Yadda ake shayar da gonar?

Muhimmancin sha wahalar sha wuya. Koyaya, m watering ne kawai ba saturation yau da kullum na kasar gona da danshi, amma kuma m m, ciki har da fasalolin al'adu da fasahar ban ruwa, wanda, a matsayin mai mulkin, ceton ruwa ban ruwa. Waɗannan fasahohin ne waɗanda ke taimakawa riƙe danshi a cikin ƙasa. Wannan haɗin al'adu ne ta hanyar kamanceceniya a cikin fasahar noma. Wannan ... da sauransu

Watering gonar. Kh skh

Hanyar Watsawa

Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na shayarwa. Zabi na wannan ko wanda ya dogara da damar yiwuwar yin tsari da shirya wurin, nau'in ƙasa da al'ada. Gabaɗaya, banbancin ruwa ana rarrabe shi da nau'in samar da ruwa kuma an rarrabe shi: ban ruwa na ƙasa, ban ruwa na ban ruwa, ban ruwa na ruwa da raƙuman ruwa.

Ban ruwa ban ruwa

Ya ƙunshi ban ruwa tare da furrows, ciki har da annular (a kusa da tsayawar bishiyoyi ko bushes), kazalika akan masu bincike da baka. A bu mai kyau inda aka rushe saman shafin, kuma kasar gona tana da isasshen ruwa.

Dogon ruwa farirow

Ban ruwa na fari wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Ana amfani dashi don dasa shuki na kai tsaye kuma ya fi dacewa da mahayan da ke da ƙaramar gangara (in ba haka ba, ruwan ko dai yana gudana da sauri, ba da isasshen lokacin da zai jika kasar, ko stagnates a farkon tsagi, kuma, ba tare da samar da danshi ba).

Zurfin furfura a lokacin wannan ban ruwa na iya bambanta daga 10 zuwa 15 cm. Nisan da ke tsakanin furrs din ya kasance daga 50 zuwa 60 cm akan kasa mai yashi, daga 60 zuwa 80 cm akan loams kuma daga 80 zuwa 100 cm akan yumbu. Waɗannan shawarwarin suna da alaƙa da gaskiyar cewa akan ƙasa mai haske, ruwa galibi yana zuwa ƙasan furrow, kuma akan ƙasa mai nauyi ana rarraba shi a ko'ina.

Grooves don a tsaye ruwa. F mai yawa

Watering a cikin baka ko masu tafiya

Ana amfani da ruwa a cikin kwano ko kuɗin shiga a cikin gidajen lambuna kuma cike yake da ruwa wanda masanin ƙasa ke kewaye da shi ko kuma gangar jikin bishiya. Ya dace inda ƙasa yake ba ta dace ba. Girman yankin mai ban ruwa a wannan yanayin ya kamata ya zama daidai da wurin da kambi.

Yayyafa

Babu ƙarancin sanannun hanyar shayarwa. Ya ƙunshi murƙushe jirgin ruwan da aka kawo shi tare da matsa lamba cikin saukad da ƙasa, wanda aka samu ta hanyar amfani da nozzles daban-daban.

Amfanin irin wannan ban ruwa yana da sauri kuma cikakke busasshiyar ƙasa, yiwuwar ban ruwa yankunan tare da microrelief mai wahala ko babban gangara, ƙananan ƙimar kuɗin ma'aikata, adana ruwa ta 15 - 30% (idan aka kwatanta da ban ruwa tare da furrows), har ma da yiwuwar cikakken injin.

Yayyafa yana da kyau ga ƙasa mai haske, don yankuna masu ciyawa, amma bai dace da ƙasa mai nauyi ba. Ruwa a kan yumɓu na yumbu ba ya shiga cikin kyau, sabili da haka ya samar da puddles, magudanar ruwa, tsoratar da lalacewa. Wani raunin kuma shine ikon yin huɗa ƙasa har zuwa 50 cm akan ƙasa mai nauyi, har zuwa 60 akan ƙasa mai haske, wanda yake da mahimmanci lokacin shayar da gonakin inabi da gonakin inabi waɗanda ke buƙatar soya ƙasa har zuwa 100 cm.

Hanyar ban ruwa

Drip ban ruwa

Ban ruwa na wannan nau'in yana nuna wadatar ruwa a cikin nau'i na saukadwa a cikin yanki mafi girma na tushen tushen tsiro da sannu-sannu shimfidawa ta kowane bangare. Irin wannan ban ruwa ne da za'ayi ta hanyar musamman dropers, yin la'akari da ka'idojin ban ruwa. An lasafta yawan abubuwanda aka zana bisa dogayen amfanin gona na ban ruwa, nau'in ƙasa, girman shuka da tsarin tsirrai (na tsofaffin bishiyoyi, wannan yawanci yawancin yan 'yan itace ne, ga matasa, tsintsaye da kayan lambu, ɗaya a kowace shuka).

