Wurin haifuwar tsiro shine Arewacin Amurka. Da farko, ana amfani da wannan tsiro ne kawai azaman na ado a Turai da Russia. Sai kawai a cikin karni na 19, Michurin ya jawo hankali ga chokeberry, tare da sanin cewa yana ɗaukar 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, wanda ya dace da zaɓi kuma mara ma'ana sosai. Kuma yanzu chokeberry aronia (sunan kimiyya don chokeberry) yana girma kusan ko'ina.
© pauk
ChokeberryHarshen Latin Aronica melanocarpa L.
Chokeberry, ko chokeberry, shine shuki mai tsayi har zuwa 3 m babba, tare da karami sannan kuma yaɗa (har zuwa 2 m a diamita) kambi. A cikin daji za a iya samun kututture kusan 50 zuwa shekaru daban-daban. Mountain ash ne hunturu-Hardy, shi ne undemanding zuwa kasa, photophilous, resistant zuwa kwari da cututtuka, tolerates dasawa. Ofaya daga cikin amfanin gona na farko, kamar shekaru 1-2 bayan dasawa, tsire-tsire sun fara yin 'ya'yan itace.
Chokeberry an san shi sosai kuma ana girma a cikin orchards azaman 'ya'yan itace da amfanin gona na magani.
'Ya'yan itãcen marmari zagaye, tare da diamita na har zuwa 1.3 cm, baƙi, m, m, m-zaki da astringent tart dandano. 'Ya'yan itatuwa suna ɗauke da abubuwa masu amfani da yawa - sukari, pectin, malic, ascorbic, folic acid, carotene, citrine (bitamin P). Kazalika abubuwan gano abubuwa - baƙin ƙarfe, aidin, manganese, da dai sauransu fruitsan fruitsan chokeberry suna da amfani ga hauhawar jini, cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta, gastritis tare da ƙananan acidity, cutar koda, rheumatism, don rage cholesterol jini, da dai sauransu.
Daga 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, ana amfani da compote; jam, jelly, ruwan 'ya'yan itace, yayin riƙe dukkan kaddarorin warkarwa.
© BotBln
Labarin
A kan fadama, a gefen tafkuna da rafuffuka a cikin yankuna da yawa na gabashin Arewacin Amurka, akwai ɗan ƙaramin itace da ke samar da ci gaba mai yawa, tare da ƙarami, kusan baƙi 'ya'yan itace - chokeberry.
Wataƙila, ƙwararren masani ne kaɗai zai iya samun kamance tsakanin wannan shuki da wannan sanannen shuka da aka shuka a cikin lambunanmu na rabin karni kuma ana kiranta "black chokeberry". A cikin duka, ana samun nau'ikan chokeberry 20 a cikin Amurka da Kanada. Wasu da suka yi “aiki” sosai ana ɗaukar su kamar ciyawa. Amma lokacin da al'adu suka zo Turai (kuma wannan shekara ɗari uku da suka wuce), chokeberry aronia, slaly-leaved chokeberry and arbutus-leaved chokeberry, na farko da ya fara zama a cikin Tsohon Duniya, ya zama girman kan lambun Botanical. Wani karni ya wuce - kuma choke ya kai Rasha.
Mun kuma gano shi na wani lokaci mai tsawo musamman da al'adun gargaɗi. Amma da ikon chokeberry don tsira matsananci winters, da kwanciyar hankali da unpretentiousness sha'awar Ivan Michurin.
Bayan ya karɓi ƙwayoyin chokeberry aronia daga Jamus, ya fara ƙetare seedlings tare da tsire-tsire masu alaƙa da nesa (mai yiwuwa dutsen ash). A sakamakon haka, an ƙirƙiri sabon al'ada, wanda Michurin ya kira chokeberry - don haɗuwa da 'ya'yan itatuwa tare da' ya'yan itacen dutsen ash. (A zahiri, ba dutsen dutsen ba ne, dukda cewa da yawa alamu yana kusa da tudun dutse da pears. Shekaru hamsin yanzu, aronia ya kasance cikin keɓancewar halittar mai zaman kanta - Aronia.)
