Ana kiran perennials da ake kira herbaceous ornamental shuke-shuke wintering a bude ƙasa. Lokacin girma furanni perennial, wasu nau'in shuka har yanzu suna buƙatar tsari kafin farkon lokacin sanyi. Hakanan, lokacin kula da perennials, ya zama dole a kiyaye wasu yanayi game da buƙatun haske, danshi da kayan ƙasa. Yin amfani da shawarwarin da suka wajaba, zaku iya juyar da lambun ku zuwa kyakkyawan fure mai fure.
Lokacin dasa da kuma kula da furanni masu perennial, dole ne a lura da mahimman abubuwa guda uku.
1. Inuwa ta bambanta.
2. Ruwa, amma kada ka cika ambaliyar.
3. Nasa 'ƙasa' ta ga kowace shuka.
Yanayi yana da bambanci sosai wanda a ciki zaka iya samun yawancin nau'ikan tsirrai da ke da kyawawan kaddarorin. Aikin mai lambu mai kyau, gwargwadon ilimin halayen halitta na tsire-tsire, zaɓi daga ɗimbin nau'ikan nau'ikan da suka dace da kansu. Sabili da haka, sanin yanayin muhalli na tsirrai masu girma shine umarnin farko na marowaci.
An daɗe da sanin cewa rayuwar shuka ita ce abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli guda biyar da aka ƙaddara su: haske, zafi, ruwa, abinci mai gina jiki, da iskar oxygen.
Abu na farko da wani mai kula da lambun ke lura da shi lokacin da ake girma perennials shine zaɓi na tsire-tsire na hunturu-Hardy na tsakiyar Rasha waɗanda basa buƙatar tsari na musamman don hunturu.
Da kyau sosai, amma, rashin alheri, tsire-tsire masu zafi, dahlias da gladioluses, an tilasta wa mai lambun tono da adanawa a cikin wani wuri mai dumi a cikin fall.
Wasu tsire-tsire suna girma da kyau kawai idan mai lambu ya kirkiro yanayin da ake buƙata a kansu. Misali, tsirin edelweiss - wani nau'in alama ce ta tsaunukan Alps - yana girma sosai a cikin kewayen gari, amma a kan dutse ne mai sanyin hankali; Perovskia yana buƙatar ƙaramin yashi. Goniolimon ya fi son wuraren daskararru da rana. Kuma ya bambanta da shi, Jeffersonia da ganyen fern suna girma da kyau a cikin inuwa mai zurfi. Trilliums suna buƙatar inuwa mai zurfi da ƙasan daji.
Kulawar perennial: haske da zazzabi
Tsire-tsire 'ya'yan rana ne. Hasken rana kawai, karfinsu, ya bada damar tsirrai su wanzu. Koyaya, akwai nau'in halitta, galibi waɗanda ke daji, waɗanda yawanci ke girma da girma har ma a cikin inuwa mai zurfi. Wannan shine, yanayi ya bambanta sosai wanda a ciki zaka iya samun duk abin da yake da sha'awa ga mai lambu. Dangane da haske, ana rarrabe rukuni uku na tsirrai.
A lokacin da kula da perennial furanni, tuna cewa photophilous shuke-shuke ba su yi haƙuri ko da kadan shading. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, waɗannan mazaunan jeji ne, tarko (tulips, irises, da dai sauransu), da ciyawa (masara, furen geranium, ruffles) da dutsen (dutse-dutse, saxifrages, da sauransu).
Mai haƙuri-haƙuri na iya girma a cikin rana da inuwa m. Sun zo gonakinmu daga gandun daji da ba kasafai ba, daga dazuzzukan daji da furanni (furanni, lilin, lilin, da sauransu).
Waɗanda inuwa suke ji da kyau cikin hasken rana mai haske. Waɗannan mazauna gandun daji na itacen oak ne da kurmi mai ƙonewa (hoofs, saya, anemones, trilliums, yawancin ferns, da dai sauransu).
Ko da daga wannan kusan rarrabawa, ana iya ganin cewa dukkanin inuwa mai haƙuri-inuwa da tsire-tsire masu ƙaunar inuwa na iya girma a cikin inuwa. Amma inuwa ta bambanta.
