Godiya ga kasuwancin duniya da saurin haɓakar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, a yau zamu iya jin daɗin 'ya'yan itacen tsirrai waɗanda ba sa girma a cikin yanayinmu. A lokaci guda, wasun su suna matukar kaunar cewa sun shigo da abincin mu na yau da kullun. Kuma menene muka sani game da yadda waɗannan "jita-jita a ƙasashen waje" suke girma?
Farfajiyar, wanda ya girma a cikin nau'i na pear (wanda ake kira apple-kazhu). Daga ƙasa, ainihin 'ya'yan itace shine ƙwayar cashew.
Littafin namu zai gaya muku wadanne irin 'ya'yan itatuwa ne guda 15 wadanda sanannu ne ga duk. Ya kamata a lura cewa wasu daga cikinsu, daga yanayin ilimin kimiyar halitta, ba a dauki su 'ya'yan itace bane.
1. Kafe
CapersCapers, alal misali, ba 'ya'yan itatuwa bane kwata-kwata, amma ba a cika yin fure ba daga cikin ciyawar da take da tsiro mai tsiro. Idan ka bar su su yi fure, za ka iya dogon sha'awan farin furanni na kyau mai ban mamaki, sannan ka ɗauki 'ya'yan itatuwa. Gaskiya ne, suna dauke da ƙasa da ɗanɗano fiye da buds, sabili da haka, yawanci, lokacin sayen gwangwani na gwangwani, muna siye shi bawai yana fitar da fure furen fure na ƙwalba ba.
Tarin filayen kayan yaji.
Prickly caper shine shuka mai tsananin ƙarfi. Tushensa ya kai ga ruwan karkashin kasa, yana girma zuwa mita 20, tsawon rassa ya kai mita 1.5. Yana zaune a cikin yanayi akan duwatsu, a cikin fashewar bango, don haka ya kawo babbar matsala ga abubuwan tarihi na kayan tarihi a cikin mahaifarsa - a Tsakiyar Asiya. An girma akan sikelin masana'antu a yau, galibi a cikin ƙasashen Rum na Turai, waɗanda abincinsu ke da wadataccen abinci tare da capers. A cikin girke-girke na asali don sanannen salatin Olivier, ta hanyar, ana amfani da capers, ba gwaiba. A cikin daji, yana girma a cikin Caucasus, Crimea, Kazakhstan.
2. Figs
Figs, 'ya'yan itacen ɓaure.
Ana haihuwar 'ya'yan ɓaure a matsayin Indiya da Rum. Wadannan 'ya'yan itatuwa suna girma a cikin tsiran tsirrai a kan bishiyoyi ko manyan tsintsaye, har ya kai girman mita goma. A gefen kogin, itacen ɓaure ko ɓaure (wasu suna don 'ya'yan ɓaure) sun yi lamuran da ba za a iya gamawa da su ba. Kudancin kudu na tsaunukan ma suna son wadannan tsirrai, inda zasu iya yin girma har zuwa mita 2000 sama da matakin teku.
Figs, ko Fig, ko itacen ɓaure (Ficus carica).
A Rasha, ana shuka ɓaure a yankuna na kudu kawai, kuma manyan masana'antu na itacen ɓaure suna cikin Turkiya, Girka, Tunisiya, Kudancin Amurka, Portugal da Italiya. Wannan tsire-tsire ba ya tsayayya da sanyi a ƙasa -12 digiri Celsius. Amma fig za a iya girma tare da nasara a gida, a matsayin al'adun gargaɗi. Itatuwan itacen ɓaure ba ya wuce mita 3 - 4.
Karanta game da yadda ake shuka ɓaure a cikin labarin: Figs itacen giya ne.
3. Gwanda
Cikakke 'Ya'yan itaceItacen Melon, abin da ake kira shuka wanda 'ya'yan gwanda ke girma, ya fito ne daga Amurka ta Tsakiya da Mexico. Gwanda bai yarda da yanayin zafi ba, ko da mafi ƙanƙanci, saboda haka ya girma ne kawai a cikin tsaunuka. Itace kamar itacen dabino, amma ba ita ba. Wannan bishiyar tana da tsawon mita 15. Girman daskarar da rami a cikin akwati a kafa 30 cm ne, kuma rassan a gefe ba su nan.
Girma gwanda, ko itace guna a kan tsiro (Carica gwanda).
An kafa ganyen gwanda a saman akwati kuma zai iya girma zuwa 90 cm a tsayi. Abin sha'awa shine, inji yana da furanni maza da mata. Haka kuma, furanni masu jinsi ɗaya kaɗai galibi suna girma akan itace ɗaya. Amma a lokacin yanayin zafi mai zafi, jima'i na furanni na iya canzawa daga mace zuwa mace da namiji.
