Kalina tsohuwar kalmar Slavic ce ma'ana, bisa ga zaton wasu malamai, bishiyar da ta girma a cikin fadama, kuma bisa ga wasu, tana nuna jan haske mai haske, kamar dai launin ruwan-hoda mai zafi na 'ya'yan itacen. Ga yawancin mutanen Slavic, ana ɗaukar launin ja alama ce ta kyakkyawa, ƙauna da farin ciki. Kalina itace “bishiyar aure”. Amarya tun kafin bikin auren ta bai wa ango wankin tawul da aka lullube shi da ganye da ganyen marmari. Furancinta wadanda aka yiwa tebur kwalliya, burodin biki, gurneti. Laida fruitsan itace na ofaurnan urnaurnan urnaurnan witha withan witha withan da ke da kifin shunayya da aka sanya akan amarya wacce ango da angon sun sake dawo da baƙi. Na dogon lokaci, a cikin tsakiyar yankin na Rasha sun dafa ɗanyen dabino na guelder-fure: an sanya 'ya'yan itacen firurnum mai ɓaure tsakanin ganyen kabeji da gasa. Wannan kek din ya yi kama da keren baƙi kuma yana da wari kaɗan daɗin kamshin valerian. Yawancin Legends da yawa suna tari game da wannan shuka. Ofayan ɗayan ya ba da labarin yadda 'yan mata suka ɗauki abokan gaba cikin daji don ceton waɗanda suke ƙauna daga mutuwa mai zuwa. Bushesum na viburnum tare da jan berries sun girma daga jinin 'yan matan da suka mutu. A cikin Rasha, aikin gona yana da alaƙa da viburnum. Wannan ya nuna a cikin faxin: “Suna shuka sha'ir yayin da wazirin yake buɗe”, “ruwan sama a Akulina (7 ga Afrilu) - viburnum zai yi kyau, muddin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ba ta da kyau”.
© CaroKattie
Kalina, (lat.Viburnum) - wani nau'in shrubs (mara galihu - bishiyoyi) na halittar Viburnum (Viburnum) na Adoksy (Adoxaceae).
Halin halittar ya hada da kusan nau'ikan 200, wadanda aka rarrabawa a yanayin Eurasia mai tsananin zafi da kuma canji, galibin Arewacin Amurka da Arewacin Afirka.
Suna girma a cikin nau'i na deciduous, wani lokacin ƙananan bishiyoyi. Yawancin nau'in viburnum suna da haƙuri-haƙuri da ƙauna-mai daɗin ji.. A cikin dukkan nau'in, akasin haka, ba a ɗanɗana lokacin da ganye ba. Bar tare da stipules duka, lobed ko dabino-lobed. Furannin furen fari ne, wani lokacin ruwan hoda, ana tattara su a cikin scabby inflorescences kuma ana wakilta su da nau'ikan biyu: bakarare - tare da babban tsinkaye da m - mai saukin kai, ƙarami, kunkuntar-tubular. Ja 'ya'yan itace masu launin ja ko shuɗi-shuɗi ne drupes, galibinsu halaye ne. Propagated da cuttings, layering, tsaba. Tsammani na rayuwa shine shekaru 50-60.
Wani mazaunin tsakiyar Rasha yana da masaniya sosai da viburnum saboda yaduwar rarraba ɗayan jinsin wannan nau'in - viburnum na kowa (Viburnum opulus). A cikin daji, ana iya samunsa a kusan kowane gandun daji - a gefen gandun daji, share, glade. Viburnum yana girma a gaban lambun gidaje na gidaje, kuma a cikin gidajen rani, har ma a cikin manyan birane. Russianan Rasha ya dade da nuna godiya ga ƙazamin al'ada a matsayin ɗan itace mara ma'ana wanda ke amsa godiya ga mafi sauƙi, kula da shi da fure mai haske, ƙoshin kaka da kuma yalwar kyawawan 'ya'yan itatuwa masu kyau. Koyaya, akwai wasu nau'in halitta waɗanda al'adunsu a cikin sararin samaniya ma suna iya yiwuwa a ƙasarmu.