,Aƙƙarfan inuwa, inuwa mai yawa a cikin wani tsari na lambun talakawa yana faruwa a ƙarƙashin wata doguwar tsufa, galibi ana dasa bishiyoyin apple; a gefen arewa mai yawa, manyan bushes kamar cakkin daji, Lilacs na Hungaria, dusar ƙanƙara, dusar ƙanƙara da bishiyoyi; A gefen arewa na manyan gine-gine, inda hasken rana kai tsaye ba ya faɗuwa. A irin waɗannan wurare ba ƙaramin haske ba ne kawai, amma har ila yau an ƙirƙiri wani microclimate, wato, a lokacin rani akwai ƙarancin zazzabi na yau da kullun, zafi sama da ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da wuraren rana. Kuma a cikin hunturu akwai dusar ƙanƙara koyaushe kuma yana narkewa a hankali. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan ne waɗanda ke fifita girma da furannin irin wannan tsire-tsire masu ƙauna.
Kyakkyawan inuwa mai duhu tana buɗe ƙarƙashin kwarin bishiyoyi tare da ƙaramar rago, buɗewa, kamar ash dutse, buckthorn teku, da ceri. Yana da ban sha'awa idan aka kalli bulbous mara nauyi mai nauyi (tulips, hazel grouse, daffodils, muscari, crocuses), doronikums mai tsawo-rhizome (do orium do orium, plantain doronicum), murfin ƙasa mai ban sha'awa: omphalodez bazara, orthalodez, periwinkle, anemone shrub, da bishiyoyin anemic. A kan rigar, peaty kasa, koyaushe - duka a cikin bazara a lokacin furanni, kuma a lokacin rani, lokacin da manyan ganye suka girma a kanta, Kamchatka lisichiton abin mamaki ne kuma yana da sha'awa. Amma abin da aka fi sani, mai ban damuwa ba shine daji mai mantawa da ni ba-ba.
M a cikin haske inuwa daga lilies (musamman jinsuna), panicled phlox, jini-ja geranium, ozhikovy ƙone.
Rogers na iya zama maɓallin gadaje na fure a cikin inuwa mai haske, kuma daga tsire-tsire masu tsayi - ƙaƙƙarfan elecampane da Meadowsweet Kamchatka. Idan za ta yiwu, yana da daraja ƙawata gonar tare da tsire-tsire masu ban mamaki kamar jimina da onoklea. Penumbra yana faruwa a wurare a ɓangarorin gabas da yamma na gine-gine da kuma gefen gandun daji. Anan, hasken rana yana fadi akan tsirrai ko da safe (wanda yafi dacewa), ko da rana. Yanayin microclimatic a cikin inuwa mai haske da inuwa m basu bambanta da waɗanda suke a cikin sarari, amma duk da haka yawan zafin jiki na yau da kullun yana raguwa. Wataƙila, don amfanin gona da yawa na fure, musamman inuwa mai haƙuri, yana cikin inuwa mai ɗaukar hankali wanda ya fi dacewa yanayi ya kasance: astilbe, lilris da phlox, lyatris, primroses da dais, runduna da ruwa, dicenters, daylilies da swimsuits - wannan jerin abubuwan amfanin gona ne waɗanda ba su cika kyau ba a cikin inuwa. -Arancin sani, amma tsayayye a cikin al'adun mu na yanayi shima yana da ban sha'awa - cuff ya taushi, daraja yana da girma-flowered.
Don haka, inuwar ba kowane yanayi mai tsauri bane ga amfanin gona na fure, kawai kuna buƙatar yin tunani ta hanyar kuma zaɓi tsarinsu daidai.
Don tsire-tsire, ba wai kawai adadin al'amura masu haske ba, har ma da rabo daga duhu da awoyi na hasken rana (photoperiodism). Dangane da wannan alamar, an kasu kashi uku:
- gajere-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire (Chrysanthemums, bishiyoyi da aster Italiyanci) sun fito daga yankuna na kudu, sabili da haka, fure a cikin kaka yayin gajeren ranar;
- tsire-tsire na tsawon rana, mahaifarta wanda shine yankuna na arewacin;
- Matsakaici - mafi yawansu sun fito ne daga gandun daji.
Yanayin zafin jiki na iska da ƙasa lokacin kulawa da narkar da perennials yana da tasiri a rayuwar shuka, tunda tafiyar matakai na rayuwa yakan faru ne kawai a wasu yanayin zafin jiki.
