Verticillin wilt cuta ce mai taushi sosai. Naman gwari wanda ke haifar da wannan cutar mai haɗari abu ne mai saurin gaske, yana iya kasancewa a cikin ƙasa na dogon lokaci kuma ba ya haifar da wata illa ga tsirrai, amma a wani lokaci can kwatsam zai fara kai farmaki kan amfanin gona, wanda yawanci yakan haifar da ƙarshen mutuwar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta. A cikin wannan ɗaba'ar, muna yin la’akari da manyan alamun cutar lalacewar wannan cuta da kuma hanyoyin don rigakafi da sarrafa verticillin za.
Inabi tare da alamun verticillum wilting.
Ta yaya zazzagewa a tsaye?
Verticillus wilting, wanda kuma ake kira da "za," yana haifar da naman gwari na sifar halittar Verticillium. Yawancin lokaci tsire-tsire suna kamuwa da wannan naman gwari mai haɗari ta cikin ƙasa. A matakin farko na ci gabansa, cutar ta cutar da matasa harbe na shuka, wanda ba su iya yin tsayayya da cutar, saboda haka yawanci mutu farko.
Tsire-tsire waɗanda ke da lahani daban-daban a kan tushen tushe ko kuma a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren kara suna mafi yawan abin da ke faruwa ta hanyar wilting verticillic. Wadannan lalacewar ana iya haifar da duka ta hanyar kwari da ke zaune a cikin ƙasa, da mutum kansa. Misali, lokacin da aka tono seedling daga gandun daji ko lokacin dasa wata shuka zuwa wani wuri, lokacin dasa shuki, rashin kyau (zurfin zurfin) tillage, ko kuma aiki mai karfi sosai tare da kasar kusa da gangar jikin.
Yana da ban sha'awa cewa naman gwari wanda ke haifar da verticillum wilting zai iya rayuwa a cikin ƙasa har zuwa goma, kuma wani lokacin ma, shekaru, don haka idan cutar ta bayyana kanta, to wannan ya fi dacewa a kiyaye shi akalla shekaru biyu a ƙarƙashin tururin baƙi. Bugu da kari, naman gwari na iya rayuwa na tsawon lokaci a cikin tarkace na shuka, gami da ragowar tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da shi, sabili da haka, dole ne a cire irin wadannan tsire-tsire daga shafin kuma a ƙone su a waje da yankinsa, yana hana sassan tsire-tsire da naman naman ya lalata ta cikin ƙasa.
Bayan naman naman gwari ya shiga tushen tsarin ko ƙananan ɓangaren kara, yana farawa ta yadu ta cikin ɗarbin xylem da yawa tare da kwararar ruwa sama da ruwa mai narkewa a cikin shuka. Idan ƙasa tana kamuwa da wannan naman gwari, to, har ma thea seedlingsan seedlings da suka bayyana a kan ƙasan ƙasa na iya mutuwa da sauri, da farko an juya kamar karkace.
Naman gwari galibi yana haɓaka tsiran ƙasa wanda yake daɗayar danshi (a ƙarƙashin yanayin ban ruwa mai ƙasa sosai ko a wuraren da ke da tsaftataccen ruwan karkashin ƙasa), har ma a cikin shekaru tare da yawan ɗumbin yanayi na ruɓewa a cikin yanayin ruwan sama ko hazo.
Hakanan lokuta masu dacewa don ci gaban naman gwari su ne yanayi tare da canje-canje mai kaifi a yanayin zafin rana da dare. Bugu da kari, a cikin wuraren da aka yi watsi da kwari wanda kwari ke shafar kwari, naman gwari ma yana haɓaka sosai.
Game da zazzabi, naman gwari wanda yake haifar da warin warin jirgi ya fara aiki musamman, yana tasowa a zazzabi na 16 zuwa 21 digiri sama da sifilin. Idan zafin jiki ya faɗi ƙasa da digiri 16 Celsius, to, naman gwari na iya dakatar da haɓaka, a wannan lokacin zaku iya lura da samuwar sabon harbe a cikin tsirrai, wanda idan dumamarsa, ƙwayar naman gwari za ta kamu da sauri.
Naman gwari wanda yake haifar da warin warin wutil yana da haɗari a cikin hakan yana iya kai hari ga yawancin tsire-tsire, kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itace, berry da ornamental. Sau da yawa zaku iya lura da alamun tsintsaye mara nauyi a kan apricot, inabi, tumatir, wardi, crysanthemums, lilacs, phlox, strawberries da kuma cikakkun tsire-tsire daban.