© ndrwfgg
Amfani
Viburnum yana da ado sosai. Yawancinsu suna yin fure a ƙarshen Mayu da farkon Yuni, suna kawo ƙarshen tashin hankali na bazara na launuka tare da farinsu, ruwan hoda ko launin shuɗi. Flow yana da tsayi, wani lokacin ma ya kan yi sati biyu ko uku. Wasu nau'in (viburnum na yau da kullun, cokali mai yatsa, Sargent, lobed uku) suna da manya-manyan, har zuwa 12-15 cm a diamita, ambellate inflorescences, ya ƙunshi nau'ikan fure biyu. A cikin tsakiyar "laima" ƙananan furanni ne na tubular, waɗanda ke haifar berries. Kuma tare da gefen akwai manyan da ke bakin ruwa marasa kyau, babban aikin wanda shine jawo hankalin kwari. A cikin wasu nau'in (viburnum, Bureya, toothed, Mongolian, girman kai, girman kan Kanada, Wright, slaliferous) inflorescences ana yin su ne kawai ta hanyar fure mai mahimmanci, amma girman su, haske da ƙanshi mai ban sha'awa suma suna da ban sha'awa. Dukkanin viburnum sune tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu kyau.
Kyakkyawan viburnum da ganyayyaki. A na kowa, sau uku-lobed da Sargent viburnum, suna lobed, sun ƙunshi lobes 3 ko 5 (a cikin siffar su ɗan ɗanɗano ganyen maple). Viburnum Bureinskaya, jabu, serratus, serratus, Mongolian, Wright, saggy kuma a cikin duka hankulan suna da ganyen m ko siffar elliptical a gare mu. Launin launuka na rani daga haske zuwa koren duhu mai zurfi, amma a kaka duk furanni masu rawar viburnum sun fara haske a cikin sautunan masu haske daga ɓangaren dumi - daga rawaya zuwa carmine ja. Babban mawaƙan sun yi daidai lokacin da ake kwatancen daji na viburnum da ƙonewa da wuta. A bango daga irin wannan nau'in wuta, yana da wuya wasu lokuta su fitar da berries. Mafi yawan abubuwan da ba a sani ba sune ganyen viburnum an kera su: babba, har zuwa 25 cm tsayi, gemun ganye mai zagaye-ovate an yanke shi ta hanyar wrinkles na taimako. A cikin kaka, ana fentin su nan da nan cikin launuka da yawa - akan takardar guda ɗaya zaka iya ganin kore, rawaya, jan launi, rasberi, launin ruwan hoda-brown da shunayya mai ruwan hoda.
Hakanan Viburnum ya shahara saboda 'ya'yan itaciya. Berries a cikin yawancin nau'ikan sun sami launi a watan Agusta. Sun bambanta da bango na baya mai kambi mai yawa, suna farantawa ido ido cikin faɗuwar gaba kuma suna ƙawata bushes har cikin hunturu. A cikin wasu nau'in, 'ya'yan itatuwa masu launin ja ne ko ruwan hoda-ruwan hoda, a cikin yanayin girma, mai daɗi, kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a cikin gidan-ruwa na gama gari. Sauran nau'in suna ba da berries baƙar fata tare da launin shuɗi ko fure mai launin shuɗi. Amma akwai viburnums wanda akwai launuka biyu na 'ya'yan itatuwa a cikin goga: wasun su cikakku ne, baƙi da m, wasu ma haɓaka, ja. Irin wannan bambancin yana da kyau musamman kyakkyawa. Yana da halayyar viburnum girman kai da cokali mai yatsa viburnum.