Noma na mesophytes, xerophytes, hydrophytes da hygrophytes
Ruwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar tsirrai, saboda ruwa 90% ne. Dangane da bukatun ruwa, an rarraba tsire-tsire zuwa manyan rukuni huɗu. Hydrophytes, ko tsire-tsire na ruwa, suna girma cikin ruwa kawai. Hygrophytes, ko tsire-tsire masu kyamar yanayi na gumi, suna buƙatar daskararren danshi mai yawa a cikin ƙasa - waɗannan sune nau'ikan wuraren ciyayi mai laushi, gaɓoɓin jikin ruwa. Ra'ayoyin kungiyoyi daban-daban sun banbanta sosai da kyau. Don haka, a cikin nau'in hygrophilous da matsakaici, ƙwayar ganye tana da bakin ciki, ba tare da ɓarna ba; Tushen tushe ne na sama, babba, sau da yawa akwai dogayen rhizomes ko stolons (anemones, tiara, zelenchuk, da sauransu).
Matsakaici hygrophilous (mesophytes) - Tsirrai na Habitat tare da danshi na ƙasa, waɗannan sun haɗa da yawancin nau'ikan da ke girma a cikin gandun daji, tuddai da makiyaya. Yawancin nau'ikan nau'ikan da nau'ikan da suka yi nasara cikin gadaje na fure a tsakiyar Rasha suna cikin rukunin mesophytes, i.e., ana nuna su ta hanyar buƙatar danshi mai matsakaici.
A yanayi, suna zaune ne a wurare da damshin ƙasa, wato, tsirrai na gandun daji da ciyawa. Suna da bambanci a cikin nau'ikan tsarin tushen: a cikin na farko, Tushen na sama ne, mai rauni; na biyu - mai iko, mai zurfi. Ganyayyaki sun bambanta, amma, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna da bakin ciki, kore, ba tare da ɓarna ba. Akwai nau'ikan canzawa da yawa, duka biyu zuwa hygrophytes da xerophytes. Don haka, tulips a lokacin ciyayi da fure suna buƙatar danshi mai kyau, amma kada ku yi haƙuri da wuce haddi a ƙarshen lokacin girma, musamman lokacin rani a lokacin dormancy. Kuma akwai irin waɗannan misalai da yawa.
Dankano (xerophytes) na iya samun ganuwa mai kyaun gani (dutse, yaduwa) ko spin (morin, bluehead), ƙazamar ƙazantar (jaket na fata), leathery (thyme) ko kunkuntar, ciyawar (ciyawar feather). Tushensu galibi suna tafiya, sanda (kachim, kermek) ko fibrous (ciyawar fuka-fukan). Wannan rukunin yana da nau'ikan sauye-sauye da yawa, saboda haka tsire-tsire masu haƙuri da yawa kawai suna cikin jerin abubuwan da ke ƙasa. Misalin tsire-tsire masu jure yanayin fari sune nau'ikan da ake kiransu "tumbleweed" (goniolimon, katran, kachim, kermek).
Lokacin girma perennials, ka tuna cewa xerophytes, ko bushe-hooters, sun fi son wuraren bushewa, ba zasu iya jure yawan danshi ba, suna buƙatar kasa mai kyau, kamar yadda suka zo al'adun daga hamada, kwari, da kuma bushewar kankara. Hakanan ana rarrabe nau'ikan juzu'i: hygromesophytes, xeromesophytes, da sauransu.
Tsarin tsire-tsire masu ruwa (hydrophytes). Yawancin tsire-tsire masu ruwa a cikin ƙasa suna da tsarin tushen karfi (ƙyallen ƙwai, ruwan Lily); a cikin tsire-tsire masu iyo, Tushen kusan basu inganta ba. Yawancinsu suna haifuwa galibi ne daga ciyawar, gami da wasu lokutan hunturu “turion”, fadowa zuwa kasan har zuwa lokacin bazara. Bayan samuwar su, sai uwa ta mutu. Bambancin ganyayyaki suna halayyar mutum ne yayin da ganyayyaki masu iyo ke bambanta sosai da waɗanda ke nutsuwa. Misali, a cikin garin alkubba na ruwa - ganyenda yake duka, kuma ya nutse - an yanke shi zuwa kananan lobes.
Mafi kyawun wuri don tsire-tsire masu ruwa da rairayin bakin teku shine tafki na dabi'a tare da wadataccen ruwan sha daga rafi ko marmaro. Amma ƙara yin amfani da ƙananan tafkuna. A cikin ganga (ganga dole ne a yi liyi tare da zane mai hana ruwa), rafukan ruwa, kwantena na yumbuka suna shuka tsire-tsire masu ruwa da ke ƙawata lambun ka duk rani.
