'Ya'yan itaciya mai ɗanɗano masu laushi a kan teburin cin abinci ba kawai ado bane. Mafi yawan ƙanshi na dill yana haifar da ci. Wannan al'ada mai danshi mai daɗin daɗaɗɗiya ta bazu ko'ina cikin nahiyoyin duniya kuma masoya ne masu son abincin ƙoshin abinci na zahiri, salati, kwano na gefe. A cikin jita-jita da shirye-shiryen hunturu, don dalilai na warkewa, ganye, mai tushe, tushen, inflorescences, ana amfani da tsaba. A cikin wannan labarin za mu yi magana game da fasahar aikin gona na Dill - shuka, kulawa, musamman narkar da dill daji.
Dill mai ban sha'awa, ko Dill dill (Anethum kabulalens) shine kawai jinsin dangin dill.
Tarihin dill dill
Dill yana nufin amfanin gona na shekara-shekara na rukuni na kore, kayan yaji mai ƙanshi ko tsire-tsire masu yaji. Tushen tushe, fure mai budewa da kuma ƙanshin ƙanshi na ganyayen ganye suna bambanta shi da sauran tsirrai na wannan rukunin.
An san al'adun kuma an yi amfani da shi don dalilan abinci a Rasha daga karni na X, amma har yau mazauna bazara sun koka game da sabon saɓanin sa. Yana iya sauƙin haifuwa kuma yana samar da kyakkyawan amfanin gona na kore taro a cikin bazara da kaka, kuma a lokacin rani galibi yakan bar runduna ba tare da abin da aka fi so ba. Canja iri, lokacin shuka, zurfin wuri iri, rike da wadataccen shayarwa ba su da tasiri mai tasiri a kan amfanin gona. Wani kusa yana kusa. Kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar halittar shuka.
Dill kamshi ko lambun - kawai nau'in dangin dill tare da ɗan gajeren rayuwar rayuwa. Wasu botanists sukan rarrabe shi azaman mustard ne kuma ana kiransa mustard plum. Mutane suna kiran Dill, coper, copra.
Homelandasar tana dauke da Bahar Rum. Dill ya bazu kuma ya girma ko'ina. Sananne sama da shekaru 5000 kuma likitocin Egypt na wancan lokacin suna amfani da shi azaman magani wanda yake sauƙaƙa ciwon kai (migraines).
A cewar Littafi Mai-Tsarki, Farisiyawa sun bayar da zakka a cikin sassan dill (tsaba, ganye da mai tushe). A yau, a kan kowane yanki na ƙasa mai zaman kansa, lallai ne dill ya girma, wanda tun zamanin tsakiyar zamanai an dauki kariya daga maita da la'ana.
Abubuwan da ke cikin abubuwan gina jiki a cikin Dill
Duk gabobin Dill sun ƙunshi abubuwa masu amfani, amma musamman ma yawancinsu a cikin sababbin ganye. Tare da carotene, tsire-tsire Dill suna dauke da bitamin "C", "B", "PP", flavonoids, da kuma ma'adinan ma'adinai. Tushen warkewa na dill shine mai mahimmanci, wanda ya haɗa da carvone, fellandren, limonene. Suna ba da halayyar pungent ƙanshi ga shuka.
A cikin maganin jama'a, ana amfani da Dill don cututtuka da cututtuka masu yawa. Har ila yau, mahimmancin kayan magungunansa sun sami karbuwa daga masana magunguna, tun da suka samar da magunguna da yawa waɗanda aka ba da shawarar don magance rashin isasshen ƙwayar cuta, don hana kai harin angina, sauƙaƙe colic a cikin marasa lafiya tare da cututtukan gastritis ("Anetin"). Don colic na jarirai, ana amfani da "Dill Water".
Doctors bayar da shawarar yin amfani da infusions na ganye da kuma mai tushe a farkon matakai na hauhawar jini, a matsayin diuretic, rauni waraka, sauqaqa rashin lafiyan fata itah, antihemorrhoidal da sauran alamomi. A cikin masana'antar ƙanshin kayan kwalliya da kayan kwalliya, ana amfani da dill iri mai mahimmanci wajen ƙirar haƙori, colognes, cream.
Duk gabobin Dill sun ƙunshi abubuwa masu amfani, amma musamman ma yawancinsu a cikin sababbin ganye.
Siffofin ilimin halittar dill
Babban fasalin ilimin halittar dill shine dangantakarsa da tsawon hasken rana. Dill shine irin shuka tsawon rana. Tare da tsawon lokacinsa awanni 10 zuwa 14, kawai tsirrai masu tsiro ne ake kafawa (haɓakar taro mai ganye). A cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar halittar ɗan Dill, an rubuta cewa tsawan sa'o'in hasken rana sama da awanni 14 alamar alama ce ta ci gaba. Saboda haka, tare da wuce haddi na sa'o'i 14, tsire-tsire cikin sauri suna samar da gabobin halitta (furanni, inflorescences, 'ya'yan itatuwa, tsaba).