Muhimmin fa'idodin ban ruwa na ruwa shine yuwuwar yin amfani da shi a cikin wuraren da ba a sanya su ba, a wadace tare da babban gangara, a yawancin nau'ikan ƙasa da kuma yawancin amfanin gona. Adana ruwa ban ruwa tare da irin wannan ban ruwa ya kai 80%. Babban hasara ta wannan hanyar ita ce sha'awar toshe tsarin tare da daskararrun barbashi da ke cikin ruwa.

Ban ruwa na Subsoil

Wannan hanyar yin shayarwa har yanzu ba a san ta sosai ba, amma an cika alkawarin, tunda an haɗa ta da ɓangaren mafi ƙarfin tattalin arziki. Ya ƙunshi gaskiyar cewa samar da ruwa yana faruwa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kai tsaye zuwa cikin tushen tushe, ta hanyar bututu humidifier na musamman. Wannan yana tabbatar da ƙarancin asarar ruwa ta ruwa, ƙaramar haɓakar ciyawa (tunda yawancin ƙwayoyin su suna cikin babba, ba ruɓa mai ruɓa ba), ƙirƙirar yanayi mafi kyau ga abinci mai gina jiki.

Drip ban ruwa. Project Aikin Beer-Sheba

Iri ban ruwa

Baya ga manyan hanyoyin ban ruwa da nufin wadatar daskararren ƙasa, akwai ban ruwa tare da ƙarin ayyuka. Musamman: shayarwa mai nutsuwa, shayarwa tare da aikace-aikacen takaddun lokaci daya, cajin-caji (ko hunturu) da anti-sanyi.

Mai annashuwa

Bukatar wannan ban ruwa ya tashi cikin yanayin tsawan tsawan yanayin zafi. A cikin irin waɗannan lokutan, tsire-tsire suna fitar da danshi mai yawa, a sakamakon abin da ruwan da ke cikin kyallen takan raguwa sosai, wanda ke haifar da matsaloli cikin matakai masu mahimmanci.

Produirƙira yin shayarwa a cikin lokacin zafi na rana ta kyafaffen ruwa (fesa ruwa a cikin yanayin rashin ruwa) tare da yawan mintuna 5 bayan awa 1. Fesa yana ba da damar saukad da kada suyi magudana, amma su ci gaba da zama a doron ƙasa, tare da maido da ɗaukar su, sannu a hankali, nutsar da su, don sanyaya kyallen da ƙyallen suma.

Ana aiwatar da irin wannan ban ruwa ko dai tare da taimakon nozzles na musamman ko tare da bindiga mai fesawa (wanda yafi cin lokaci-lokaci).

Watering tare da taki a lokaci guda

Irin wannan ban ruwa ya fi tattalin arzikin ƙasa wadataccen shayarwa da takin ƙasa. An bayyana fa'idar ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa abubuwan gina jiki da ke narkar da ruwa sun shiga cikin tushen saurin sauri kuma tsire-tsire suna farantawa su.

Irin wannan ban ruwa ne da za'ayi ta hanyar kara pre-narkar da ko infused da takin mai magani a cikin ruwa ban ruwa. A lokaci guda, ana sarrafa zurfin wuri na taki ta lokacin aikace-aikacen su: idan ya zama dole don amfani da takin zuwa saman, ana shayar da mafita a ƙarshen ban ruwa, idan yayi zurfi - a farkon.

Menene za a iya amfani da shi lokaci guda tare da ruwan ban ruwa? Fermented tsuntsu droppings, slurry, ganye ko takin shayi, potassium, ammonium nitrate, da dai sauransu rabo daga takin gargajiya ya zama 1:10 (tare da ruwa), da takin mai ma'adinai ya zama 1: 100, tun da tsire-tsire za a ƙone a mafi girma taro.

Mafi sau da yawa, sha tare da aikace-aikace na lokaci daya da takin mai magani ne da za'ayi tare da furrows ko daga watering Can. Idan ta hanyar yayyafawa, to bayan ya zama dole don yayyafa tsire da ruwa mai tsabta.

Watering a cikin tsagi na musamman. FAO Kenya

Halayen ruwan ban ruwa

Ba kowane ruwa yana da tasirin gaske akan tsire-tsire ba. Maimakon haka, don ban ruwa mai ban ruwa akwai shawarwari don zazzabi da inganci.

