don dasa shuki shine bazara, amma a yankuna na kudu ma ana dasa shuki a cikin kaka. Exasan da aka haƙa ya haɗu da hatsi tare da humus ko takin tsufa (bulo 0.5), nitrophos ko potassium phosphate da aka kara (2 matchboxes per seedling). Tushen seedling an yadu a hankali a kan tubercle na kasar gona a kasan ramin kuma an rufe shi da ƙasar da aka shirya. Yi hankali! Tushen ciyawa suna da ƙarfi, kada ku lalata lokacin lalata ƙasa. Ana zuba guga na ruwa a ƙarƙashin safarar ruwa kuma ƙasa an mulched (peat, bambaro, ciyawar bushe, sauran kayan).
Watse
Mulberry yana buƙatar shayarwa har zuwa shekaru 4-5. Manyan tsirrai, da ke da tushen jijiyoyi masu zurfi, suna ba kansu ruwa da kansu kuma basa buƙatar shayarwa ta musamman. A cikin tsawon fari, wanda ya sa 'ya'yan itãcen marmari ba fallasa, 1-2 waterings ne da za'ayi. Ana yin ruwa a farkon rabin bazara kuma an tsaya a cikin shekaru goma na biyu na Yuli. Wajibi ne cewa ɗan itacen yana da lokaci zuwa ripen kafin sanyi, in ba haka ba ana lura da sanyi kan harbe-harbe matasa na shekara-shekara.
Manyan miya
Ciyar da matasa tsiro na Mulberry fara da shekaru 3 da haihuwa. Fertilizing matasa seedlings ne da za'ayi tare da takin gargajiya da ma'adinai da takin don ban ruwa, bi mulching na gangar jikin da'irar ko ƙasa a kusa da daji. Ka'idodi da nau'ikan takin zamani iri daya ne da na sauran amfanin gona.
Mulberry a wurin shakatawa a gare su. Gorky, Odessa.
Crown gyaran jiki da kuma gyarawa
Don samuwar mulberries a cikin nau'i na itace, bar tushe na 0.5-1.0 m, yankan duka rassan gefe zuwa wannan tsayi. An kafa kambi mai sihiri, a cikin nau'i na kwano ko tsintsiya, ba fiye da 2-4 m ba ga tsayi. Don masu farawa a cikin aikin lambu, ya fi kyau ku gayyaci kwararrun don kafa kambin ciyawa.
Kirkiro ɗanyun ya fi dacewa da za'ayi a cikin bazara kafin a buɗe ayoyin, amma a zazzabi ba ƙasa da -10 * С. Don iyakance girman girma, tsayi na tsakiya a duk shekaru 2 ana gajarta shi da 1 / 3-1 / 4 na tsawon. Idan kambi ya yi kama da ƙwallo, to ƙananan ƙananan rassan gefen hagu sun ragu (yanke 1/3) fiye da na tsakiya (yanke 1/4). Kuma daga tsakiyar kwallon gaba mai zuwa sama taqaitaccen tsari mai kyau. A lokacin da forming wani daji da kambi a cikin siffar tsintsiya, kar a fitar da tsakiyar shoot, amma gudanar da wani pruning a wannan tsawo. Yawancin lokaci ana kirkiro daji ne daga harbe, ya bar 3-4 daga cikin manyan harbe.
Tsabtace tsabtace (cire tsohuwar, cuta, bushe, girma a cikin kambi) harbe da rassa ana yin su a cikin kaka bayan ganye ya faɗi 1 lokaci a cikin shekaru da yawa. Idan matasa girma ba su da lokaci zuwa ripen, ana iya nan da nan trimmed ko hagu domin spring sanitary pruning.
Don ƙirƙirar nau'i na kuka, yanke rassan a kan ƙananan da a gaban buds (rassan za su tanƙwara ƙasa). Lokacin ƙirƙirar wannan nau'i, ƙaya mai ƙarfi ba zai lalata adowar itacen ba, amma yawan amfanin ƙasa zai zama ƙananan saboda laushi na kambi.
