Babban kuskuren fara yan lambu lokacin da dankali yake girma shine cewa duk abin da baya ci dole ne a dasa shi kuma an shuka amfanin gona. Mafi yawa suna yin hakan. Kuma a cikin kaka suna cikin baƙin ciki suna murƙushe hannayensu idan amfanin gona ba ya nan ko yana da ƙima sosai cewa babu wata ma'ana a cikin tono. Kuskuren na biyu shine dasa shuki mai cakuda. Wasu bushes har yanzu suna kore, yayin da wasu sun bushe sosai cewa ba zai yiwu a tantance inda daji yake ba. Amma abin da ya fi ba ni haushi shi ne cewa dankalin turawa, daga dankalin turawa, ya zama abin alfahari, kuma a cikin salatin a maimakon cubes mara tsari. Sauran 'ya'yan itace, a gefe guda, a cikin miya suna kama da gilasai masu launin shuɗi, kuma broth mara ƙanshi yana da baƙon abu mai ban tsoro.
Samun amfanin gona mai inganci ya dogara da dalilin dankalin. Ga kowane nau'in samfurin da ya ƙare nau'ikansa suna bred. Irin dankali.
- Daga mummunan zuriya ba sa tsammanin kyakkyawan kabila
- Tsarin dankalin Turawa
- Kai shiri na iri abu
- Siyan kayan dasawa
- Ana shirya dankalin turawa, dankali
- Dankali ta dasa kwanakin
- Hanyoyi da dabarun dasa dankali
Daga mummunan zuriya ba sa tsammanin kyakkyawan kabila
Wannan tsohuwar tallafin ta bayar da cikakkiyar nasara kuma ya amsa dukkan tambayoyin fara lambu kuma a lokaci guda yana sauƙaƙe musu ainihin kuskuren cikin aikin lambu. Samun babban amfanin gona mai inganci ya dogara da manufar dankalin turawa: don saladi, vinaigrettes, dankalin masara, miya da borsch. Ga kowane nau'in samfurin da aka gama, ana ƙirƙirar nau'ikan nasa, wanda aka kasu kashi biyu cikin rukuni daban daban tare da lokacin girma.
Tsarin dankalin Turawa
Dankali ya kasu kashi biyu na tsawon tsiron:
- a farkon, samar da amfanin gona a cikin kwanaki 80-90;
- matsakaici da wuri, ana samun girbin tuber a cikin kwanaki 100-115;
- matsakaici, amfanin gona wanda yakan dauki tsawon kwanakin 115-125;
- tsakiyar marigayi, tare da lokacin girma na kwanaki 125-140;
- daga baya, da samuwar amfanin gona na tubers wanda daukan fiye da kwanaki 140.
Tsawon lokacin dumi yana ƙaddara rukuni na dankalin turawa, waɗanda aka fi son su a yankin. Ba shi da ma'ana a yi girma dankali a ƙarshen wuraren da lokacin dumin ya ɗauki watanni 2-4. Amma rarrabuwa cikin kungiyoyi ba ya warware matsalolin ingancin amfanin gona da amfaninsa don shirya jita-jita iri-iri. A cikin kowane rukuni, an ba da fifiko ga nau'ikan da suka bambanta a cikin tattalin arziki (dandano, abubuwan sitaci, launi na nama) da kuma halayen ƙwayoyin halitta (haɓaka, kiyaye inganci, siffar tuber, juriya ga kwari da cututtuka, da sauransu). Kowane iri-iri ya dace da haruffa Botanical (mai tushe, ganye, fure, da sauransu), a cewar wanne a fagen ana iya bambance nau'in kuma a cire iri iri.
Fiye da irin dankali 2000 da aka bred a cikin Rasha Federation da CIS, amma game da 200 zoned iri da kuma hybrids suna rayayye a cikin plantings. Har yanzu babu wani nau'in yanayi na duniya wanda baya dogaro da yanayin damina da ƙasa. Don haka duk lokacin dumi ya kasance tare da sabbin dankalin ku a cikin gonar da aka dasa iri biyu da 2-4 tare da halayen tattalin arziki da ake buƙata na lokutan ripening daban-daban (farkon tsakiyar, da sauransu).