Akwai saɓanin bayani game da abubuwan da ake cinye 'ya'yan itatuwa na viburnum: wani ya ba da rahoto game da ƙimar su, kuma wani ya rubuta game da kaddarorin mai guba. Wannan ba haka bane. 'Ya'yan itãcen kusan kowane nau'in viburnum suna zama mai cinyewa (kamar ɗanɗanorsu ko a'a - wannan wata tambaya ce), amma kawai yakamata a ci berries kuma san gwargwado. In ba haka ba, amai da gudawa mai yiwuwa ne. Yawan cin 'ya'yan itacen Viburnum vulgaris, Sargent, lobed uku ana dogara da shi. Su m ja berries rasa tart haushi bayan daskarewa, kazalika a lokacin aiki a jelly, jam, mashed dankali, a lõkacin da berries suna bushe. Fruitsa fruitsyansu ba kawai dadi ba ne, har ma suna da kaddarorin warkarwa: suna daidaita hawan jini da haɓaka narkewar abinci. A cikin mutane, ana amfani da 'ya'yan itacen' 'viburnum na talakawa' kamar su bitamin, farfadowa, diaphoretic da diuretic, kazalika da laxative mai laushi. Daga cikin viburnum tare da 'ya'yan itace ja, ana ɗaukar tsalle-tsalle mai tsalle sau uku a matsayin mafi kyawu kuma saboda haka a cikin mahaifarta, a Arewacin Amurka, ana kiranta da cranberry viburnum. Berries na farin-fruited viburnum (Bureinskaya, sapilifolia, girman kan Kanada) suma sun dace da abinci, suna da zaki da ɗan nama kaɗan.
A cikin wasu nau'in viburnum, sanannun kyawawan siffofin kayan ado an san su waɗanda suka bambanta da magabatansu na daji a cikin abubuwan da ba a sani ba na bayyanar su. Mafi shahararrun lambun lambu na viburnum na kowa shine Buldenezh (Boule de Neige, ko Sterile, Roseum). An fassara sunan wannan iri-iri zuwa Rashanci daga Faransanci kamar dusar ƙanƙara, ko Snowball (kodayake zai zama mafi sauƙi kuma mafi fahimta a kira shi "ƙwallon ƙanƙara"), saboda babban fasalinsa yana da girma, har zuwa 10 cm a diamita, infherrescences na dusar ƙanƙara mai launin dusar ƙanƙara ya ƙunshi furanni kawai. Irin waɗannan bushes ba sa fitar da 'ya'yan itace, amma yalwar "dusar ƙanƙara" da ke rataye cikin daji a ƙarshen Mayu koyaushe abin mamaki ne. Viburnum vulgaris shima yana da nau'in Compactum. Wannan inji yana da matukar kyau a girma, har zuwa 1.5 m tsayi kuma a diamita, amma wannan iri-iri ba na baya bane ga daji viburnum a cikin fure da fruiting. Haka kuma akwai ainihin yanayin dwarf - wani daji mai sihiri, mai saurin wuce 1 m a diamita. M "kwallaye" na launin koren duhu mai duhu suna da ban sha'awa sosai a kan Lawn tare da siffofin lambu na conifers, amma da wuya su yi fure kuma su ba da 'ya'ya. A cikin viburnum, an fi sanin girman kai a cikin al'adun cultivars Variegatum (Variegatum) da Aureum (Aureum). Na farko nau'i na ban mamaki ne saboda tsarinsa na rawaya mai launin shuɗi da haske kore a kan ganyayyaki masu lalacewa, yayin da na biyu kuma yana da fure mai launin shuɗi.
Har yanzu akwai wasu nau'in nau'in viburnum, namo wanda a tsakiyar Rasha zai zama mai ban sha'awa, idan ba don ƙarancin hunturu ba. Waɗannan su ne viburnum Karlsa (V. carlesii), K. evergreen (V. tinus), K. wrinkled ganye (V. rhytidophyllum), K. David (V. davidii), K. kamshi (V. odoratissimum), K. kamshi (V . farreri), K. Jafananci (V. japonicum), haka kuma da dama daga cikin dangin (V. x. burkwoodii, V. x. jiki, V. x. caricephalum). Suna da kyau kuma baƙon abu ba, da yawa sun zama tsirrai, suna da furanni masu ƙarfi da kuma ƙoshin furanni. Wasu daga cikin wadannan nau'ikan suna daure gashin gashi a shinge na gargajiya. A cikin mawuyacin yanayinmu, wani lokacin, tare da kulawa mai saurin kulawa da kulawa da tsirrai na hunturu, yana yiwuwa a kiyaye su. Amma a wannan yanayin, dole ne ku manta game da fure kuma musamman aski. Wadannan nau'ikan viburnum sun dace da kudu da matsanancin kudu na Rasha.