Sakamakon al'adun "ya girma" zuwa 2-2.5 m kuma ya juya ya zama kyakkyawa a cikin bayyanar: harbe masu sassauƙa, ganye mai launin shuɗi mai duhu wanda ke ɗaukar launuka iri-iri a kaka - daga ruwan orange mai haske zuwa shunayya da yaƙutu; m, fari, lush inflorescences, by Satumba juya cikin manyan gungu na m baki berries. Kuma mafi mahimmanci, cakulan na Michurin ya fi yanayin hunturu-fiye da magadanta. A cikin 30s, ya wuce “ƙarfin gwaji” a cikin Altai kuma, farawa daga cin nasarar Siber, sannu a hankali ya bazu ko'ina cikin Rasha. Kamar yadda mahaliccinsa ya annabta, an sami nasarar cakulan inda yake da wahala a shuka sauran albarkatu: a arewacin ɓangaren Turai, a cikin mawuyacin yanayin Urals da Siberiya, har ma a Arctic: yana iya jure dusar ƙanƙara na 35 ° C.
Ba mazaunan gonar da yawa zasu iya yin gasa tare da "chokeberry" a cikin yawan aiki. Daga shekaru 6-9 na daji, zaku iya samun kilogiram 9-10 na berries. Yana ba da amfanin gona kowace shekara kuma a kowane yanayi. Aronia furanni da wuya daskare - marigayi flowering kare su daga bazara frosts. An gurbata shi da kwari da iska, yayin da kusan kashi 90% na 'ya'yan itatuwa an ɗaure su. Ya zo cikin fruition da wuri: seedlings murna da na farko da berries a cikin shekara daya ko biyu bayan dasa, lokacin da grafted tare da dasa, a cikin wannan shekarar. A ƙarƙashin halayen da suka dace, lokacin samarwa na iya wuce 20-25.
'Ya'yan itãcen marmari ne babba, har zuwa 1.5 cm, m, m, m, m, m, astringent, kar a crumble zuwa sanyi. Babu buƙatar yin sauri tare da tarin - a watan Satumba na berries ya zama mai daɗi.
Bayan lokaci, ya zama cewa berries na Chokeberry ba kawai suna da amfani ba - suna warkarwa, kuma an gane wannan ta hanyar magani na hukuma. Abun ofya itsyan itãcen marmari na musamman ne. Haɗin bitamin P da C na da tamani sosai Moreoverari ga haka, a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin farkon aronia, ya zama na biyu ga babu duk cikin 'ya'yan itace, berry da kayan marmari na tsintsiya na tsakiyar (1 g sabo ne na berries cike da bukatun yau da kullun), kuma dangane da abun ciki na bitamin C ya kusanci lingonberries da cranberries .
The berries suna da arziki a cikin bitamin A, E, B, PP, suna da abubuwa masu ganowa, gami da fluorine, aidin, jan ƙarfe, baƙin ƙarfe, zinc, boron. Ana amfani dasu don rigakafi da magani na atherosclerosis da hauhawar jini. Suna inganta ayyukan kwakwalwa, suna da tasiri mai kyau akan tsarin rigakafi da ayyukan enzymes na ciki, taimaka wa masu ciwon sukari, tashin hankali, yawan aiki, lura da cututtukan fitsari, da kuma sauƙaƙe halayen. Mafi yawan abubuwan da ake amfani da su na halitta suna kumshe ne a fata. Ba wai kawai 'ya'yan itatuwa masu sabo suna da amfani ba, har ma daskararre, busassun, ruwan' ya'yan itace har ma da irin waɗannan samfuran da aka sarrafa kamar jam, jelly, jam, compote. Amma tsarin fermentation yakan lalata hadadden kwayoyi masu amfani, kodayake dole ne a yarda cewa an samu giya mai dadi sosai daga “chokeberry”.
Contraindications ga yin amfani da chokeberry suna ƙaruwa coagulation jini, hypotension, na ciki da kuma duodenal miki, gastritis da high acidity.
Aronia ba wai kawai kyakkyawan zuma ne mai ban mamaki ba, har ma da kudan zuma mai warkarwa - kayanta na phytoncide suna cutarwa ga yawancin kwari da cututtuka da ke shafar ƙudan zuma, ciki har da irin waɗannan masu haɗari kamar kaska.