Lokacin sayen dankali iri, dole ne a bi ka'idodi da yawa. Ofayansu shine don siyan kayan daga masu siye baƙi. Dankakken iri dankali.
Kai shiri na iri abu
Gardenerswararrun lambu sau da yawa suna gudanar da nasu iri. Bayan sun sami wasu ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa, masu mallakar suna samar da kayan iri lokacin girbin dankali. Don kauce wa raznosortitsy Dole aiwatar da rarrabewa. Idan, saboda dalilai daban-daban, ba a aiwatar dasu ba, to an lura da mafi yawan tsire-tsire na larduna (iri) akan gado, ana ƙosar da tubers waɗanda ke gaba da rami. Girbi yana farawa da waɗannan bushes. Tubersaukar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayoyi (mai kama, ba ta da ƙwai kaza, cikakkiyar lafiya ba tare da raunuka na waje ba ta hanyar cututtuka, kwari, ba tare da raunuka da aka karɓa yayin kulawa da tsabtatawa ba) ana ɗauka nan da nan daga gida.
Zaɓaɓɓun gwaje-gwaje nan da nan aka keɓe don bushewa da zaɓi na ƙarshe don adanawa har sai lokacin bazara. Kuna iya yin lissafin adadin kayan dasa kayan da ake buƙata. Yawancin lokaci a 1 sq. Ana iya shuka tsiran dankali 5-7 tare da matsakaicin nauyin 50 zuwa 70, wasu lokuta 90-100 g, ana shuka su a kowane murabba'in mita Bayan sun girbe iri, sai su fara girbi. Domin kada ya zubar da filin da ba ciyar da kwari, suna cire duk dankali daga filin filin, gami da ƙanana da mara lafiya, da kuma fi. An ƙoshin lafiya a fili, kuma mai haƙuri yana ƙone, yana dawo da ash zuwa filin. Lokacin da aka saki gadaje da aka shirya don dankali, suna fara shirye-shiryen kaka na ƙasa.
Lura cewa tsarin girma dankali daga tsaba an bayyana shi a cikin labarin Girman Dankali daga Tsaba.
Siyan kayan dasawa
Sabon shiga cikin aikin lambu yawanci sayan shekarar farko ta kayan shuka. Lokacin sayen, dole ne a bi ka'idodi da yawa.
- Kada ku sayi kayan daga masu siyar da bazuwar.
- Nemi kayan masarufi domin dasa iri.
- Kowane sayan yana haɗe tare da taƙaitaccen bayanin nau'ikan (tambayi mai siyarwa don shi).
Bayanin ya kamata ya nuna rukuni da sunan iri-iri na dankalin turawa, yankin (yankin) na namo. Kimanin ranar shuka a cikin ƙasa buɗe, tsawon lokacin da aka girma, yawan amfanin ƙasa. Halin halayen ɓangaren litattafan almara lokacin aikin zafi. Resistance da cututtuka da kwari. Tsayawa inganci. In ba haka ba, kar a yi haɗarin siyan iri. Ana iya yaudarar ku kawai.
A gaban mai siyarwa, bincika ingancin kayan da aka saya da amincinsa ga rubutaccen bayanin. Duba daidaituwa na kayan da aka saya, girman dankalin dankalin turawa (tare da kwai kaza). Canza launin waje na kwasfa, siffar tarin fitsarin. Matsayin halayyar ocelli, girman su, siffar su (zagaye, kusanto, akida, guda, a cikin gungun). In ba haka ba, zaku sayi malamin coci.