4. kwaya ta Brazil
Kasar Brazil
Kasar Brazil goro itace itaciya da take girma a cikin dazuzzukan daji na Brazil, sannan kuma a Peru, Columbia, Bolivia da Venezuela. Wannan tsire-tsire yana da halaye guda biyu, waɗanda, kamar 'ya'yan itãcensa, sun cancanci kulawa sosai. Da fari dai, Bertolite (wani suna don shi) shine ɗayan tsirrai mafi girma a duniyarmu. A tsayi, ya kai mita 30-45, kuma diamita na gangar jikin ƙashin Brazil zai iya kasancewa kimanin mita biyu. Abu na biyu, wannan itaciya itace cikakkar hanta. Duk da cewa an yarda da shi bisa hukuma cewa Bartoletia na rayuwa ne kawai na tsawon Millennium, amma mutanen Brazil sun ce wannan bishiyar ta girma kuma tana bada upa upan shekaru har 1000. Kuma ko da irin waɗannan misalai ana nuna wa masu yawon shakatawa, kodayake, ba shakka, yana da wuya a tabbatar da amincin wannan bayanin.
Bertoletia, kwaya ta Brazil (Bertholletia).
Wani fasalin kwayoyi na Brazil, yana ba da 'ya'ya kawai a cikin daji. Kuma ba a girbe amfanin gona mafi ƙaranci a Brazil, kamar yadda mutum zai iya tunani, amma a Bolivia. 'Ya'yan itacen da kansu suna kama da babban akwati, sun kai 15 cm a diamita da kilo biyu na nauyi. Kuma abubuwan da ake kira kwayoyi sune hatsi na wannan 'ya'yan itace.
5. Pitahaya (dragonan itacen dragon)
Pitahaya (dragonan itacen dragon).
Fruitan itacen dragon yana tsiro akan murtsunguwa. Gaskiya ne, ba talaka bane. Pitahaya creeper creeper ce, an sami nasarar girma a yau a Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka, Australia da kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa waɗannan cacti suna da haihuwa sosai - daga hectare ɗaya na shuka iri a kowace shekara, zaku iya samun tan talatin na amfanin gona. Pitahaya na bada 'ya'ya har sau shida a shekara!
Shuka da gilocereus, tsirrai waɗanda ke samar da pitahaya.
Wani fasalin na shuka, wanda yake bamu wadannan 'ya'yan itatuwa masu dadi tare da daskararru mai saukin kai, yana toka ne da daddare. Manyan fararen furanni suna da wari mai ɗaci sosai.
6. Wasabi
Wasabi manna da tushen Jafananci eutrem.
Itatuwan tsire-tsire na tsire-tsire na bishiyar eutrem na Japan, daga rhizome wanda suke shirya shahararren kayan yaji a duniya don abincin Jafananci - wasabi, ya girma har zuwa rabin mita mai tsayi. Abin lura ne cewa rhizome da kanta tayi girma a hankali, matsakaici, yana samun tsawon 3 cm a shekara. Tushen ana ganin ya girma ne kawai a shekara ta 3 - 4 ga. Wasabi ana kiranta horseradish na Jafananci, kodayake wannan tsire-tsire ba shi da alaƙa da Sisera - amma mallakar dangi ɗaya ne.
Wasabi, ko Jafananci Eutrema (Eutrema japonicum).
Wani fasalin wasabi - rhizome a sassa daban-daban yana da kaifi daban. Amma wannan fasali ne kawai na wasabi na gaske - wata shuka ce da ke girma a cikin ruwa mai gudana daga rafuffukan dutse. Kayan lambu da aka shuka a cikin lambun ba su da ushiri na kayan amfani waɗanda “honwasabi” (kamar yadda Jafananci ke kira shi wasabi na ainihi), amma, irin wannan gonar wasabi ba ta da ƙima sosai.
Don koyon yadda ake girma Japan euterma - wasabi, karanta labarin: Eutrem Jafananci - "wasar Jafananci" wasabi.
7. Turmeric
Tushen Turmeric da FodaItatuwan turmeric na zamani daga dangin ingeranyen zai iya isa zuwa mita ɗaya. A kan ma'aunin masana'antu, ana girma yau a Japan da China, Indiya da Indonesia. An ɗauka Turmeric shine mafi yawan kayan yaji a cikin waɗannan sassan.
Turmeric Shuka (Curcuma)Don shirye-shiryen kayan yaji, kawai ana amfani da rhizome na Saffron Indiya (sunan na biyu na shuka), amma shuka kanta kyakkyawa ne. An haɗu da ƙananan furanni cikin manyan (har zuwa 20 cm a tsayi) inflorescences kuma yayi alfahari da kyakkyawar katako. Bushaya daga cikin turmeric daji (tsawon ganye suna girma kai tsaye daga ƙasa) na iya samun yawancin inflorescences. Haka kuma, fure na turmeric yana da tsawo - har zuwa watanni uku. Saboda haka, a yau muna da wannan shuka ana samun shahara a cikin aikin gona na gida.