Za'a iya amfani da cakulan a cikin plantings na rukuni, a cikin shinge da kuma azaman tef. Tsire-tsire suna lakume da tsayi 1.5 m akan boles na babban dutse ash ko hawthorn suna da ban sha'awa musamman. Kuna iya samar da su a cikin siffar ƙwallon.
Ie Guauke Guy II
Saukowa
Aronia sigar ingantacciya ce da tsire-tsire masu hunturu-Hardy.
Aronia an fi shuka shi a cikin bazara. Ba shi da wahala a zaɓi wani wuri don dasa, tunda kowane ƙasa ban da saline ya dace da ita. Mafi yawan Tushen yana cikin tsinkayar kambi zuwa zurfin 50 cm, don haka yana da haƙurin kusancin ƙarshen matattarar ruwan ƙasa.
Nisa tsakanin tsirrai yakamata ya zama akalla 2 m, saboda kada bushes ɗin ya ɓoye juna. Girman ramin rami shine 60 x 60 cm, zurfin shine 40-45 cm.
An shirya cakuda dasa ta haɗuwa da saman saman duniya tare da buhun 1-2 na humus, takin ko peat, ƙara 150 g na superphosphate da 60-70 g na potassium sulfate. Tushen tushe yana zurfafa daga 1-1.5 cm. Nan da nan bayan dasa, ana bada shawara don yanke bishiyoyin, yana barin kututture 15-20 cm babba tare da huhun 4-5.
A cikin shekaru biyu na farko na dasa, ana ciyar dasu tare da ammonium nitrate (50 g da rami). Daga shekara biyar, buhunan 1-1.5 na humus ko takin, har zuwa 70 g na superphosphate kuma har zuwa 30 g na potassium sulfate an kawo su cikin da'irorin gurnati. A ƙasa an kiyaye shi a cikin isasshen rigar jihar - wannan zama dole yanayin don girbi mai yawa.
Farawa daga shekara ta bakwai zuwa ta takwas akan cinya, kambi yakamata a fitar dashi waje. A cikin tsohuwar, an yi watsi da tsire-tsire, anti-tsufa pruning, ana yanke duk harbe har zuwa matakin ƙasa. Wannan yana ƙarfafa haɓakar harbe harbe, wanda ya bar fiye da goma daga cikin mafi yawan ci gaba.
Tappinen
Kulawa
Chokeberry shine amfanin gona mai daukar hoto sosai. Hakanan ana buƙata akan danshi ƙasa.. Ana iya dasa shi a wuraren da itacen apple ko pear ba zai yi girma ba - inda ruwan ƙasa ya kusanto. Yana yin sama da acidancin acidity na ƙasa, amma yana bada 'ya'ya mafi kyau akan tsaka tsaki. Sabili da haka, lokacin dasawa, kuna buƙatar yin lemun tsami ko ash na itace.
Chokeberry - amfanin gona mai sauri. A cikin shekara ta uku bayan dasa shuki a cikin dindindin, ya riga ya ba da amfanin gona na farko. Ya ƙunshi babban ikon samar da harbi. Mafi yawan amfaninta sune rassan shekaru daga shekaru 4 zuwa 7. Ciyarwar furanni yana faruwa tare da taimakon kwari da iska. Tushen tsarin Chokeberry yana da matukar ƙarfi, mai fizir kuma ya ratsa zurfin na mita 2-3. Duk da haka, yawancin su yana kwance a cikin ƙasa har zuwa 60 cm.
Abu ne mai sauki a yadu ta hanyar zuriyar zuriya, sassan daji, sakawa, yanka. Seedlings za a iya girma daga tsaba. An dasa rami mai zurfi na 40 cm zurfi, cm 50 a diamita. Tsarin ƙasa ba shi da bambanci da shiri don wasu albarkatun gona na Berry. An gabatar da guga na humus da 60-80 g na superphosphate a cikin kowane rami. An dasa Aronia a nesa na 2 x 2.5 m daga juna.
Kula da chokeberry ya kunshi namo kasar gona, weeding, fertilizing, pruning da forming bushes, kwaro da cutar cuta.