Ruwan sanyi, kamar ɗumi mai dumin dumu, yana shafar mahimmancin ƙwayoyin ƙasa da ƙarfin ƙarfin tushen tsarin. Bugu da kari, idan aka yi ruwa tare da kankara ko ruwa mai zafi, tsire-tsire suna fuskantar rawar jiki, wanda ke bayyana kanta a cikin wilting, wani lokacin kuma ana zubar da ciyawar. Irin wannan amsawar an haɗa shi da gaskiyar cewa danniya yana hana aikin tushen kayan aiki, yayin aiwatar da aiki (ƙafewa daga danshi ta cikin ganyayyaki) ya kasance daidai wannan matakin ƙarfin.

Don haka, zafin jiki na ban ruwa yakamata ya zama sananne ga yanayin zafin ƙasa, wanda mafi kyawun ci gaban tsirrai ke faruwa, sabili da haka yayi daidai da + 15 ... 25 ° 25. Sabili da haka, idan an fitar da ruwa don ban ruwa daga rijiyar ko rijiyar, dole ne a tsoma shi a cikin tanki musamman don wannan, an sanya shi a mafi girman wurin.

Daidai da mahimmanci shine ingancin ruwan ban ruwa. An hana shi amfani da ruwa mai ɗumbin gishiri don ban ruwa (ana yin saurin yawanci a cikin ruwan karkashin ruwa da kuma ma'adanan), wanda a cikin ƙa'idar yana ƙunshe da adadin adadin barbashin da aka dakatar (kogin datti ko tafkin). Kuna iya gano ingancin ruwa ta hanyar binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma bisa alamu, ko dai a tsare shi, ko a tsaftace shi da hanyoyin sinadarai, ko a zuba shi da ruwan famfo, tunda yawanci yana da matsakaitan alamun a gaban gishirin da kuma gurɓataccen iska ta hanyar dakatar da shi. Koyaya, akwai kuma "tashi a cikin maganin shafawa" - kasancewar a bilic ɗin da ƙarancin yanayin zafi, amma sake daidaitawa na iya shawo kansu.

Tank don tattara ruwan sama. Ank Tanksalot

Matsakaicin yawan ruwa

Sauran hatsarorin da ke tattare da shayarwa sune rashin ruwa da kuma gurɓatar ruwa. Na farko baya bada izinin danshi shigar da ƙasa yadda yakamata ya zama tushen tushen yadda yakamata, a sakamakon wanda aka maida hankali wajen samar da ƙasa ya ƙaru sosai kuma abubuwan gina jiki sun gushe shiga cikin tsirrai a daidai adadin. Bugu da kari, rushewar yau da kullun na saman saman ƙasa yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa mafi yawan Tushen tsire-tsire suna mai da hankali ne a farfajiya, a sakamakon wanda basu sami isasshen danshi da abinci mai gina jiki ba.

Yawan ruwa mai yawa yana cike ƙasa da ruwa, wanda hakan kuma ya kara dagula yanayin ayyukan da ake samarwa a cikin tushen ana haifar da hana ruwa tsirrai. Tare da wuce haddi a cikin ƙasa, yawan oxygen yana raguwa, ƙarin carbon dioxide yana ƙaruwa, gashin gashi (ruwan sha da abubuwan da aka gano) an lalata su, kuma haɗarin aiwatar da ayyukan sa yana ta ƙaruwa.

Rashin tabbataccen danshi, gami da hana ruwa zuwa ruwa na yau da kullun, rage yawan tsotsa daga tushen sa, ya haifar da chlorosis, gangar jikin ganye, hana haɓaka matakai, raguwa a yawan iri da ingancin amfanin gona, da raguwa cikin tsananin hunturu a cikin Berry da albarkatun 'ya'yan itace.

Yaya za a ƙayyade ƙimar ban ruwa mafi kyau? A cikin ilimin aikin gona, ana lasafta shi bisa ga ka'idoji na musamman dangane da yanayin lura da yanayin ƙasa. A cikin lambun, ba shakka, ba wanda zai yi wannan. Amma har yanzu zaku iya bi da ku ta wasu ƙa'idodi.

Mafi sauki daga gare su shine sanin wane zurfin wajibi ne don rigar kasar gona a karkashin wani tsiro. Don kayan lambu yana da cm 30 (a lokacin seedlings 5 - 15 cm), don strawberries 35 - 40 cm, don raspberries har zuwa 40 cm, currants da gooseberries har zuwa 50 cm, don 'ya'yan itace da gonar inabi - 100 cm.

Bugu da kari, bukatar ruwa a lokaci daban-daban na rayuwa a tsirrai ba daya bane. Mafi yawan duka, seedlings da lokacin furanni suna buƙatar danshi mai laushi, amma a ƙarshen lokacin girma, rage yawan amfani da danshi ta tsire-tsire.