© maganin rashin lafiya
Siffofin
Wuri: yawancin jinsunan viburnum suna girma sosai kuma suna ba da 'ya'ya a inuwa m. Godiya ga tsarin tushe mai yawa, suna da kyau ƙarfafa ƙasa a kan gangara da gangara. Ya kamata a dasa ire-iren lambun na viburnum a cikin mafi yawan wurare masu haske, gari a cikin rani. A cikin waɗannan yanayin ne kawai zasu nuna cikakkiyar ƙarfin adorsu. Don viburnum a cikin lambun, zaɓi wuri tare da danshi mai yawa da ƙarancin ƙasa na 5.5-6.5. Idan akwai kandami a cikin lambu, to, babu wani wuri mafi kyau don viburnum.
Saukowa: dasa tsiro a cikin bazara ko kaka. Girman ramin shine 50 x 50 cm. Baya ga peat, ya zama dole don ƙara phosphorus 40-50 g, potassium da nitrogen 25-30 g kowanne Lokacin da aka dasa shuki, ƙwayar tana zurfafa daga cm 3-5. Tushen Tushen yana bayyana a lokaci guda inganta rayuwa. Nisa tsakanin tsirrai shine 1.5 - 2.0 m.
Kula: Ana aiwatar da sutura na sama sau biyu: kafin farkon kakar girma da kuma kafin farkon faɗuwar ganye. A cikin bazara sa: nitrogen - 50 g, phosphorus -40 g da potassium - 30 g da murabba'in mita. A cikin bazuwa suna bayar da phosphorus ne kawai da potassium rabin yawan bazara. Da takin mai magani suna warwatse a sama, sannan ƙasa ta zama ƙasa ko an haƙa shi, an shayar da shi da mulched. Don ƙirƙirar itace, sun bar harbi ɗaya mai ƙarfi, duk an cire sauran. A cikin shekaru uku, an harba guda ɗaya, wanda zai zama babban itacen. Tsayin kara daga tushe shine 1 - 1.2 m ya kamata a sake farfado da viburnum ta hanyar yanke duk tsoffin rassan a tsawo na 15 - 20 cm daga ƙasa. Viburnum baƙar fata ce, mai farauta, Karlsa, laurel-leaved, ko kuma kullun, wrinkled, ya dace da namo kawai a kudu na Rasha, amma wani lokacin ana iya kiyaye su a cikin lambuna na tsakiyar Rasha, idan an dogara dashi don hunturu ko kuma ya taurare seedlings daga gandun daji.
Kariya daga kwari da cututtuka: Harshen viburnum sau da yawa yana shafar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar viburnum (ƙwaro irin ƙwaro), wanda ke cin duk ganye, yana barin jijiyoyin kawai daga gare su. Don magance shi, ana kula da tsire-tsire tare da chlorophos 0.2%. A kan toho da kuma rassan, ma'aunin sifa mai tsari na iya bayyana. Ana amfani da maganin 0.1% na malathion akan shi. Don hana cututtuka irin su tabar wiwi da mildew powdery, magani tare da taba, tafarnuwa ko albasa jiko bada shawarar a duk lokacin.
Pizzodisevo (da farko dai, lafiyar ta)
Kiwo
Dukkanin viburnum na yaduwa ta hanyar yankan, layering, tsaba.
Tsarin yaduwar ƙwayar zuriya yana da fasali da yawa. Tsaba da aka shuka bayan watanni 6-7 na ɗaukar farawa ya fara ne kawai a watan Agusta: na farko, tushen da gwiwoyin gwiwa ya fara girma, toho ya zauna a hutawa. Cotyledons suna fita zuwa farfajiya kuma faduwar murfin yana faruwa ne a cikin bazara na shekara mai zuwa. Bayar da wannan yanayin, gadaje tare da amfanin gona na viburnum ya kamata a rufe shi a farkon hunturu tare da ganye da peat. Don haɓaka ƙwayar shuka, ana amfani da stratification a matakai biyu a yawan zafin jiki mai canzawa. Don fara haɓaka tushen, ana buƙatar zazzabi na + 18-20 ° C, kuma don wucewa cikin jihar mai sanyi -3 ... -5 ° C. Sabili da haka, bayan watanni 2.5-3 na sasantawa mai ɗumi, ana sanya tsaba don watanni 3-4 a cikin yanayin daidaitawar sanyi sannan kawai an shuka shi a cikin ƙasa. Kudin shuka na 8-15 g, germination rate na 54-88%. Lokacin da aka shuka shi cikin kaka tare da tsaba da aka yanyanka, harbe suna fitowa ne kawai bayan shekara guda. Shekarun farko na farko, shuka suka girma a hankali, kuma daga shekara ta uku haɓakarsu ke ƙaruwa. Tsire-tsire iri iri suna ba da 'ya'ya a cikin shekaru 4-5. Girbin 'ya'yan itatuwa daga ingantaccen shuka wanda ke tsakanin shekaru 10-15 shine 10-25 kg.
