Da yake magana game da lambuna, tabbas suna ba da wane lambu ake nufi. Bayan haka, akwai nau'ikan lambuna fiye da dozin, kuma kowannensu ya cancanci kulawa ta musamman. Da aka ambaci irin nau'in orchards ne, suna tunawa da farko irin 'ya'yan itacen marmari - waɗanda suka fi yawa a duniya. Kuma idan muna magana ne game da mafi yawan lokutan lambuna waɗanda ba a saba gani ba, galibi sukan zo ga tunanin dutse, wanda aka ƙirƙira shi a cikin ofasar Rana. Don haka menene ke girma a cikin gidajen lambuna kuma ta yaya suka bambanta juna?
Mutum yana ta dasa gonaki tun zamanin da. Ba abin mamaki ba da littafi mai tsarki ya ce mutanen farko sun rayu a cikin Lambun Adnin. Kowa ya san cewa lambu wata ƙasa ce da ke da 'ya'yan itace da tsirrai da mutane suka shuka. Hakanan za'a iya girma furanni na fure da furanni a can, har ma suna da gonar. Sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire ana bred a cikin lambuna, kare su daga kwari da daga abubuwan halitta - sanyi, fari da iska.
'Ya'yan itacen marmari da dabbobin marmari
Dangane da fasali daya, gonar 'ya'yan itace sun bayyana lokacin da mafarauta da masu siyarwa suka sauya zuwa rayuwa ta rayuwa suka fara dasa bishiyoyi a kusa da matsugunansu. Lambuna masu ban sha'awa suna fure a cikin bazara kuma suna faranta mana rai da kyawun su. Wannan na iya zama yankuna masu faɗi tare da yanki mai girman hekta 50-75, inda ake shuka 'ya'yan itace akan sikelin masana'antu, da ƙananan filaye a ƙauyuka da ƙananan rani. Girbi ya dogara da yanayin yanayi, da kuma kulawa da mutane.
A cikin orchards, har zuwa nau'ikan kwari 5000 suna rayuwa - ƙudan zuma, wasps da kuma kayan ƙwari iri-iri.
A cikin gidajen lambuna na ado, wardi mai haske, da marigolds, da tulips suna girma. Bugu da kari, suna dasa inabi da sauran tsirrai masu hawa wanda ke taurin filaye da ganuwar. Amma kafin ku fara yin ado da rukunin rukunin yanar gizonku, kuna buƙatar nazarin ƙayyadaddun tsire-tsire da kyau kuma gano yadda zasu haɗu da juna yayin fure.
Misali, clematis cike yake da furanni.
Hyacinths da daisies suna fure a bazara, daffodils a farkon lokacin bazara, kuma ana iya yin kwalliyar chrysanthemums a kaka. Kuma idan kuna shirin dasa ku daidai, to, lambun kayan ado zai faranta muku rai da kyan gani tun daga farkon bazara zuwa ƙarshen damina.
Ya danganta da yankin sauyin yanayi, bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire iri daban-daban suna girma a cikin lambunan. A cikin yanayin yanayi mai kyau, waɗannan bishiyoyin apple ne, pears, plums, cherries, kuma a cikin yankuna mai daɗi apricots, peach da lemu.
Tabarau halaye ne na tatsuniyoyin Turai wadanda ke rayuwa a ƙasa da kuma cikin gandun daji. A cewar wata labarin, idan kun haɗu da ɗanɗano a cikin gandun daji, zai kawo farin ciki da sa'a. Don haka hadisin ya tashi na sassaka siffofin gumakan, kuma don siyarwa sai suka fara sanya su cikin Yaren Jamusanci a cikin karni na XIX. Yanzu ana yin gumakan a wasu ƙasashe. Amma sun shahara musamman a ƙasarsu - a arewaci da yamma na Turai.
Abin da yake a cikin lambu botanical da abin da ke girma a ciki
Lambun Botanical yanki ne wanda ake shuka ciyayi, nazari tare da nuna wa baƙi tarin tarin tsire-tsire daga nahiyoyi daban-daban da kuma yankuna na yanayi. Masana ilimin halittu na iya magana na tsawon awanni game da menene na botanical lambu, saboda suna gudanar da bincikensu ne a kan bukatun kimiyya, ilimi da horo. Kowace rana kowa yana zuwa lambunan Botanical - don sha'awar tsirrai masu ban mamaki kuma kawai shakata. Masu bincike da ma'aikatan lambu suna aiki koyaushe don adanawa da haɓaka wannan kyakkyawa. Manyan lambunan tsire-tsire masu girma a cikin duniya membobi ne na Majalisar Internationalasa ta Duniya na Gidajen Botanical.