Verticillosis a kan strawberries lambun.
Bayyanar cututtukan Verticillus Wilt
Yaudarar naman gwari da haɗarin wannan cuta ta fungal ba kawai a cikin gaskiyar cewa naman gwari na iya kasancewa a cikin ƙasa na dogon lokaci ba, duka kafin kuma bayan kamuwa da tsire-tsire, amma kuma a gaskiyar cewa alamun kamuwa da cuta, musamman akan tsire-tsire na perennial, ana yawan lura da su daya ko ma yanayi biyu bayan kamuwa da cuta ya faru.
Yawancin lokaci, kasancewar verticillaceous wilting akan tsire-tsire za'a iya lura kawai bayan harbe harbe sun mutu. Mutuwar harbe-harbe ba ta faruwa lokaci guda, yayin da shuka gabaɗaya na iya kama da kyau har ma ta ba da 'ya'ya, wasu rassa na iya bushewa gaba ɗaya a cikin lokaci guda.
Leaf ruwan tabarau a kan mutuwa harbe farko fara bushe a gefuna, gefe necrosis an kafa, sa'an nan kuma ganye gaba daya bushe da fada da yawa a baya fiye da yadda ya kamata su kasance. Wannan yana haifar da mummunan aiki na kayan aikin hoto da mummunar tasiri a kan shuka gaba ɗaya, gami da rage kariyar rigakafi da rage ƙarancin hunturu (idan ya kasance tsararren shuka ne).
Yawancin lokaci, da farko, ƙwayoyin ganye da ke cikin ƙananan ƙananan fara fara launin rawaya kuma suka mutu, sannu a hankali cutar tana kashe duk ƙwayoyin ganye dake jikin reshen cutar. Idan shuka ya kamu da barzana a tsaye, to, kawai sai sashinta na sama ya rayu.
Tare da kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani, bushewa da faɗuwa daga cikin ƙwayoyin ovaries ko 'ya'yan itaciya zuwa wani nau'i na balaga ana kuma lura, wanda ya dogara da lokacin kamuwa da cuta da ƙimar ci gaban naman gwari a cikin shuka.
Wani lokaci yana yiwuwa a ƙayyade ko wata itaciya ta kamu da wilting verticillous ta hanyar yankan harbi. Wani mummunan duhu na kyallen takarda wani lokaci ana iya ganinshi akan yanka, amma, abin takaici, irin wadannan alamu bayyanannun ba koyaushe suke bayyana ba.
A kan yanke harbe da cutar da za, ana iya ganin wani rauni mai karfi na kyallen takarda.
Yaƙi Verticillin Wilt
Yana da matukar wahalar warkewar tsire-tsire masu ɗauke da ƙwayar cuta ta verticillum za kuma su lalata naman gwari a cikin ƙasa. Ga wanda kuma yake farawa da yanayin da ba su da wata matsala ga rayuwar naman gwari, zai iya samar da sclerotia, ya kafa mycelium, koda a hutawa yake. Tare da samuwar sclerotia, naman gwari zai iya rayuwa cikin ƙasa don yanayi da yawa, koda kuwa an kirkire yanayi mai tsauri don wanzuwar sa.
Tabbas, da zaran kun gano cutar kuma da sauri kun fara yaƙar ta, to mafi girman damar da ake samu na kawar da jikin tsiron wannan cutar. In ba haka ba, naman gwari na iya haɓakawa a cikin ƙasa kuma suna yaduwa, suna harba yawan adadin tsire-tsire iri da aka girma a shafin.
Mataki na farko a cikin yaki da verticillar za na iya zama da yawa (sau 4-5) magani tare da jan ƙarfe da ke kunshe da shirye-shirye ko fungicides da aka yarda don amfani. Game da fungicides, yana da kyau a fara da shirye-shiryen nazarin halittu, kamar, alal misali, Gliocladin, wanda shine kwatancen Trichodermin. Yana da kyau saboda yana da hulɗa da tasirin tsari, ba jaraba bane a cikin naman gwari, yana dawo da microflora na ƙasa kuma har ma yana kawar da guba na ƙasa bayan amfani da wasu sinadarai.
“Phytosporin-M, P” nasa ne na kwayoyin fungicides, ana kuma amfani da wannan magani don lalata kayan iri, saboda galibi naman gwari da ke haifar da tsintsiyar iska wanda yake shiga gona, sannan kuma cikin tsire-tsire tare da tsaba masu kamuwa da shi.