Farin fure, mai kuka.
Anti-tsufa pruning a kan ciyawa ne da za'ayi lokacin da chopping berries da rage yawan amfanin ƙasa. A wannan yanayin, duk rassa suna gajarta zuwa tsawon guda (game da 1/3), fitar da kambi na bakin ciki, yanke mafi tsufa (1-2 rassan).
Mulberry yaduwa
Mulberry propagates da tsaba, vegetatively (tushen harbe da kuma layering), kore cuttings, grafting.
A gida, ya fi dacewa don yaduwar ciyawa a cikin ciyawa, yana raba matasa harbe daga uwar shuka a bazara. A kudu, yaduwa ta hanyar harbe kuma za'a iya aiwatar da shi a cikin kaka. Tsawon lokaci mai zafi yana bawa matasa seedling damar ɗauka sosai.
Ta hanyar grafting akan bishiya daya zaka iya samarda melange. Wanda ba na yau da kullun ba zai zama itace da fari, ja, baƙar fata, berries mai ruwan hoda.
Girbi
Mulberry berries ripen hankali, don haka ana maimaita tarin sau da yawa. Girbi selectively da hannu ko sa wani fim karkashin kambi kuma girgiza kashe cikakke berries. Girbi, dangane da iri-iri, ya farfado daga shekaru goma na uku na Mayu zuwa ƙarshen watan Agusta.
'Ya'yan itãcen marmari na Blackberry.
Amfani da ciyawa cikin zane
A kan tituna na birni, a cikin wuraren shakatawa da kore na shinge na nishaɗi, ana amfani da ciyawa a cikin keɓe kai da wuraren dasa rukuni, a cikin hanyar shinge. A cikin shuka rukuni, galibi suna amfani da siffar dala, kuma suna kuka don ado hanyoyi da hutu. Rassan da ke da ganyayyaki da ganyayyaki da yawa suna faɗuwa ƙasa sun keɓance da keɓaɓɓe. Itatuwa suna riƙe ado da kayan kwalliyarsu a cikin hunturu, abin mamakin yadda aka samar da dabarun datse tsoffin rassan da matasa. Ga ma'aikatan shakatawa, ƙananan bishiyoyi tare da kambi na fata ba da daɗewa ba a yi amfani da su.
Ban sha'awa game da Mulberry
- Mulan itacen masara mafi tsufa suna girma a cikin gidan sufi akan Tsibirin Brittany. Gwanin bishiya mai shekaru 200 yana da al'adunsu fiye da 600 sq.m.
- A St. Petersburg, farkon shuka na mulmula ya bayyana a farkon karni na ashirin. Daga tsire-tsire, an kiyaye itacen 1, wanda shekarunsa suka fi shekaru 100.
- A cikin lambun Botanical na Kiev suna yin bishiyoyi masu mulmulale, waɗanda Babban Tsarin ya dasa wanda Peter Girma ya shuka.
- Ana amfani da itace na itace don yin kida.
- Kowace shekara, ana yin bikin silkworm a Cyprus. Kayan maciji na musamman, makafi ne wanda ba ya iya tashiwa, masarautar Cyprus ta mutunta shi sosai saboda iyawar su na samar da zaren siliki.
- Maballin silkworm a cikin wata 1 yana ƙaruwa da adadinsa sau 10,000, kodayake yana faɗa sau 4 a wannan lokacin.
Kwakwalwar silkworm akan ciyawar baƙar fata.
- Don samun kilogiram 1 na siliki na raw, ana buƙatar ciyar da silkworms dubu 5.5 game da ganyen fararen ciyayi.
- Tsawon kwanaki 3-4, silkworm yana gina kwandon shara daga siliki thread 600-900 m Don ƙirƙirar 1 m na siliki na halitta, ana buƙatar cocoons dubu biyu na siliki 2.8-3.3.
- Gwaje-gwaje sun gano cewa yadudduka 16 na siliki na halitta suna tsayar da harsashi daga Magnum 357 tare da gubar dalma.