Tsarin tsire-tsire masu ƙauna (hygrophytes). A cikin yanayi, sun mamaye wani wurin zama tare da wuce haddi a cikin ƙasa (bankunan jikin ruwa, ambaliyar ruwa, gangariyar kwari, da sauransu).
Yawancin lokaci suna da madaidaicin, tushen fibrous, babban ganye mai laushi, a cikinsu akwai tsire-tsire masu tsayi da yawa.
Asa don dasa shuki da kula da furanni masu tsini
Lokacin girma furanni na fure a cikin ƙasa, mafi mahimmancin yanayi shine biyan bukatun bukatun muhalli tare da yanayin wuraren shuka. Babu wani ɗan lambu a cikin ƙasa mai buɗewa wanda zai iya canza tsawon ranar, yanayin yanayi na zazzabi da zafi. Amma akwai muhimmin mahimmanci a rayuwar shuka wanda ke iya zuwa tsari - wannan shine yanayin ƙasa. Kasar ana kimanta kasa sosai bisa halaye biyu:
Kasar gona kimiyyar lissafi: yawa, porosity da abun da ke ciki (lãka, loam, yashi)
Chemistry na kasar gona: kasancewar abubuwanda suka wajaba don abinci mai gina jiki - phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium da abubuwan abubuwan ganowa; salinity da acidity na ƙasa.
Tsarin sunadarai na kasar gona za'a iya canza shi ta hanyar hadi da lemun tsami; ta jiki - ta ƙara yashi, humus, peat. Manufar "kasar gona mai gona" tana nufin alamun nunawa, wato, ƙasa ce mai tsaka tsararrakin ƙasa loamy. Babban mahimmancin muhalli, wanda ya ƙaddara mahimmancin ayyukan tsirrai, shine ƙarfin iska na al'ada na ƙasa. Ana nuna wannan alamar ta gani. Sako-sako na yashi, loamy kasa koyaushe ana wadatar da oxygen, wanda ke ba da izinin tsire-tsire don ɗaukar abubuwan gina jiki da kyau. Babu ƙarancin oxygen a cikin ƙasa mai rikitarwa, kuma musamman ma sake haɗawa, anaerobic hanyoyin (i, ba tare da oxygen), microflora mai cutarwa, kuma ana hana aikin tushen tushen ciyawa. A zahiri a tsakanin tsirrai da aka shuka, da wuya nau'ikan su yi girma sosai akan kasa mai cike da takaddama. Yawancin su ana rarrabe su ta tsarin tushen fibrous kuma masoya danshi ne. Mahimmin mai nuna ingancin ƙasa shine acidity. Kasa sun kasu kashi biyu na acidic (pH kasa da 6); tsaka tsaki (pH = 6-7) da alkaline (pH mafi girma daga 7).
Yawancin tsire-tsire na ornamental suna girma da kyau a kan ƙasan lambun talakawa. Amma al'adu da yawa suna buƙatar takamaiman yanayi.
Don haka, game da acidity, ana rarrabe tsire-tsire masu rarrafe ("ƙauna" lemun tsami - pH 7-8). Amma da yawa daga tsire-tsire ba su amsa da kyau zuwa lemun tsami mai yawa; suna girma da kyau a kan ƙasa na acidic.
Matsakaitan tsirrai zuwa gishirin ƙasa sun sami mahimmancin lokacin zaɓar su don namo a cikin yanayin birni. An sani cewa ƙasa ƙasa na garuruwa ya ƙunshi adadin gishiri mai cutarwa. Tsire-tsire masu ɗaukar gishiri a cikin ƙasa ana kiransu halophytes. Kuma kodayake irin waɗannan tsire-tsire ba a daɗe ba ne, mutum na iya lura da wasu nau'in halittu waɗanda galibi ke girma tare da ɗan adadin gishiri. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, waɗannan sune tsire-tsire na steppes, jejin hamada, gaɓar teku: asters (Italiyanci, shrubby, New Turanci, New Beljiya), masara (masara) (gonpelim), goniolimon, goldrod, irises (ƙananan nau'in), katran, kachim, kermek, feather ciyawa, larchis, mertensia, fesco, dutse-dutse, tsutsa.