Daga cikin ƙwayoyin cuta mai guba, ƙwayar "Maxim KS" tana gwagwarmaya sosai tare da wicting verticillum; ana amfani da wannan magani don magance naman gwari a cikin ƙasa, don lalata kayan ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta da kwararan fitila na tsirrai na fure.
Abin baƙin ciki, waɗannan kwayoyi da sauran mutane da yawa ba koyaushe suke jure yanayin verticillin ba. Idan ba a lura da wani sakamako ba, to lallai ne a cire tsire daga wurin, a kula da wurin da ya girma tare da shirye-shiryen jan ƙarfe kuma kar a shuka irin wannan shuka a wannan rukunin na akalla shekaru biyar.
Mutuwar harbe wata shuka da kwayar cutar za ta faru a lokaci guda.
Yin rigakafin Walt
Tabbas, ya fi sauƙi yin faɗa don hana bayyanar naman gwari wanda ke haifar da verticillum za a yankin ku. A saboda wannan, ya wajaba a lura da mahimman lambobi masu yawa, amma dokoki masu sauƙi don tsirrai.
Dokar farko ita ce lura da jujjuyawar amfanin gona da jujjuyawar amfanin gona. Don haka, idan muna magana ne game da albarkatun gona na zamani (alal misali, apricot), to ya kamata a dasa su a wuri guda bayan rushewar yanar gizon ba a sama da shekaru biyar ba. Idan muna magana ne game da kayan lambu na shekara ko amfanin gona na fure, to ya kamata a dasa su a shafin bayan shekaru uku ko hudu.
Bayan girbi ko a ƙarshen fure a cikin yanayin tsire-tsire na shekara-shekara, ya kamata a cire duk tarkacen tsire daga wurin. A kan noman bishiyar koren bishiyoyi ko bishiyoyi na bishiyoyi, dole ne a girbe amfanin gona gaba daya, zazzabin da yayan 'ya'yan itace suma a cire su daga rassan kuma a ƙone su a wajen. A cikin shekaru tare da ƙasa mai ƙarfi da iska mai zafi, wanda yanayin zafin ƙasa ke ɗaukar shi, ya zama dole kuma a cire duk magin ɗin ganye kuma a ƙone shi a waje da wurin.
Wani muhimmin abu, amma mai sauƙin aiwatar da rigakafin shine a gwada hana bushe bushewar ƙasa a shafin. Dole ne a kula da danshi a kodayaushe a matakin al'ada, wato, dole ne a hana shi bushewa ko kuma sanya ruwa, kuma idan an lura da yawan ruwa saboda tsananin ruwan sama, to ya zama dole a sassare kasar sau da yawa (kowane kwanaki 2-3) don ba da damar danshi ya ƙaura da kyau.
Lokacin shayarwa, yana da mahimmanci don amfani da ruwa a zazzabi a ɗakin, amma ba shi yiwuwa a shayar da tsirrai tare da ruwan sanyi da kankara daga wani tiyo, sabanin ra'ayi na yau da kullun, wannan ba zai haifar da taurarin tsirrai ba, amma na iya haifar da damuwa da raguwar rigakafin su.
Aiwatar da isasshen takin ƙasa don ƙasa, kar ku ci mutuncin nitrogen, kuma kada ku ƙyale tsire-tsire su rasa ƙarfi a cikin takin zamani da takin mai magani na potassium. Don haka tsire-tsire suna kwashe takin ta yadda zai yiwu, ƙasa dole ne ta kasance mai tsaka tsaki na acid, idan acidic ne, to dole ne a ƙara gari ko lemun tsami a ciki.
A matsayin gwargwadon rigakafin ƙwayar cuta na verticillosis za, yana da kyau a kula da ƙasa da tsaba, kazalika da tushen tushen seedlings tare da fungicides na halitta. Don haka, infusions da kayan ado na ganyen taba, tsire-tsire na chamomile, har da infusions na itacen ash, soot da gawayi suna da sakamako mai ban tsoro.
A ƙarshe, wasu asirin gogaggen lambu da kuma lambu. An lura cewa naman gwari ba ya haɓaka ko ba ya fitowa kwata-kwata, a kan yashi, ilsasassun ƙasa mai tsami tare da tsaka tsaki na yanayin. Hakanan an yi rikodin cewa ciyayi masu yawa suna wahala daga wilting verticillous, don haka dole ne a haɗar da ciyawa kuma a yi ƙoƙarin kada a shuka yawan ciyawar su a cikin ƙasa, musamman a wuraren da haɗarin cutar ke da yawa.