Ofaya daga cikin tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa da ke girma a cikin lambun Botanical ita ce "kunnen giwa" (tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu zafi zuwa Asiya ta Kudu, Oceania da gabashin Ostiraliya). Yana jan hankali da ganyayyaki: tare da kara mai tsayi na 3 m kuma a sama, wani ganye na alocasia, kamar yadda ake kiran wannan tsiro a kimiyance, ya kai mita 1 a tsayi. Petiole wanda wannan ganye, yake kama da kunnen giwa, shima yayi tsawo.
An buɗe lambun Botanical na farko a Munich a cikin 1809. partangaren rayayyensa, wanda aka sani da tsohuwar lambun Botanical, yana tsakiyar birni. Kuma lambun ta zamani ya kasance ga baƙi ne kawai a shekarar 1914. Ya haɗa da filin shakatawa na Nymphenburg kuma yana karɓar baƙi kusan 400,000 a shekara.
Lambun farko na tsire-tsire na Botanical a Rasha ana iya kiran shi gonar Magunguna, an tsara don girma tsire-tsire masu magani. Peter I ne ya kafa shi a cikin Moscow a cikin 1706. Tarihin ya ce tsar da kansa ya dasa bishiyoyi uku a cikin wannan lambun - larch, spruce da fir - "don ya ɗora 'yan ƙasa bambancinsu."
An buɗe babban lambun Botanical na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha a 1945. centuriesarnar ƙarni uku da suka gabata, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, mahaifin Peter I, ya fi son farauta a wurin, a yau, wannan lambun tana da ɗayan manyan wuraren tarihi a duniya. Tarinsa ya haɗa da bishiyoyi da tsirrai sama da 2,000. Kari akan haka, akwai kyakkyawan tsire-tsire na tsire-tsire masu zafi da wasu furanni da yawa waɗanda ke noma da kuma nazarin masana.
A cikin wasu lambunan Botanical, ana gina gizagi - arbor ko kuma dandamali na gani waɗanda ake sanya su a wurare masu tsayi don mafi kyawun yanayin kewaye. Abin sha'awa, a cikin wasan jirgi "Munchkin" akwai kati tare da wannan sunan. Playeran wasan da ta shiga bazai iya tambayar kowa ba, amma dole ne yaƙi kaɗai.
Manyan magabata na lambun Botanical sune gidajen shakatawa da tsirrai na magani. An yi imani da cewa an kafa lambun botanical na farko a makarantar likita a Salerno a farkon karni na XIV. likita da kuma botanist Matteo Silvatico. Wannan masanin kimiyyar tsufa a cikin 1317 ya rubuta rubutun kimiyya akan ganyayyaki na magani. Littafinsa ya tsira daga rubutun 11.
Lambunan Jafananci da na dutse (tare da hoto)
A Japan, wata tsibiri wacce ke da tsaunuka masu yawa da ƙarancin ƙasa, koyaushe ana godiya ga ma'adanin koyan tsire-tsire na kayan ado. Gidajen haikalin farko na Jafananci waɗanda Budaɗakan Buddha da mahajjata suka kirkiro su sama da shekaru dubu da suka gabata. A Kyoto, wanda ya zama babban birni na Japan a shekara ta 794, lambuna masu ado sun bayyana a manyan fadawan tarihi. Wuraren fure, cherries da wisteria sun yi girma a cikinsu. An kafa tsarin hadaddun kayan lambu wanda ke da karni na XVIII.
Aikin lambun Jafananci ya ɓoye ƙarƙashin tasirin gine-gine da ra'ayoyin addini da falsafanci na akidar tarihi.
Dubi hotunan lambunan Jafananci: galibi fitilun dutse, gazebos har ma gidajen shayi suna kan iyakar su. A cikin karni na XIX. Lambunan Jafananci na ado sun bazu tsakanin mutane gama gari, kuma a cikin karni na XX. ya zama sananne a wajen ƙasar.