Kiwo
Chokeberry yana yaduwa ta hanyar tsaba, tushen zuriya, keɓewa, rarraba daji, lignified da kore kore kuma an liƙa su cikin kambi ko seedling na ash dutse na talakawa. Mafi na kowa irin hanyar haihuwadangane da dukiyar chokeberry ya ba da irin tsirrai guda daya dangane da girma, yawan amfanin ƙasa da ingancin 'ya'yan itatuwa. Tun da yake wannan amfanin gona har yanzu ba shi da iri, yaduwar iri ita ce babbar hanya..
Tsarin ƙwayar zuriya mai sauƙi ne, amma yana buƙatar babbar kulawa da yarda da wani tsari na daidaitawa. An adana tsaba mai bushe a cikin jaka na masana'anta mai ɗumi a zazzabi da bai wuce 5 ° C ba. Kafin daidaitawa, ana sanya jaka na tsaba a rana cikin ruwa a zazzabi na 18 ° C. Bayan haka kwanaki 10 ana adana su akan shelves a zazzabi a daki, a lokaci-lokaci a jika, ko a sanya shi cikin kwalin cike da gansakuka ko fure.
Bayan haka, ana sanya tsaba a cikin akwatin a kan kankara tare da wani yanki na 15-20 cm. An yi kasan da tsagi don magudanar ruwan narke. Jaka iri kuma ana cakuda su da kankara. An binne akwatin cike tsawon watanni 3-4 a cikin tarin dusar ƙanƙara 2 m babba kuma an rufe shi da filastik, kuma sawdust ko bambaro daga sama. Kwana uku zuwa hudu kafin shuka, ana kawo tsaba a cikin dakin dumi da sanyaya.
Za'a iya sanya shinge tsawon kwanaki 90 a cikin ɗakuna tare da yanayin zafin jiki na kullun 4 ... 5 ° C. Don yin wannan, an hade su da yashi mai laushi a cikin rabo na 1: 4 ko peat-1: 2. A lokacin stratification, da substrate ana sa m.
Don shuka tsaba, haske, ƙasa mai laushi, an tsabtace ciyawa, an zaɓi. Tsaba an haɗu da ɗanɗano, a ko'ina a cikin girgina tare da zurfin 6-8 cm, an rufe shi da ƙasa 0.5 cm kuma mulched tare da Layer na sawdust ko humus. Don samun kyawawan kayan shuka, ana yin tsire-tsire a farkon lokacin yayin ƙirƙirar ganye na gaskiya guda biyu, barin nesa na 3 cm tsakanin su, a karo na biyu a cikin lokaci na ganye huɗu ko biyar a nesa na cm 6. Ana yin lamuran karshe na ƙarshe a cikin bazara na shekara mai zuwa tare da nesa na 10 cm.
Don girma seedlings na shekaru biyu ba tare da dasawa ba, nisa tsakanin layuka shine 70-90 cm. A cikin yanayin Leningrad Yankin tare da yanayin bazara mai zurfi da sanyi, yana da fa'ida don fara shuka tsiro a cikin shingen gida (a cikin gidan kore ko a gida) kuma a cikin lokaci na ganye uku zuwa biyar na gaskiya, nutse cikin gangara tare da sanyawa a cikin layuka uku ko hudu a nesa na 25 cm, a jere - 5-7 cm.
Ana tsabtace kasa daga kwari kuma an kwance shi ta tsare. A farkon bazara, ana amfani da takin nitrogen akan ƙasa mai ɓoye a cikin kudi na 20 g na ammonium nitrate ko 5 kilogiram na slurry ta 1 m2. A ƙarshen faɗuwar shekara ta 2, seedlingsa seedlingsan seedlings sun kai matsayin daidaitacce.
Seedlings za a iya girma ta rooting na shekara shekara lignified da kuma lokacin rani kore cuttings. Hanyoyin sakewa iri daya ne kamar yadda ake yi a cikin wasu ciyayi na Berry.
Chokeberry yana ba da ran rhizome wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don dasa. Bayan dasa, an yanke saman sashin, yana barin kodan 3-5. Ana iya zazzara ta a kan tsohuwar bishiya ta dutsen ash talakawa ta haushi ko a tsage. Hanyar farko ita ce mafi sauƙin samu.
