'Ya'yan itacen' ya'yan itace - zaɓi da dasa

Kafin ka fara kwantawa ko wata bishiya, dasa shuki daban ko daji, kana bukatar ka yi aikin farko. Dasa perennials ba zai samar da amfanin gona ba don shekara mai zuwa ko bazara daya kamar kayan lambu. Don baƙaƙe, lokacin jiran amfanin gona ya kama daga shekaru 3 zuwa 7. Ba daidai ba dasa perennial - rasa shekaru.

Dasa bishiyar cheranyen cherry.

Domin bishiyoyi don ɗauka tushe da samar da amfanin gona a cikin yanayi mai dacewa, wajibi ne don zaɓar nau'ikan nau'in furanni. Peaches ba zai yi girma a arewa a bude a ƙasa ba, ko da sanyi-mai tsayayya. A wajen kudu, katako (itacen al'ul) suna da wahalar ɗauka. Kafin sanya lambun, kuna buƙatar yin aiki tare da littafin tarihin, inda za'a kawo duk ayyukan da sukakamata (na shirya).

Don siyan seedlingsan lambun, yana da mahimmanci don yanke hukunci a gaban wane nau'in da nau'ikan, iri za a shuka ko maye gurbinsu da matasa.

Yi shirin dasa shuki. A cikin bayanan, ƙara makircin shuka tare da sunan nau'in halitta da iri. Kowane irin nau'ikan dole ne ya kasance tare da takaitaccen bayanin dake nuna:

• da tsawo daga cikin al'adun, sabõda haka, a nan gaba ba ya m undersized a lokacin hade plantings,
• nau'in kambi, wanda ya sa ba a yin fure mai kauri, musamman idan an shuka tsayi, matsakaici, dwarf da nau'in columnar,
• Lokacin fitarwa - da wuri, na tsakiya, ya zuwa ƙarshen, kamar yadda ake kulawa da su, musamman idan aka kula da su da sinadarai, a lokuta daban-daban.

Bayan fitar da wani shiri don dasa shuki a nan gaba a cikin littafin tarihin, nan da nan dole ne ka nuna nisa a jere da jere jera.

• Don amfanin gona mai girma da matsakaici tare da kambi mai shimfiɗa, nisa a jere da jerin sarari shine 8-9x10 m, bi da bi.
• Saboda bishiyoyi akan dwarf rootstocks - 4-5x5 m, bi da bi.
• Don nau'in columnar - 2x2 m.

Ba shi yiwuwa a gauraya albarkatu masu ƙarancin abinci da tsayi, tare da kambi mai shimfidawa tare da dwarf da columnar. A kwana a tashi, ciyawar da ba ta girmar zata fara bushewa, tunda za a hana su hasken rana, da iska.

Zabin wurin da ake shuka bishiyoyi a wata gona mai makwabta

Mutane sun ce, kafin ka sayi gida, ka sadu da maƙwabta, kana zaune tare da su. Don yin bishiyoyin su ji daɗin rayuwarsu gaba ɗaya, lokacin kwanciya gonar, ya zama dole don samar da wurin amfanin gona (ɗauki maƙwabta).

Kyakkyawan makwabta don itacen apple sune ceri, plum, pear, Quince. Ceri mai zaki, viburnum da lilacs suna da tasiri mai bacin rai a kai. Don pear, maƙwabta masu ban mamaki sune itacen apple da kuma itacen ash. Ba ta yi haƙuri da unguwar plums, viburnum da cherries. Neighborsaukacin maƙwabta don cherries sune apple apple da cherries. Itacen apple sune maƙwabta masu kyau don plums. Pears suna da tasiri mai ruduwa a kan gumakan.

Daga tsararren lambun, canja wurin makircin zuwa wurin, inda a cikin kowane rami na dasa shuki gyara farantin tare da sunan da iri iri na amfanin gona.