Don koyon yadda ake girma turmeric, karanta labarin: Cheeky siffofin turmeric a gida.
8. Clove
Cloves turare ne.
Shahararren albishir na duniya ba shine fure mai fure ba na babban bishiyar bishiyoyi (tsayi - har zuwa mita 20), wanda ya girma musamman a tsibiran Pemba da Madagascar. Kashi uku na kayan duniya yana zuwa daga can.
Buds (fure mai fure) na albasa (Syromgium aromaticum)Blooms kuma, saboda haka, "Yana ɗaukar fure" cloves sau biyu a shekara. Tsarin tattara su abu ne mai sauki, saboda haka wannan yaji ba shi da tsada. A cikin yanayin greenhouse, cloves kuma ana girma, amma wannan shine tsari mai wahala. Koyaya, kamar yadda yake kula da kowane tsirrai na gida.
9. Avocado
'Ya'yan itace avocadoA cikin sharuddan ilmin halitta, avocado ne drupe Berry. Yana girma a kan bishiyar tsibi mai zafi da kullun tare da kambi mai faɗi da tsayinsa ya kai mita 15. Yawancin masu girbi kullum suna datse bishiyar avocado a kusan mita 5 don sauƙaƙa girbi.
Bayanan kula da 'ya'yan itace da avocado a reshen itace na Persea american (Persea americana).
A peculiarity na avocado 'ya'yan itãcen marmari shi ne cewa sun taba cikakken ripen a kan itace. Bayan tattara 'ya'yan itacen, akalla 1-2 makonni wuce, a lokacin da suka isa yanayin da ake so a zazzabi dakin. Sabili da haka, idan kun sayi avocado cikakke - wannan al'ada ce. Kawai sanya shi cikin ɗakin duhu na foran kwanaki.
Don koyon yadda ake girma avocados, duba labarin: Bayanan sirri na girma avocados a gida.
10. Baƙar fata
Barkono baƙi: kore, bushe ba tare da kwasfa kuma an bushe shi da kwasfa.
Mafi yawan yaji a duniyar tamu shine baƙar fata. Waɗannan 'ya'yan itãcen marmari ne na itacen ɓoyayyen itace.
Bishiyar Malabar (kuma ana kiranta barkono baƙar fata) tana girma a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, suna murɗa bishiyoyi kuma suna kaiwa mita 15 a tsayi. A kan sikelin masana'antu, barkono baƙar fata yana girma akan trellises na musamman ko tallafi.
Shuka don girma barkono baƙi (Piper nigrum).
A farkon lokacin yin 'ya'yan itace,' ya'yan itaciyar da aka shuka sun zama kore, masu duhu akan lokaci da kuma samun ƙanshin daɗin ƙoshin mai. Idan berries suna overripe, an cire kwasfa daga gare su, yana barin farin farin. Irin wannan baƙar fata ana kiranta "fari" akan siyarwa. Danshi ba shi da kaifi sosai, amma kamshin ya fi kauri.
Don koyon yadda ake girma barkono baƙar fata, karanta labarin: Baƙar fata baƙar fata, ko "Malabar berry."
11. Quinoa
Tsaba QuinoaItace quinoa yayi kama da ciyawa mai tsayi. Ya girma har zuwa mita hudu, yana da tarko mai tsauri, babban zagaye ganye da manyan inflorescences. Masana ilimin halitta sun danganta al'adar ga siririn-hatsi, saboda rashin ƙarancin harsashi a tayin. A yau, daruruwan nau'ikan quinoa an san su, amma uku kawai daga cikinsu suna haɓaka kasuwanci.
Shuka shuka ta Quinoa.
An tabbatar da Quinoa cewa shine tushen abincin tsohuwar Bahaushe. "Masarar masara", kamar yadda Incas ya kira shi, wanda ya ɗauki waɗannan 'ya'yan itatuwa da mahimmanci kamar dankali da masara. A farkon karni na 21, wasan quinoa ya zama sananne a duk duniya saboda kyawawan abubuwan cin abinci. Koyaya, dole ne a sarrafa wannan samfurin a cikin abincin ku: ƙwararren mai ƙwayar cuta ce.
Don koyon yadda ake girma quinoa, karanta labarin: Quinoa al'adun cin abinci ne a cikin lambun ku.
12. Vanilla
Vanilla foda da kwalaye.