Siffofin ado suna daɗaɗawa ta hanyar kore kore. Mafi kyawun tushen itace daga shekaru 2-3 na itace. Green cuttings za a iya kafe idan an yanka a lokacin da aiki girma na harbe. Tushen dabbobin yana da girma. A cikin yanayin kazamin wucin gadi a zazzabi na 22-25 ° C, ana samun tushen 100%. Tare da rashin zafi, tushen raguwa da sauri. Ana girbe yankan daga farkon shekarun Yuni zuwa ƙarshen Yuli. Tushen Agusta kawai ya cire 50%. An kirkiro ƙwayar itace kamar haka: an yanke harbin cikin yanki 7-10 cm tsayi tare da biyu zuwa uku internodes. Sama da ganyayyaki, ana yin yanka na sama a madaidaiciya, a ƙarƙashin ganyayyakin ƙasan an ɓoye. Ganyayyaki na iya zama taqaituwa da rabi, ana cire ƙananan ganyen guda biyu gaba ɗaya. Bayan jiyya tare da heteroauxin, ana shuka itace a cikin gandun daji a ƙarƙashin fim ɗin. Madadin ya ƙunshi peat da yashi, ana ɗauka daidai Kayan tsire-tsire masu yaduwa masu tsire-tsire suna ba da 'ya'ya a cikin shekaru 2-3.
Sau da yawa ba layering daga ƙananan rassa.
Dabbobi
Viburnum Bureya, ko Buryat, ko baƙi - Viburnum burejaeticum.
An samo shi a kudu na Primorsky da Khabarovsk Territories, a cikin arewa maso gabashin China, da Koriya ta Arewa. Yana girma a cikin gandun daji na coniferous-deciduous akan kasa mai arziki. Groauki mai haƙuri.
Gaba ɗaya ya bambanta da talakawa na viburnum, ƙanƙanta sosai, ƙazamar shukar, har zuwa tsawon 3 m, wani lokaci ƙaramin itace mai yaduwa, kambi mai laushi, gangar jikin launin toka da danda, haske, reshe mai launin shuɗi. A cikin Moscow, tsire-tsire masu shekaru 40 suna da tsawo na 2.8 m, diamita mai kambi na 2.2-2.8 m. Ganyayyaki suna da elliptical, wani lokacin ovate (7.5 x 5 cm), mai kaifi a saman, tare da kaifi mai kaifi, kore duhu a saman , tare da gashin iskoki, mai haske a ƙasa, mai gashi mai yawa tare da jijiyoyin jini; yellowish-fari, furanni marasa rubutu (kawai fruiting) ana tattara a cikin hadaddun, inflorescences thyroid har zuwa 10 cm ko'ina. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari tare da baƙi, fata mai laushi da mai daɗi, nama mealy, edible, har zuwa 0.8 cm a diamita.
Viburnum cokali mai yatsa - Viburnum furcatum.
An rarraba shi a Sakhalin, tsibirin Kuril, Japan da Koriya, inda tayi girma a kan tsaunin tsauni a cikin gandun daji na Birch, a cikin gandun daji na coniferous da cakuda daji da gefuna. Ta kan dasa ciyayi a bayyane da konewa. Shuka mai ban sha'awa sosai tare da kyawawan manyan ganye, furanni masu haske da 'ya'yan itace ja. Shuka tayi ado ne daga lokacin girma zuwa faduwar ganye. A cikin bazara, ganye suna da launin ruwan kasa-shuɗi, a cikin kaka - mai haske mai haske tare da kyakkyawan kyakkyawan yanayin kwalliyar veins. Furanni furanni da 'ya'yan itace masu haske mai haske ja suna ƙawatar shuka.
Girman kai na Viburnum - Viburnum lantana.