Aikin shirye-shiryen a gonar

Bayan an tumɓuke tsohuwar bishiya ko daji, ba shi yiwuwa a dasa youngan matasa a wuri guda a shekaru biyu masu zuwa na gaba. Kowane tsire-tsire yana barin wasu abubuwa waɗanda ke hana sabon tsire-tsire. Ya kamata ƙasa ta huta daga tsiron da ya gabata. A lokacin jira, tsirrai masu fure daya, kayan lambu, girma a cikin inuwa, kuma za a iya shuka wasu albarkatu a wannan wurin. Za ka iya kawai barin tururi mai tsabta, madadin shi tare da taki kore, ko a wasu hanyoyi warkar da ƙasar daga dogon saukowa na baya.

Kafin dasa shuki seedlings, duk aikin akan shiri na ƙasa ya kamata a aiwatar dashi. Acidified kasa dole ne a deoxidized kafin dasa shuki gonar da dolomite gari. Wannan dabara ya fi dacewa a yi ko'ina cikin rukunin yanar gizon, amma kuma yana yiwuwa a cikin rami rami na daban.

Seedan itacen apple.

Zabi da kuma shirin dasa kayan

Saplings tare da tsarin budewa da rufewa ana kan siyarwa. Don dasa shuki, yana da kyau a yi amfani da tsire-tsire tare da buɗaɗɗen burodi, ko kuma tushen tushe. Zai zama mafi dacewa don bin yanayin da haɓaka tsarin tushen, yanke tushen, wanda zai ta da shuka don haɓaka cikin sauri, kuma kwanciyar hankali na seedlings daga kwantena na iya aiki ba lokacin da farkon yanayin sanyi ba.

Idan aka sayi tumatir a farkon kaka tare da ganye, to dole ne a yanke ganyayyaki don kada shuka ya ƙafe danshi lokacin da tushen tushe bai riga ya ɗauki tushe ba kuma ya fara ba da danshi ga shuka.

A cikin bazara, galibi dukkan tsire-tsire masu jure sanyi-na shuki na tsakiya da na marigayi (bishiyoyin apple, pears, cherries) ana shuka su. Tushen tsarin yana da kusan babu lokacin tashin hankali kuma a cikin kaka da seedlings za su iya daidaitawa da sabon yanayi.

Idan an sayi seedlings a cikin ƙarshen kaka (musamman a yankuna masu sanyi), to, yana da kyau a haƙa su kuma a adana su har sai lokacin bazara kuma a cikin bazara za a riga an dasa su a cikin dindindin. 'Ya'yan itace za a iya haƙa su ko a cushe cikin jakar filastik tare da yashi kuma a hagu cikin ginshiki har sai lokacin bazara. A yankuna na kudanci, ana yin sa yawancin lokuta a cikin ƙasa mai buɗewa.

Abubuwan da ba su da tsayayya-sanyi da amfanin gona masu tsananin zafi (peaches, apricots, cherries, apple apple, pears, plums, cherries) ana shuka su sosai a bazara. Kuna buƙatar siyan seedlings tare da rayayyun buds (tabbatar da dubawa). Ganye na farko alamu ne zuwa ƙarshen shuka tsiro. Seedlings tare da m ganye partie sau da yawa mutu, saboda tushen har yanzu ba ya aiki, kuma ganye na bukatar damshi kuma, idan yanayi yayi zafi da bushe, har ma da tushen ruwa ba zai cece daga fari fari da kuma seedlings zai mutu.

Zamanin dasa shuki a kowane yanki

Ya danganta da yanayin yanayin yankin, ana yin shuka itace a lokacin bazara ko kaka. Wannan shi ne saboda, da farko, don buƙatar daidaita da perennials zuwa sabon yanayin girma da haɓaka, tare da yiwuwar gyara tsarin tushen a cikin ƙasa.

Don haka, a cikin yankuna na kudanci koyaushe ya fi kyau a dasa shuki a cikin bazara bayan faɗuwa a kan babban babban taro na bishiyoyin. Tsawan lokacin kaka tare da dumin yanayi babban lokaci ne ga matasa tsirrai. Tushen zai sami lokacin da zai samar da tushen matashi, wanda zai fara ba da shuka da ruwa da abinci mai gina jiki, kuma za a fara amfani da masalahar da ke sama, kuma ba zai amsa da zafin rai ba har zuwa ƙarshen damuna da damuna, lokacin hunturu zai gama "ƙare".