Real vanilla ba ta da alaƙa da sukari vanilla ko vanilla, wanda muke saya a cikin manyan kantuna don yin burodi. Yana da tsada babu tsada, saboda namo yana da wahalar shiga, kuma amfanin gona ya zama kadan - a kalla mil biyu a kowace kadada. Vanillin samfurin masana'antar sunadarai ne, kuma vanilla shine 'ya'yan itaciyar busasshen' ya'yan itacen inabi da aka bushe.
Vanilla orchid (Vanilla): fure, kore ko bushewar falonnda.
Wannan tsiron, wanda ke kewaye da bishiya, yana hawa zuwa tsayin mita 15. Karas ɗin vanilla yana da bakin ciki, kuma ganyen yana da fale, faffad, m. Suna girma nan da nan daga tushe, wanda baya reshe. Furen furannin Vanilla ba su fi kwana ɗaya ba. Bayan hadi, ana gano kwayar ne kawai akan 7th - 9th watan! Fruitan itacen vanilla ƙarancin silinda ne mai sikelin kusan 25 cm tsayi da rabi cm fadi tare da ƙananan tsaba a ciki. Matsaloli tare da haɓaka vanilla suna da alaƙa, da farko, tare da matsalolin gurɓatarta. Abin takaici, a cikin daji ana iya yin bishiyar ne ta hanyar jinsin hummingbird da ƙudan zuma iri ɗaya, wanda ke rayuwa ne kawai a cikin Meksiko. A kan sikelin masana'antu, ana gudanar da vanilla da hannu. Don yin wannan, yi amfani da goga na musamman. Wannan tsari ne mai tsayi kuma ba koyaushe yake aiwatarwa ba. Kusan rabin furanni da ke gudana ta hanyar wucin gadi suna ba da kwai.
13. Gyada
Tushen fariGanye mai tsiro tare da ganye mai tsayi da ganye mai tsini - ginger - ginger - yanzu ba wuya a gan shi cikin daji ba. Abin da muke ci shine amfanin gona mafi yawa akan tsiro a Indiya da kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Furen fure slightlyan kadan yayi kama da irises da aka saba.
Dankin kantin magani na ginger wanda aka haƙa da asalinsu (Zingiber officinale).
Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a cikin Tsararraki na Tsakiya, an kawo ginger zuwa Turai, inda ya zama sananne a matsayin ingantaccen rigakafin cutar annoba. Farashi ya kasance mai ban mamaki. A cikin dafa abinci, an fara amfani da ginger fiye da na magani.
Karanta game da yadda ake girma ginger a cikin labarin: Ginger - kayan yaji da magani. Hanyar girma.
14. Pistachios
PistachiosAnyi amfani da mu don tunanin pistachios kamar kwayoyi, kodayake kimiyyar Botany tayi da'awar cewa waɗannan 'ya'yan itace ne - drupes. Suna girma akan kananan bishiyoyi, galibi ana kiransu ciyayi da kambi mai yawa. Furen bishiyar Pistachio a watan Afrilu, 'ya'yan itaciyar sun karu ne a watan Satumban Nuwamba-Nuwamba, ya danganta da iri da kuma girma.
Shuka ainihin pistachio, ko bishiyar pistachio (Pistacia vera)A cikin daji, pistachios yana girma kusan ko'ina cikin Asiya, a cikin yankunan Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka. Yanayin Siriya, Mesopotamia, Iran da Amurka ta Tsakiya na da wadataccen kayan pistachios. Ana shuka waɗannan tsire-tsire a kudancin Turai.
Itace Pistachio tsofaffi ne. An yi imanin cewa a cikin kyawawan yanayi suna rayuwa aƙalla shekaru 400.
Kara karantawa game da yadda pistachios ke girma a cikin labarin: Yaya pistachios ke girma?
15. Cinnamon
Sandunan kirfa da kirfa foda'Ya'yan kirfa ba' ya'yan itace bane, amma busasshen kayan da ke cikin kwarin itacen kirkin Ceylon, wanda ke cikin gidan laurel ne da dangin kirkin. Shuka tsire na kirfa yayi kama da dasa shuki iri iri. Sau biyu a shekara, ana cire haushi daga matasa harbe na plantings. Wannan lamari ne mai matukar wahala. Da fari dai, kuna buƙatar jira har zuwa ƙarshen damina, sannan cire cire haushi ba shi da wuya kuma ƙanshinta shine mafi yawan danshi. Abu na biyu, wajibi ne don cire shi tare da madaukai tare da ainihin sigogi na tsawon da nisa - 30 cm da 1-2 cm, bi da bi.
Matasan kirfa.
An dauki Sri Lanka wurin haifuwa na kirfa, amma a yau an shuka shi ko'ina a Indiya, Brazil da kuma kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Mafi kyawun nau'ikan kirfa Ceylon sune waɗanda ke da haushi kauri daga takardar.