Sakin jiki da dubawa iri
A gida, ana sayi tubersan dankalin turawa da aka sayo su sosai bayan an kammala wankewa daga datti (in da bukata). A kan bincika, marasa lafiya da suka lalace, sun lalace kuma sun bambanta a cikin bayyanar (elongated, zagaye), launi na jiki (fari, ruwan hoda, rawaya. Cikin shuɗi, ja, da dai sauransu) nan da nan aka ƙi. Ana rarraba tsiran dankalin turawa mai lafiya a cikin ƙananan (30-50 g), matsakaici (50-80 g) da manyan (fiye da 80 g). Kowane rukuni mai nauyi a nan gaba zai sami karin 'ya' yan kwaya daya, da saurin haɓaka kansa, kuma zai sauƙaƙe kula da shuka da kuma maganin su. Bugu da kari, za'a iya raba manyan kasusuwa zuwa gungumomi da yawa kafin dasa shuki.
Ana shirya dankalin turawa, dankali
Ya danganta da yanayin dankalin dankalin Turawa (zurfi, idanun barci, ko gaban idanun su suna yin toho, amma etiolated, da sauransu), an dasa kayan dasa zuwa ƙarin shiri don dasa shuki a cikin ƙasa. Idon bacci a kan tubers yana ta da hankali ko ta farka a hanyoyi da yawa. Sprouted idanu kore. Shirye-shiryen dasa kayan ya sa ya yiwu a rage lokacin samar da iri a lokacin shuka, kuma, sabili da haka, don samun amfanin gona a baya.
Shirye-shiryen dasa kayan ya sa ya yiwu a rage lokacin samar da iri a lokacin shuka, kuma, sabili da haka, don samun amfanin gona a baya. Germinated iri dankali.
Vernalization
Tare da idanu masu ban sha'awa na etiolated, ana kidaya filayen, waɗanda kuma ake kira haske vernalization. Ana shirya ganyen dankalin turawa akan shimfidar taga, a kwantena kwantena, a cikin akwatunan innabi a cikin Layer 1 a karkashin hasken yau da kullun 20-30 kafin dasa shuki. Tsarin tsari, ana sanya ciyawar ta bushe. Zazzabi a cikin dakin an kiyaye shi a + 12 ... + 17 ° C. Isu da aka shirya yakamata ya sami aikin lambu iri ɗaya. Ba za a yi amfani da su azaman abinci ba.
Sarrafa Tuber
Idan ya cancanta, an hada hasken hasken dankali tare da lura da ƙwayaye tare da wadataccen abinci da magungunan kwantar da hankula don haɓaka haɓakar ido da kare kariya daga lalacewar cuta. A kan kasa mai tsafta, ya fi dacewa ku dasa tubers a bugu da withari tare da abinci mai gina jiki. Ana aiwatar da tsari a cikin mafita daban-daban. Kowane mai lambu yana da nasa hanyoyin tabbatar da kayan abu don dasawa kuma galibi yana amfani dasu. Labarin yana ba da nau'ikan mafita biyu don masu fara lambu kuma ba su bane kare don amfani da tilas.
Hanya 1. Game da makonni 4-6 kafin dasa shuki, dankalin dankalin turawa ana soyayyen na minti 20-30 a cikin zazzabi na zazzabi. Domin kada ya rikice tare da lissafin, lokacin shirya mafita na abubuwa da yawa, yana da kyau kuyi amfani da takaddun takin mai magani da aka shirya, vuksal, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙari ga manyan abubuwan gina jiki 8 microelements. 20-25 g na takin da kuma cokali 1-2 na bioglobin girma mai kara kuzari a cikin ruwa na 10 l. An sanya dankalin dankalin turawa da aka sarrafa a cikin akwatuna a cikin shimfidar 1 ko 2. Ana ɗaukar akwatinan cikin dakin duhu na makonni 2, tare da zazzabi + 12 ... + 17 ° °. Bayan lokaci mai duhu na germination, akwatuna ko wasu kwantena tare da tubers an fallasa su don gyara shimfidar wuri.