© Sanja
Karin kwari
Rowan asu
Wannan kwaro ya yadu sosai. A cikin shekara guda, yana lalata fiye da 20% na 'ya'yan itaciyar dutsen ash. Wasu lokuta ana samun su akan itacen apple. Pupae hibernate a cikin ƙasa da ganye ganye, don haka yakamata a lalata tarkacen tsire. Wani malam buɗe ido mai launin fata-mai launin fata yana bayyana sau da yawa a farkon lokacin bazara. Kimanin mako guda bayan tashi, zai fara sa ƙwai da yawa a ɓangaren tayin. Femaleaya mace tana iya sa har ƙwai 45. Caterpillars suna da launin shuɗi ko launin toka a launi. Sun bar ƙwai bayan makonni biyu da shiga cikin tayin, suna kwance kunkuntun wurare, da matafilai sun sami zuriyarsu suna toshe su.
Slim slimy sawfly
Yana yawanci bayyana a farkon farkon Yuli, kuma ta kaka, da sawfly riga tsanani diyya da ganyen itaciya, da yawa sau da yawa lalata da su gaba daya. Kwaro na tsakiyar-manya yana da launin baƙi mai sheƙi, fuka-fukansa a bayyane suke. Tsutsa yana da tsawon har zuwa 9 mm, launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi, an rufe shi da gamsai na baki. Dolly fararen launi a cikin murɗa mai yawa daga siffar m. Matar ta sanya kwai a kan ganyen bishiyar, ta kuma yi ɓarin ciki a cikin ganyen. Femaleaya mace tana iya sa har ƙwai 70. Qwai ne mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi. A takardar guda, ana samun kusan ƙwai 10. Larvae ƙyanƙyashe bayan kusan mako guda. Larvae ciyar a kan ganyayyaki na 1 watan, to, ku shiga cikin ƙasa, kuma hunturu a can. Don kashe kwaro, an tsire tsire-tsire tare da lemun tsami ko aka fesa tare da maganin soda ash.
Amfana
Aronia berries suna da m-zaki, dandano mai dandano. Aronia babban shago ne na abubuwan gina jiki! Ya ƙunshi hadadden tsarin halitta na bitamin (P, C, E, K, B1, B2, B6, beta-carotene), macro- da microelements (boron, iron, manganese, jan ƙarfe, molybdenum, fluorine), sugars (glucose, sucrose, fructose), pectin da tannins. Misali, a cikin 'ya'yan itacen chokeberry, bitamin P shine sau 2 fiye da na blackcurrant, kuma sau 20 yafi na lemu da apples. Kuma abun ciki na aidin a cikin chokeberries ya ninka sau 4 fiye da na strawberries, gooseberries da raspberries.
Abubuwa na pectin da ke kunshe a cikin chokeberry suna cire karafa masu nauyi da abubuwa masu kara kuzari daga jiki, riƙewa da sihiri daban-daban na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.. Pectins suna daidaita aikin hanji, cire spasms kuma suna da sakamako choleretic. Abubuwan da ke warkarwa na cakulan na taimakawa wajen karfafa bangon jijiyoyin jini, inganta tsayayye da kwazonsu.
Hakanan, ɗayan mafi kyawun kayan wannan bishi shine tsabtace yanayin hawan jini da rage ƙarancin jini.. An sanya 'ya'yan itatuwa na Aronia don rikice-rikice iri daban-daban a cikin tsarin coagulation jini, zubar jini, rheumatism, atherosclerosis, ciwon sukari mellitus da cututtukan rashin lafiyar jiki.Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa chokeberry yana inganta aikin hanta, kuma yin amfani da wannan Berry na yau da kullun yana inganta rigakafi kuma yana tasiri aikin aikin endocrine.
Amma, da rashin alheri, tare da wasu cututtuka, ƙila za a iya contraindicated. Don haka, ba a ba da shawarar kamuwa da cututtukan ƙwayar ciki na ciki da duodenum ba, gastritis, maƙarƙashiya, yawan jini, haɓakar jini da thrombophlebitis.
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Jiran ra'ayoyinku!