M na gona na gona daga kangara iya. Is Denis Pogostin

Siffofin amfanin gona

Lokacin shayar da gonar, yana da Dole a la'akari da halayen kowane amfanin gona.

Don haka kankana, kankana, kabewa, masara, bishiyar kwari, wake suna da ikon fitar da danshi daga yadudduka na ƙasa kuma suna cikin rukuni na tsire-tsire masu tsayayya mai zafi. Yawancin ganye ma suna cikin wannan rukunin.

Karas da albasarta suna da buƙatar gaske a kan shayarwa a farkon rabin farkon lokacin girma, a nan gaba wuce haddi danshi ke ƙyamar ingancin girbin su.

Kokwamba, kabeji, radishes, letas, barkono, eggplant na bukatar danshi na dindindin ƙasa. Ana buƙatar dankali a ruwa a lokacin furanni. Tumatir na iya dacewa da karancin danshi kuma kamar yin ruwa a ƙarƙashin tushe.

A tsakanin al'adu ɗaya, tsakanin iri, ana lura da bambance-bambance dangane da danshi. Mafi yawan bukatar farkon farkon ripening, m - marigayi.

Akwai abubuwanda ake son kayan lambu. Mafi damuwa ga shayarwa shine strawberries, tare da baƙar fata currants, sannan raspberries, gooseberries, ja currants, plums, apple apple, pears da cherries. A lokaci guda, 'ya'yan itace da daskararru na dutse da aka shuka tare da yawan ruwa na yau da kullun suna buƙatar ƙarin danshi fiye da waɗanda zasu dace da kasawarta da farko.

Janar ruwa dokoki

Idan duk an rage dukkan dokokin ban ruwa zuwa jerin shawarwarin guda ɗaya, masu zuwa za su juya zuwa:

Zai fi kyau a shayar da tsire-tsire tun da sassafe (kafin zafin rana) ko da yamma (a cikin lokutan sanyi, ya kamata ku ba da fifiko ga safiya);
yin ruwa ya zama na lokaci kuma na yau da kullun;
yawon ban ruwa bazara yakamata a maida hankali kan karami (kusan 10 cm) zurfin rigar ƙasa, tunda tsire-tsire da aka tara a wannan lokacin har yanzu suna da danshi a cikin ƙasa;
mafi girman zazzabi, mafi girma adadin ban ruwa;
a cikin yanayin hadari, ana buƙatar rage yawan ruwa, amma ba za ku iya dogara gaba ɗaya ga ruwan sama ba;
a lokacin daga fitowar zuwa fure, tsire-tsire sun fi kulawa da karancin ruwa, saboda haka yana da matukar hatsarin yin sakaci da tsarin ban ruwa a wannan lokacin;
mafi girma da yawa yawa, da more yalwatacce da watering ya kamata;
mafi m ruwa da ake bukata da amfanin gona girma a kan kasa kasa;
don tsarin tushen aiki yadda yakamata, tsire-tsire ba buƙatar danshi kawai ba, har ma da iskar oxygen, saboda wannan dalili bayan shayarwa ya zama dole don hana samuwar ɓoyayyen ƙasa, lalata shi ta hanyar kwance, wanda, a ƙari, kuma yana taimakawa wajen kula da danshi a cikin ƙasa;
ban da loosening, mulching yana ba da gudummawa ga kiyaye yanayin danshi.

Mulching yana riƙe da danshi ƙasa

Yadda za a adana ruwa?

Domin yin shayarwa ta zama mai tattalin arziƙi, kuna buƙatar sanin da bin wasu ƙa'idodi:

kula da riƙe dusar ƙanƙara, tattara narkewa, ruwan sama a cikin kwantena na musamman;
dasa shuki a kan kari, yayin da ƙasa ke da tarin danshi na halitta bayan hunturu;
Ruwa ba sau da yawa, amma yalwatacce, domin tsarin tushen ya sami ci gaba;
bayan ruwa, ciyawa ƙasa ko sassauta, lalata capillaries na ƙasa na sama (ana iya amfani da agrofibre azaman fim mai mulching);
zabi mafi ban ruwa tattalin arziki irin ban ruwa domin yanayi da aka ba: a kan shimfidar wuri - tare da furrows, a kan gangara - ta hanyar yayyafa, ko kuma in mun gwada da sabon fasahar - bushasha, tabo, ban ruwa na ƙasa.

Tsarin ban ruwa na lambun

Amfani da duk waɗannan dabaru tare yana ba ku damar rage yawan amfani da ruwan da ake amfani da shi don ban ruwa a lokacin kakar zuwa 50-60%, kuma tare da daidaitaccen ban ruwa (alal misali, amfani da ban ruwa na ruwa) - har zuwa 80%.