Hanya 2. Idan an samo tubers marassa lafiya a cikin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta da aka saya, to, ana tsara duk ƙungiyoyi masu rarrafe (ƙananan, matsakaici, manyan tubers) a cikin mafita wanda ke ƙunshe da shirye-shiryen da ke haɓaka ƙwayar idanu na hanzari, shimfida tushen tubercles da kariya na lokaci daya kan cututtukan fungal da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. 20-25 g na hadadden takin ke narkewa a cikin 10 l na ruwa, 50-100 g na itace ash, 5 g na sulphate jan karfe da tsunkule na potassiumganganate (1-2 g) suna kara. Bioglobin, rootin da trichodermin (antifungal biofungicide) suna haɗe da mafita. Cakuda ya hade sosai. Tubers ana fesa ko saukar da shi na mintina 2-4 a cikin shirye-shiryen akwatin tare da dankali. A cikin kwanakin 10-20 na gaba, ana yayyafa tubers tare da shirye-shiryen da aka shirya bayan kwana 1-3. Bayan haka, tare da isasshen haɓakawa da kore idanun akan ƙwayayen, ana dasa su a ƙasa.
Hada haɓakar ido tare da shimfidar ƙasa. Germinated iri dankali.
Dark germination na tushen a kan sprouts
Wasu lambu sun fi son shuka tubers a cikin ƙasa tare da tsarin tushen balagagge akan sprouts. Wannan hanyar tana ƙara saurin ƙarfi, iko da adadin adadin sheda mai zuwa a kan dankali. A shirye-shiryen da tubers ne da za'ayi a cikin kwantena tare da rigar filler ba tare da damar yin amfani da haske ba. Tsarin kwakwalwan kwakwalwan kwamfuta, yaduna, ganyayen an zuba shi da wani yanki na 2-3 cm a ƙasan filastik ko kwantena na katako wanda aka lika tare da fim.Ya isa ya wadatar da wani sinadari mai gina jiki wanda aka shirya bisa ga hanyar da ke sama. Kuna iya shirya mafita ta amfani da lemon tsami 10 na ruwa, cokali 3 na nitrophosphate, urea, ko taki Effon. Ba shi yiwuwa a wuce hankali maida hankali. Don kare cutar lalacewa ta hanyar cututtukan fungal, planriz, trichodermin da sauran abubuwan biofungicides waɗanda ba su da lahani ga ƙasa, an haɗa lafiyar ɗan adam da dabbobin gida cikin maganin abinci mai gina jiki. Dankali dankali ake tam dage farawa a kan bi da zuriyar dabbobi. Lines masu zuwa suna rikitarwa, kamar na farko. Layi na sama ya kamata a rufe shi da filler. Dage cikin filler bayan kwanaki 4-6. Don adana danshi, an rufe kwantena tare da fim kuma an sanya shi a cikin ɗakuna ba tare da samun haske ba. Tare da wannan hanyar shirya, ana sanya dankalin dankalin turawa don shuka nan da nan kafin dasa shuki a cikin ƙasa, zazzabi wanda a cikin Layer na 10-15 cm yana kusan zuwa zafin jiki na filler (a ciki + 8 ... + 12 ° C). Tushen ya haifar akan tsiro a cikin kwanaki 7-10. Bayan kai tushen tsawon 1-2 cm, ana shuka ciyawar nan da nan. Tubers tare da idanu masu kafe suna shirye don dasawa cikin makonni 1.5-2.0.
Dankali ta dasa kwanakin
Ba daidai ba ne a ƙulla dasa shuki a buɗe zuwa wani takamaiman kwanan wata. Yanayin ya dogara da dalilai da yawa, kuma a cikin shekarun da suka gabata bambanci a cikin yanayin yanayin sanyi mai daskarewa na iya bambanta sosai (kwanaki 10-30).
Saboda haka, a yankuna daban-daban, dasa dankalin Turawa yana farawa:
- a farko-farkon lokacin bazara-lokacin bazara na yanayin yankin. Ana nuna shi yawanci akan kalandar, ana bayar da rahoto akan tashoshin talabijin na synoptik, da dai sauransu.