Ofaya daga cikin shahararrun abubuwa masu kyau da kyau tare da baƙar fata 'ya'yan itace, ban da kayan cin abinci.Ba yaɗuwa ne a Tsakiya da Kudancin Turai, Minan Asiya, Afirka ta Arewa, da Arewacin Afirka. Akwai shi a cikin reshen Caucasus, ɓangaren Turai na Rasha. Ya girma a cikin zurfafawar dazuzzuzzukan daji. Mesophyte na hoto.
Kalina Dauda - Viburnum davidii.
Landasar Yammaci China.
Dwarf evergreen shrub game da 1 m high, tare da kewaya keɓaɓɓu, da tsare harbe harbe. Crohn ya cikait Girma a hankali. A cikin al'ada, tsayinsa shine 0,5-0.8 mitar diamita na kambi ya ninka biyu. Ganyayyaki masu kwalliya sosai masu launin fata, kullun gaba, akasin haka, elliptical, 7-15 cm tsayi, har zuwa 8 cm fadi, kore mai duhu. Epan tsokoki masu layi daya suna da halayyar mutane.Furannin furen-fararen-ruwan hoda ne, wanda aka tattara cikin laima-dimbin yawa inflorescences tare da diamita har zuwa cm 8. Blooms a watan Yuni. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari shida ne tsawon mm 6 tare da launi shuɗi mai ban mamaki, ya girma a watan Oktoba.
Viburnum dentate - Viburnum dentatum.
Gida na Arewacin Amurka. A swamps da m bushes na bushes.
Wannan itace katako mai tsayi (3.5-5 m) wanda aka yiwa katako mai tsini tare da daskararren haske mai haushi. Kambi ya yadu sosai, yana da girman mita 5.5. A cikin Moscow, tsire-tsire masu shekaru 30 suna da tsayi na 3.3-3.5 m, diamita mai kambi na 2.5-2.8 m. Ganyayyaki masu launin kore ne mai kaman gaske, zagaye, tare da jijiyoyin kai tsaye, suna ƙare tare da manyan hakora a duk gefen ganyen, Fasaha 3-8 cm furanni fari ne, karami, an tattara su cikin inflorescence tare da diamita na cm 6. fure-fure a watan Yuni-Yuli, a yanayi a watan Mayu-Yuni. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari ne masu shuɗi mai duhu, ƙarami, tsawon cm 6, yawa, ɗaci mai ɗaci, tsuntsaye ne ke cin su da sauri.
Kanada na viburnum - Viburnum lentago.
A yanayi, yana girma a gabashin Kanada, yana shiga Amurka. A kan tsaunukan dutse, tare da gefukan daji, bankunan koguna da fadama mai zurfi, har zuwa 800 m sama da matakin teku. teku, tare da sauran bishiyoyi masu rarrafe da katsewa.
Babban ciyayi mai tsayi ko ƙaramin itace har zuwa 6 m tsayi, tare da rawanin da babu karewa; ko'ina, m ganye, nuna har zuwa 10 cm tsawo, m, m, m serrated a gefen, kore kore mai haske a lokacin rani da kuma sautunan launuka masu yawa a cikin damina. An tattara ƙananan furanni, fararen furanni masu laushi a cikin inflorescences corymbose har zuwa 12 cm a diamita. Blossoms a cikin kwanaki 10-15. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari - launin shuɗi-baki, tare da fure mai launin shuɗi, har zuwa 1.5 m, edible. A cikin aiwatar da ripening, suna canza launin su daga kore zuwa shuɗi-baki da kusan dukkanin bazara, yi ado da shuka har zuwa kaka.
Duk nau'ikan viburnum suna na ado, da yawa suna da kyawawan launuka na kayan ado. Wanda ake so a cikin kowane irin landings. Kyakkyawan tasiri a kan tushen maples, lindens, birches, firs da ash ash. Tsarin bakararre na viburnum an kiyaye shi sosai a cikin yanke. Viburnum a cikin lambu ba wai kawai kyawawan abubuwa ba ne, har ma yana da amfani, melliferous, magunguna da tsire-tsire mai ci. A cikin lambunan mai son, mafi yawanci girma viburnum shine girman kai, Kanada da talakawa.