Ba a hana dasa shuki a kudu ba, amma kuma ya zama dole don danganta lokacin dasa tare da yanayin bazara. Short spring da kuma kaifi dumama tare da zafi rana zai bushe saman sama shoot, kuma ko da m watering ba zai taimaka. 'Damuwar za ta kamu da rashin lafiya kuma, mai yiwuwa, zai mutu ko kuma kawai za a fara ci gaba shekara mai zuwa. A halin yanzu, yanayin yanayi yana canzawa sosai, kuma "ƙwaƙwalwar" na tsire-tsire yana bayan sabon yanayi.

Yanayin arewacin tare da sanyi mai zurfi da daskararren ƙasa ba su dace da ciyawar matasa ba. A cikin ƙasa mai sanyi, Tushen ba zai "aiki" ba. Tushen tushen yana buƙatar ingantaccen zazzabi a cikin tushen tushen-ƙasa (aƙalla + 8 ... + 10 * C). Irin waɗannan yanayi a yankuna na arewacin da yanki na tsakiyar sanyi na Rasha suna fitowa a cikin bazara. A lokacin bazara, matasa na andan shekaru da bushes za su haɓaka tsarin tushen, taro mai sama zai ba da karuwa na shekara-shekara. Dasa zai shiga cikin hunturu tare da cikakkun tsire-tsire masu tsiro. A cikin yanayin arewa, ana shuka shuki kafin a buɗe furanni kuma ƙasa tana daɗaɗɗa gaba da bango na yanayin tsawan yanayi a koyaushe.

A tsakiyar layi, dasa 'ya'yan itace da bishiyoyi na bishiyoyi suna yin nasara a shuka da damina. A cikin bazara, ana shuka dabbobin dabbobi kafin a buɗe furanni, kuma a cikin kaka, lokacin da aka fallasa lambun girma.

Dokokin dasa shuki

Dasa ramuka ana shirya watanni 6-8 kafin dasa shuki daga tsiron amfanin gona. A ƙarshe daidaita girman ramin zuwa tushen tsarin seedling. Yayin shirye-shiryen karshe na rami na dasa shuki, an bar ganuwar ta kwance ta yadda yadudduka na ƙasa da aka gabatar sun haɗu da sauri tare da sauran kuma tushen ya fi sauƙi girma a waje da ramin.

Lokacin sayen seedlings, kuna buƙatar kula da tushen tsarin. Babban Tushen yakamata ya kasance yana da ƙananan ,an ƙananan, tsara a ƙarshen, zasu fara farawa da sha danshi. Yarnuka a kan tushen ya kamata su kasance masu rai, fararen fata ko tare da tabarau na launin rawaya, ruwan hoda da sauran launuka. Seedlingsauraruwan bushewa suna cikin haɗarin saya. Wataƙila ba za su farka ba, duk da tabbacin masu siyar da ingancinsu. Idan irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna da tushe, to, ba su da lafiya na dogon lokaci, lag a baya a ci gaba, da yawa daga baya suka fara samar da amfanin gona na farko.

Zai fi kyau sayi tsire-tsire na bazara na 1-2 don shuka. Suna da sauri suna ɗauka tushe, sauƙi a sauƙaƙe don samar da kambi mai mahimmanci. 'Yan lambu sun ce - shekara-shekara sune filastik, shekaru 3 - seedlingsan shekaru 4 - yumbu don ƙerawa. Saplings 10-20 hours kafin dasa ana tsoma a cikin wani bayani daga tushen ko wasu tushen ci gaban mai saiti. Idan seedling yana bacci, ana iya riƙe shi cikin mafita na kwanaki 1-2.

A kasan ramin kuwa malalewa. Don magudanar ruwa, ana amfani da dutse mai kyau, tsakuwa, yashi, rassan farin ciki da sauran kayan. Dukkanin magudanar ruwa an rufe shi da yashi ko ƙasa.