- A lokacin sanyi, lokacin sanyi ne, ana aiwatar da dasa shuki yayin da ƙasa tayi dumama a cikin sigar 10-12 cm zuwa + 5 ... + 7 ° C, kuma ga wanda ba sa yin yaduwa ba + 8 ... + 10 ° C, yawan zafin jiki ba ya ƙasa da + 10 ° C. Shuka tare da dasa kayan tsiro ya kara saurin girbi a sati 1.5-2.0.
A zafin jiki na + 10 ... + 12 ° С, dankali yakan fito a cikin kwanaki 20-25. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya hau zuwa + 18 ° C - a ranakun 12-13. Plantsungiyar tsirrai za su iya tsayayya da raguwar ɗan gajeren lokacin zafin jiki zuwa -1.5ºС. Rage zazzabi na kasar gona zuwa -1.0 ° C yana haifar da mutuwar tubers. Dalili kenan da aka yanke maganar: farkon lokutan ba su da tasiri. Sun jinkirta fitowar seedlings har zuwa kwanaki 30. Samuwar farfajiyar sama ya fara ne daga + 11 ° C. A lokacin girma, mafi yawan zafin jiki na ƙasa don haɓaka mai ƙarfi na dankalin Turawa shine + 16 ... + 19 ° С. Mafi girman abin ci gaba ne game da ci gaban su. M ƙasa zazzabi da maraice watering da mulching.
Dasa dasa dankalin turawa da aka shirya ana shirya shi ta hanyoyi daban daban, ya danganta da nau'in kasar gona.
Hanyoyi da dabarun dasa dankali
Ya danganta da nau'in ƙasa, yanayin yanayi, dasa shuki dankalin Turawa ana aiwatar dashi ta hanyoyi daban-daban.
Mafi hanyoyin hanyoyi 3:
- santsi cikin ramuka da tef (mai sauƙin mai sau biyu),
- tsefe tare da ƙara ƙasa danshi,
- mahara a cikin m yankuna.
Kafin fara shuka dankali da aka shirya na masu girma dabam, karanta shawarwarin gabaɗaya don dasa fasahar noma (tebur).
- Tare da karkatar da girman dankalin dankalin turawa, daga madaidaicin nisa, za su iya bambanta, amma ba za su wuce cm cm ba .. Duk ire-iren shuka har sai an rufe ƙasa gaba ɗaya da fiɗaɗɗen tuddai.
- Gidaje don daidaiton haske koyaushe koyaushe daga arewa zuwa kudu.
- Tare da kowace hanyar shuka, ya zama dole don kula da nisa tsakanin layuka da tubers a jere, an ba da shawarar ga rukunin dankali daban-daban.
- Koyaushe kula da zurfin dasa, wanda ya dogara da nau'in ƙasa,
- Danshi yana karɓuwa kawai tare da wani irin hanyar dasa kuma idan aka dasa shuki tare da karamin kayan abu.
Abrotechtech bukatun da dasa shuki dankalin turawa, misali.
Rianyanan dankali da wuri:
- Nisa tsakanin layuka, dogo 45-50 cm
- Nisa tsakanin tubers a jere na 25-30 cm
- Tuber dasa zurfin:
- ƙasa mai haske, 10-12 cm
- nauyi loamy, 8-10 cm
- yumbu mai nauyi 4-5 cm
Iri-iri na dankalin turawa
- Nisa tsakanin layuka, dogo 50-60 cm
- Nisa tsakanin tubers a jere 30-35 cm
- Tuber dasa zurfin:
- ƙasa mai haske 10-12 cm
- nauyi loamy 08-10 cm
- yumbu mai nauyi 04-05 cm
Late ripening dankalin turawa iri:
- Nisa tsakanin layuka, dogo 60-70 cm
- Nisa tsakanin tubers a jere na 35-40 cm
- Tuber dasa zurfin:
- ƙasa mai haske 10-12 cm
- nauyi loamy 08-10 cm
- yumbu mai nauyi 04-05 cm
Sprouts dankali.