A farkon bazara kuma tare da farkon kaka, lokacin da tsawon lokacin haske ya bambanta tsakanin awanni 10-14, mafi kyawun lokacin don ci gaban taro mai ciyawar. Saboda tsawon lokaci a lokacin rani, dill na iya shiga cikin fure nan da nan. Cire wannan a cikin lokacin da shuka iri na farkon tare da gajeren girma a cikin jinkiri.
Tun da yake sabo ne mai ganye wanda ke ɗauke da mafi yawan adadin mai mai muhimmanci da sauran abubuwa masu amfani, yana da kyau a ƙirƙiri mai ɗaukar kaya don samun wadatattun kayan amfanin gona a cikin lambun. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don cimma wannan:
- maimaita shuka iri daya bayan kwana 10-12,
- yana ba da izinin karɓar sabo na ganye ta hanyar shuka nau'ikan daban daban,
- hade da yawan shuka da nau'in dill.
Dill shuka kwanakin
Bayan farawa na ƙwayoyin halittar ɗan adam, Dill ya kasu kashi biyu, na tsakiya da na marigayi iri. Ana tsara karɓar sabon nau'in ganye mai ganye, yi amfani da fasaha mai zuwa:
- a cikin Maris-Afrilu da Yuli-farkon watan Agusta (dangane da yankin) shuka kawai marigayi iri a cikin karɓawar karɓa,
- a ƙarshen Mayu - farkon Yuni, canzawa zuwa shuka farkon iri.
Irin wannan dabarar, haɗe tare da fasalin varietal, zai taimaka don samun sabon ganye a tebur da inflorescences don amfani da sarrafa kayan cikin duk lokacin dumama. Haka kuma, dasa-kai, ko da lokacin fara sanyi, zai samar da wani amfanin gona na greenery.
Iri na dill
Za a iya tsabtace Dill sau ɗaya kuma akai-akai a cikin fasaha (na ganye) da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta na tsaba (a cikin inflorescences). Lokacin ciyayi na farkon nau'ikan yana daga germination zuwa girbi taro na kwanaki 32-55, har zuwa lokaci na laima na kore 55-70. Yawancin matsakaici suna da lokacin girma na 35-55 da kwanaki 56-99, bi da bi. Daga baya nau'ikan ya samar da wani taro mai launin kore wanda ya dace da girbi a cikin kwanaki 38-52, kuma don lokacin girbi hunturu 62-104.
Dill tsaba.
Na farko irin Dill
- Gribovsky da Da nisa ya bambanta da tsinkaye da ƙanshi mai ƙarfi;
- Ummi, siffofin harbe a kaikaice cikin babban adadin.
Matsakaici
- Hanak, Varietyasar Czech iri-iri tare da babban setan Rosset na ganyen farfajiya;
- Kaskelensky da Borea siffar ganye tare da mai ruwan hoda mai haske;
- Lesnogorodskyya bambanta da juriya ga cututtuka;
- Hanyoyi - yana da launi mai launi na ganyayyaki;
- Gaisuwa - yana samar da manyan kantuna da harbe harbe, wanda ya samar da babban girbi na greenery da kuma girbin da yawa. Yana da ban sha'awa a cikin cewa ba ya yin fure a cikin Tsakiyar Rasha, amma yana ba kawai greenery, amma ya yi rashin lafiya tare da maimaita shuka wuri guda.
Late ripening iri
- Anna - m karfi dissected ganye tare da launin toka-kore launi;
- Qibray - daban-daban inuwa na kore ganye,
- Uzbek-243 - tsirrai masu kyau tare da kyawawan ganye. Ganyen kore mai launi.
Goge irin Dill marigayi cikakke
A cikin 90s na karni na XX, masu shayarwa sun sami iri iri daban-daban tare da tsarin daban-daban na saman sama. Shuke iri ne halin da samuwar dama taqaitaccen mai tushe, wanda ba ka damar samun yawan amfanin ƙasa na kore taro. Tsawon lokaci mai girma (kwanaki 40-135) da ganyayyaki na ganye (kwanaki 14-25) suna samar da sabon samfuri yayin kwanakin haske mafi tsayi yayin da nau'ikan talakawa ke shiga cikin saurin girma da kuma maturation na inflorescences.
Balaga na fasaha na nau'ikan daji yakan faru ne a ranakun kwanaki 40-45, da kuma ilimin halitta - a ranakun 110-135. Lokacin amfanin gona na bazara, tsawon lokacin girbi don ganye yana wuce kwanaki 14 zuwa 35.