Duwatsun da ba a kwance ba sun mamaye wuri mafi mahimmanci a cikin gidajen lambunan Jafananci. Har ila yau, suna haifar da lambuna na musamman na dutse.
Kamar yadda kake gani a cikin hoto, wannan lambun mai ban sha'awa yanki ne mai lebur, an rufe shi da yashi ko ƙananan pebbles, wanda akwai katakai. Wurin da ake hawa dutse a cikin lambunan dutse yana yin biyayya ga ka'idodin addinin Buddha. An yi imani cewa saman lambun alama ce ta teku, duwatsun suna alamar tsibirin, amma kowane mutum yana iya tunanin wani abu na nasu. Kuma duk inda ya tsaya, kallonsa zai fadi akan daidai adadin adadin duwatsu. Akwai nau'ikan lambun Jafananci wanda duwatsu shine babban abu.
Lambun Jafananci, a gaban mahaliccinsa, alama ce ta cikakkiyar duniyar halitta, wani lokacin kuma shine keɓancewar sararin samaniya kanta. Saboda haka, yana da tsaunukan wucin gadi, koguna, tsibiri, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, duwatsu, hanyoyi da aka cika da tsakuwa da yashi. A cikin irin wannan lambun, bishiyoyi, bishiyoyi, ciyawa, gami da bamboo da sauran hatsi, an shuka furanni masu haske da mosses.
Kifin Koi, ko kifin katako, shine abubuwan da aka yiwa ado irin na kifayen talakawa. A Japan, akwai nau'ikan koi da yawa, kuma ma'aunin launuka 14 ne da launuka. Wadannan kifayen suna ƙawata lambuna da wuraren shakatawa ba kawai a Japan ba, har ma a wasu ƙasashe na duniya.
Rayuwa Lambar Lambu
Wataƙila mafi kyawun shinge mai rai na lambun shine shinge. Yawancin lokaci yana kunshe da bishiyoyi ko shishika, amma ya faru cewa ana amfani da ciyawar ciyawa, da kuma na inabin don yin hakan. Fences da aka kirkira daga tsire-tsire na iri guda shine ake kira monobreed, kuma daga nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban - a hade.
Masu zanen fili suna kirkirar labyrinths mai ban mamaki daga shinge. Mafi tsawo shi ne launin kore, wanda ya kunshi bishiyoyin yew na 16,000, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1975 a Burtaniya. Yankin shi kadada 60, kuma tsawon dukkan motsin sa shine kilomita 2.7. A cikin mare akwai wadatattun gadoji 6 da hasumiyar kallo, daga abin da zaku iya gani da kimanta hanyar.
Itatuwa suna girma a gefen tituna da kuma gefen filayen ba wai kawai a kawata su ba, har ma da adana ƙasa da duk abin da ke kanta. Don kariya mai girma, ana dasa gandun daji - filaye a cikin nau'i na layuka bishiyoyi da tsirrai da aka kirkira a kan tudu, da wuraren kiwo, a cikin lambuna, tare da hanyoyin ruwa, hanyoyi da kan gangara. Irin wannan shinge yana da mahimmanci musamman a cikin steppes da kuma gandun daji-steppes, inda iska mai ƙarfi da bushewa ke yawan busawa, kuma, ba shakka, a cikin hamada da rabin hamada, inda irin waɗannan ke tsaye suna riƙe da yashi.
Ana dasa bishiyoyin sau da yawa kamar belts na daji, wani lokacin itace bishiyoyi. Inda suke, yanayin ƙasa ya zama mafi kyau, yana riƙe da danshi kuma yana cike da oxygen. Bugu da kari, wannan yana haifar da yanayi don kiwon waddannan tsire-tsire. Tsuntsaye suna yin sheƙunansu a waɗannan tsibiran, kuma dabbobin daji suna neman abinci.
Bishiyoyi masu tasowa a gefen hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa suna da mahimmanci musamman. Bayan haka, bai kamata ruwan da ke jujjuyar su ba ta hanyar ruwan sama, da dusar ƙanƙara da tarkace waɗanda iska ke kawowa. A ƙarni na 19, lokacin da aka fara amfani da bel don kare hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa, wannan ba gaskiya bane. Itatuwa sun yi kusa da waƙoƙin, saboda haka dusar ƙanƙan da ke ƙara kawai tana ƙaruwa. Raƙuman rami ba su taimaka da yawa ko guda biyu ba. Daga baya an gyara waɗannan kurakuran, kuma yanzu hanyoyin dogayen layukan an kiyaye su ta hanyar dasa bishiyoyi.