Soilasar daji. Wani rukuni ya ƙunshi tsire-tsire waɗanda ke girma sosai akan ƙasan daji. Yawancin ciyawa na gandun daji ana saninsa da yawan porosity, haihuwa mai matsakaici, marassa nauyi ne kuma ana ɗaukar su ta hanyar manyan abubuwan kwantar da hankali. Tsirrai na ƙasar daji ba sa son takin mai magani, takin gargajiya (musamman taki) da ma'adinai. Sun gamsu da yanayin ƙasa, ƙasa mai daushin ƙasa, babban abu a lokaci guda shine adana bishiyoyi masu lalacewa a cikin kaka. Irin wannan zuriyar dabbobi za ta kare ƙasa daga tsananin daskarewa, shaye shaye, da kuma lalatawar iska. A cikin bazara, bayan lalata, abubuwan gina jiki da kwayoyin halitta zasu shiga cikin ƙasa tare da shi. Iduaranti mai zurfi, kodayake ba cikakke bane, amma duk da haka shine kwaikwayon zuriyar dabbobi, babban mai kula da haɓaka ƙwayoyin gandun daji: mahimman filin filin ƙasa mai amfani shine wurin da yawancin tushen tsire-tsire na daji suke. Bayar da tanadin shekara-shekara na ganyayyaki da suka fadi daga bishiyoyi, mai lambun zai haifar da yanayi mai kyau na yawan rukuni na tsire-tsire waɗanda ke buƙatar kasa.
Soilasa mai dutse. Specialungiya ta musamman sun ƙunshi abubuwa na petrophytes, wato, tsirrai da suke girma sosai akan ƙasa, dutse, da kuma duwatsu. Yawancinsu suna da alaƙa da tsaunuka tare da asalinsu. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, dangane da manyan halittar filayen dutse, lambuna masu tsakuwa da makamantansu, an fara samun sha'awar irin wannan tsirrai. Ainihin, waɗannan sune tsire-tsire masu tsayayya mai fari wanda ke samar da matashin kai, sod, kowane bushes. Tushen tushen abu ne mai zurfi, yana shiga cikin zurfi tsakanin duwatsun (alisinum, gerbil, da sauransu), yawanci tushen-tsiro ne ((war-da-da-da-daɗin zuwa, maraice na yamma). Daga cikin petrophytes, ana samun waɗanda aka samo (albasarta na Karatavsky, crocus, da sauransu).
A ƙasa zaku iya samun hotunan dasa da kuma kula da perennials a gonar:
Siffofin girma furanni da tsire-tsire a cikin ƙasa
Ga mutane masu aiki da ba su da damar yin amfani da lokaci mai yawa don kula da gadaje na fure, muna ba da shawarar rage kanmu ga albarkatu na yau da kullun, kuma masoya na aikin lambu na iya ba da shawarar mafi yawan nau'in shuka fure, gami da sabbin al'adu da manyan masana kimiyyar ƙasar ke bayarwa.
Ofaya daga cikin sifofin tsirarrun perennials shine cewa ba zaku iya jayayya da halitta ba. Kuna buƙatar dasa waɗannan tsire-tsire waɗanda za su girma daidai akan rukunin yanar gizonku, kuma ba wai kawai nau'in jinsunan da suke da saɓani ko waɗanda kuke son su a waje ba. Bayan haka, kowane ɗan lambu ya san cewa raunana, mara lafiya, tsire-tsire masu ƙarancin girma ba za su iya zama mai kyan gani ba kuma ba sa kirkira "magana" mai kyau.
Yawancin tsire-tsire na daji za a iya sake hawa zuwa kasar, amma a lokaci guda dole ne a bi ka'idodin da ba za su cutar da yanayin ba.
1. Karka taɓa tono tsire-tsire inda kaɗan.Wajibi ne a nemo sanduna da tuddai na ferns, daga inda za'a iya ɗaukar tsirrai ɗaya ko biyu.
2. Tona sama mafi kyawun tsire-tsire.
3. Zai fi kyau ka ɗauki tsire-tsire daga yanayi a rabin rabin lokacin bazara. A bayyane suke a bayyane a wannan lokacin, ba kamar a lokacin bazara ba, lokacin da ganyayyaki basu riga sun juya ba.
4. Ba a ba da shawarar ba: bincika samfuran guda ɗaya (wannan na iya zama ƙarancin halittu), dasa tsire-tsire a ƙarshen watan Agusta (ƙila ba su da lokacin yin tushe kafin hunturu); dauki adadi mai yawa na kwafi.
Ka tuna: idan shuka ta sami damar samar da karsashi - sai ta samar dashi shekaru biyu zuwa uku. Kuma idan ya girma a matsayin daji na daban, to, a gonar fure yakamata ya zama mai guda ɗaya, tsire-tsire kawai.