Soilasa daga ramin da aka haƙa ya haɗe da humus ko takin girma. 10-15ara 10-15 g / guga na ƙasa nitroammofoski. Kuna iya amfani da takin ƙasa mai hadaddun tare da ƙaramin abun ciki na nitrogen. An shirya cakuda da aka shirya a cikin ramin, yana samar da tarin ƙwayoyin cuta.

Pear seedling.

An kafa katako na katako nan da nan zuwa tsakiyar ramin, wanda, bayan dasa, an ɗaure seedling ta hanyar adon takwas.

Tushen seedling an shimfiɗa a saman tubercle kuma an rufe shi da ƙasa a cikin ramuka biyu na uku kuma an zuba rabin guga - guga na ruwa. A lokacin dasawa, seedling yana girgiza dan kadan a wasu lokuta wanda ya sa kasar ta mamaye voids tsakanin asalinsu. Bayan an sha ruwa, ana ci gaba da biyan abincin baya a gefan ramin. Lokacin dasa shuki, wuri ne na maganin ko kuma tushen wuyan bishiyoyin da ba a tsare su ba a sarari.

A ƙarshen dasa, an yi mashin 4-6 cm mai tsayi a kusa da seedling tare da diamita na 0.5-0.7 m don kada ruwa ya gudana a kusa da wurin. Wani buhun ruwa na ruwa 1-2 an zuba sannan kuma kasa mai cike da ruwa an rufe shi da ciyawa mai zurfin gaske har zuwa cm 10 cm an cire ciyawa daga matsayin dabinon don kada ya toshe.

A lokacin da dasa shuki a graling seedling, shi wajibi ne don barin grafting site sama da ƙasa domin tushen wuyansa yana a matakin ƙasa. Kullum tana ƙasa da maganin. Wannan ya zama dole domin shuka ba ya fara zama a gindin ƙasa kuma, maimakon noma, baya samun wasan daji da ya saba. Tare da dasa yadda yakamata, dole sai a cire harbe-harben da suka fito. Yawancin lokaci suna barin (don lokuta daban-daban) kawai scion mai tushe.

A lokacin da dasa shuki unvaccinated seedlings (peach daga zuriya, ceri), tushen wuya bayan shrinkage na kasar gona ya kamata a kafa a matakin ƙasa. Matsayin canji na launi na kara zuwa launi na tushe (galibi haske launin ruwan kasa) ana ɗauka wurin zama na tushen wuya.

Tushen wuyansa da scion a kan seedling.

Bayan dasa shuki na bazara 1 na bazara tare da abin da aka saba, an yanke sashin sararin samaniya zuwa 70-80 cm, kuma sashin dwarf zuwa 60-70 cm.

Dasa shuka tare da rufe tushen tsarin (a cikin kwantena) za'a iya aiwatar da shi daga farkon bazara zuwa sanyi. Bayan an 'yar da zuriya daga cikin akwati, an canza shi zuwa ramin saukar da rami mai dunƙule na duniya. Yayyafa kewaye da kasar gona tare da yayyafa da ruwa sosai. A kasar gona a farkon watan dasa ne kullum kiyaye rigar ta hanyar na ban ruwa na din-din-din. An rufe kambi daga rana mai ƙonewa da gauze ko wasu abubuwa tare da kayan adon ruwa. Idan akwai buƙatar saukar ƙasa lokacin bazara, to sai a zaɓi girgije, har ma da ruwan sama. Ana shayar da safarar yau da kullun, tsari daga hasken rana, aka fesa a yanayin bushe.

Idan ruwan ƙasa yana kusa, magudanar ruwa tana yin tsayi zuwa 30-40 cm Cika ramin tare da cakuda ƙasa mai hade. An kafa shinge (faifai) na 30-70 cm daga ƙasa sama da ƙasa Don hana zamewar shimfiɗa, amfani da allon, allo ko wasu kayan rufewa kuma cika shi da ƙasa mai ƙira. Ya zama kwalin wanda diamita don dasa seedling zai iya samun daga 1.0 zuwa 2.0 m. A tsakiyar, tono rami kuma dasa seedling. Ana yin irin wannan saukowa a kan nunin faifai idan shimfidar ruwan karkashin ruwa ya kusan alamar mita 1.0-1.5 daga matakin ƙasa.