A cikin karni na 19, a lokacin mulkin mallakar Birtaniyya a Indiya, Birtaniyya ta gina iyakar kwastomomi 4000 zuwa can. Ya ƙunshi koguna da bango na dutse, amma a ɗan wannan layin ya ƙunshi shinge, tsayin daka wanda aƙalla ya kai mil 2. Amma, bai wanzu na dogon lokaci: a cikin 1879, Biritaniya ta gabatar da tsarin kasuwanci na kyauta a cikin ƙasar, kuma an soke shingen raye raye. .
Gidajen hunturu da greenhouses (tare da hoto)
Yawancin tsire-tsire waɗanda basu saba da sauyin yanayi ba ana cikin gida. Mutane sun fito da dabaru daban-daban na wannan. Misali, gidan kore wani karamin gini ne mai dauke da rufin zazzagewa, inda ake shuka iri, sannan kuma a dasa shi a kasa. Gurin shinkafa ya fi girma da kuma zafi. Ba kamar kore ba, a nan zaka iya ciyar da daukacin cigaban tsiro - daga zuriya ko shuki don samun fruitsan .an itace. Gashin tsire-tsire ba koyaushe ba mai zafi bane; shine, kamar greenhouse, an gina shi gilashi ko filastik kuma an tsara shi don furanni masu ƙauna da zafi. Ba a gina gidajen katako ba kawai a cikin iska, amma wani lokacin ana shirya su a cikin gidaje. Lambun hunturu ya shigo cikin rudani a Turai a karni na 19.
Kamar yadda za'a iya gani a cikin hoto, itatuwan dabino masu ban sha'awa da sauran tsire-tsire na kudanci ana shuka sukuni a gonar hunturu. Irin wannan gidan mai zafi yana zaune kai tsaye a cikin gidan ko a cikin ɗakin rufewa wanda akwai katanga mai rufewa. An tsara lambun hunturu don shakatawa, galibi tsire-tsire na ornamental suna girma a ciki.
Babban lambun shakatawa na hunturu tare da yanki mai 22,000 m2 is located a cikin UK a kan ƙasa na Botanical Garden, wanda aka sani da "Lambunan Adnin". A zahiri, waɗannan ɗakunan katako ne guda biyu, masu haɗin gwiwa. Kowannensu yana da nasa hadaddun halitta. Tsirrai masu tsiro suna girma a ɗaya, kuma Rum a ɗayan.
Kalmar "greenhouse" ta fito ne daga Faransanci "orange" - "orange". Tabbas, lemu, wasu 'ya'yan itace' ya'yan itace da sauran bishiyoyi, da furanni na Kudancin da basa iya yin girma a arewa a cikin furannin furanni suna girma a nan. Haske hasken rana yana sha gilashin kore kuma, saboda haka, iska, tsirrai da ƙasa a ciki. Hakanan ana kaddamar da masu saɓin pollin - gidajen wuta, ƙudan zuma da kuma kayan ƙwari - anan.
A cikin gidajen kore, furanni, kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa suna girma, kuma ba kawai waɗanda ke kudu ba. Suna ƙarƙashin kariyar abin dogara. Bugu da kari, masu shayarwa suna aiki anan.
Lambunan Labare ne mai zaman kansa wanda aka tsara don yin kiwo yawanci masu daskararru ne masu ƙarfi. Idan wadannan kwari su tashi maimakon “barci”, zazzabi a kalla 25 ° C ana kiyaye su anan. Danshi a cikin lambu koyaushe yana ɗaukaka, kamar yadda yake a cikin tsaunin teku. Yawancin tsire-tsire suna zama abinci ga caterpillars kuma suna samar da nectar ga malam buɗe ido, waɗanda ke ciyar da furanni masu wucin gadi. Yawancin malam buɗe ido suna kwance ƙwai a cikin lambun kanta, wasu a cikin ɗaki na musamman. A can suke yin ɗalibai, kuma baƙi na iya kallon bayyanar malam buɗe ido daga pupa.