Dasa dankali a filin da ya isa
A kan kasa mai ɗorewa waɗanda ke da isasshen ruwa mai ɗumi da ruwa, za ku iya dasa dankali kai tsaye a cikin ramuka ko furrows. An tona ramuka 8-12 cm zurfi tare da jera sarari na 50-70 cm. Tare da wannan hanyar dasa, ana iya amfani da dabaru da yawa.
Tsarin hanya tare da daidaita jere jeri a ko'ina cikin shafin.
Kayan kaset biyu daga layuka biyu.Nisa tsakanin layuka a cikin kintinkon shine 40 cm, kuma tsakanin kintinkiri shine 80-90 cm. A cikin jere, ana dasa shuki bayan 30-40 cm ta amfani da rarraba akwati na tubers a cikin layin kintinkiri. Tsarin ban sha'awa shine cewa ana yin amfani da ruwa a cikin tef tsakanin layuka, kuma ana amfani da ƙasa daga jere-jere don tsaunin. Ana aiwatar da Hilling kowane kwanaki 8-10 kuma weeds ba su da lokacin girma. An saki ciyayi da sauran sharar cikin manyan hanyoyin, kuma ana kara takin a lokacin bazara. Ba su tono ƙasa ba, amma suna kwance shi zuwa zurfin na cm cm 59. A shekara mai zuwa, wannan jerin hanyoyin yana aiki a zaman babban kifin mai layi biyu. A maimakon tef bara na samar da wani babban falo ba.
A kan ɗakin kwana, ya dace a yi amfani da tsarin saukowa mai murabba'i mai murabba'i. Ya fi dacewa don dasa shuki da dankali iri iri.
Dankali ta Combs
A wani yanki mai rami, ana yin jijiyoyi 20 cm tare da fartanya.Kazara tsakanin 50-70 cm yana tsakanin tsatsotsin .. Don m daji, an ninka nesa a cikin girman girma. Da wuya, dankali da aka dasa za su yi aiki sosai da ciyawa. A saman ridges suna yin ramuka waɗanda aka dasa shuki a ciki. Wannan hanyar dasa shuki yana da kyau a yankuna tare da isasshen danshi na ɗabi'a kuma a cikin yankuna tare da babban abin da ya faru na ruwan ƙasa. Bugu da kari, yana da kyau a kan kasa mai nauyi, tunda sun yi iyo a hankali suna kuma ɗaure a cikin dogo. Rosarancin silima yana tsawan lokaci a cikin kwatancen, wanda ke haɓaka musayar iskar ƙasa, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga mafi kyawun samuwar tuber.
Af! A cikin tsohuwar zamanin kuma yanzu, a cikin ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka da yawa yayin ƙirƙirar tubers, musayar iska ta inganta ta hanyar sokin ƙasa tare da fenti ko wuƙa. Kayan aiki suna makale a tsaye a wurare da dama kusa da bushes, suna juyawa kaɗan don kada su lalata stolons.
Dankali
A cikin yankuna masu bushewa da kan ƙasa mai haske, ya fi kyau dasa dankali a cikin ramuka. Ta wannan hanyar, ƙarancin danshi ke ɓacewa a cikin plantings; ana iya rage adadin shayarwa. An haƙa rami mai zurfi na 2-3 cm zurfi, an ba da shawarar don dasa shuki. Babbar murfin tare da shimfidar ƙasa, ba ta da girma daga gefen maɓuɓɓugar. Tare da wannan hanyar namo, ya zama dole don ciyawa ƙasa har sai an rufe ƙasa gaba ɗaya da fi.
Daki-daki game da aikin noman an rubuta dankalin turawa a cikin labarin: Siffofin girma dankali: fasahar aikin gona.
Madadin hanyoyin da dankali ke girma
Baya ga yarda gabaɗaya, a yau masu lambu suna ba da babban adadin hanyoyin narkar da asali waɗanda suke taimakawa cire isasshen amfanin gona dankalin turawa daga ƙaramin yanki: ƙarƙashin fim ɗin baƙar fata, a ƙarƙashin bambaro, hay, a cikin akwatuna, ganga, jaka, bulo, a cikin mashaya, da sauransu.