Mafi yawan marigayi daji iri iri ne:
- Daman - ya bar ganye mai launin shuɗi, an rufe shi da murfin dunƙule mai laushi. Inganci sosai. Bushaya daga cikin daji yana samar da kusan 100-150 g na kayan kore;
- Gaisuwa - halin da mafi girma girma kakar. Ripeness na fasaha (ganye akan ganye) yana faruwa a kwanaki 40-45. Yana fitar da ganye masu duhu duhu, girbin wanda zai iya wuce kwanaki 25;
- Buyan - ya bambanta cikin mafi tsayi tsawon lokaci daga tsiro zuwa girbi ganye (kwanaki 58-65). Ganyen suna duhu kore, mai kamshi.
Agrotechnics girma Dill
Don kyakkyawar haɓakawa ta iska mai ƙarfi, dill yana buƙatar haske, ƙasa mai lafiya mai cike da isasshen ƙarfi. Tsirrai basa iya tsayawa tsayiwa ruwa. Tare da m mamaki, cikin ganyayyaki daga petioles zuwa gindi daga cikin ganye ganye suna da launin toka, kuma tsirrai na rage jinkirin ci gaba da yawan iska. Tare da ƙara yawan acidity, seedlings sun makara, kuma ci gaban taro mai sama yana iyakance.
Dill yana buƙatar ƙasa tare da amsawar tsaka tsaki na acidity.
Dill ba a sani ba ga yanayin girma. Shuka tsaba yana farawa lokacin da aka sanyaya kasar gona a cikin daki mai nauyin 10 cm zuwa + 3 ... + 5 ° C. Harbi ba ya mutu lokacin da zazzabi ya sauka zuwa -3 ° C. Mafi kyawun ci gaban tsirrai - tsakanin + 8 ... + 10 ° С. Farkon zafin jiki sama da + 15 ° C yana haifar da saurin canzawa zuwa samuwar inflorescences.
Otsan ganye a lokacin da aka shuka tare da ƙwayar bushe suna bayyana a ranakun kwanaki 10-20 kuma a farkon lokacin (kwanakin 10-12) suna girma a hankali. A lokacin da sparse tsaye lura zalunta da weeds. Dole ne a kiyaye Shuka mai tsabta, kasar gona ta kasance da sako-sako.
- Dill Yana son wuraren haske. Ko da wani haske inuwa sa mikewa daga cikin shuka tare da low tsar leawa daga cikin mai tushe, kodadde launi da ganye.
- Lokacin shirya don Dill, baza ku iya iyakance ƙasa ba kuma kuyi ash.
Precursors da jituwa tare da wasu kayan lambu
- Lokacin da aka girma a cikin al'ada, magabata masu kyau don dill su ne cucumbers, kabeji, tumatir, legumes, da beets. Ba za ku iya girma Dill bayan faski, seleri, karas ba.
- Dill za a iya girma a karo na biyu bayan farkon girbin amfanin gona (dankali na farko, tafarnuwa, albasa, kabeji da farko). Yana haɓaka da kyau a cikin ciyayi masu kauri tare da sauran kayan lambu (alayyafo, saladi, albasa, tafarnuwa, kabeji). Mafi jituwa tare da cucumbers da zucchini.
Preparationasa shiri
Dill shine farkon al'adu. Sabili da haka, ana shirya ƙasa don shuka a cikin kaka. An kuɓutar da shafin daga sauran abubuwa na abubuwan gaba da alkama. A karkashin digging, an yi humus ko takin da ya dace (musamman akan ƙasa mai rauni) a cikin buhunan 0.5-1.0 da nitrophos 25-30 g / sq. m
A kan ƙasa mai wadatacciyar ƙasa, maimakon nitrophoska, za'a iya ƙara kitse-potassium mai - superphosphate da potassium salt a cikin adadin 25-30 da 15-20 g / sq., Girmamawa. m na ƙasar yankin. A kan kasa mai, ana amfani da takin mai magani na phosphorus-potassium. Wannan shi ne saboda ikon Dill don tara nitrates. Tare da kusancin abin da ya faru na ruwan karkashin ƙasa a cikin kaka, an shirya gadaje.
Don kyakkyawar haɓakawa ta iska mai ƙarfi, dill yana buƙatar haske, ƙasa mai lafiya mai cike da isasshen ƙarfi.
Tsarin iri
Dill tsaba yana da mahimmancin mai wanda ke hana saurin shuka. Saboda haka, tsaba suna tsayayya da kwanaki 2-3 a cikin ruwan dumi, suna maye gurbinsa kowane sa'o'i 4-6, sannan kuma a bushe a cikin ɗakin har sai gudanawa. Germination yana haɓaka fitowar seedlings daga kwanaki 10-12, seedlings suna bayyana a ranakun 7-8. Lokacin shuka bushe - na kwanaki 15-20.
Shuka dill
Don shuka, ana amfani da tsarin daban:
- da ka
- Masu zaman kansu
- tef
- biyu da biyar karamar,
- furrow da sauransu
Tare da jere - nisa tsakanin layuka shine 30-40 cm, a jere - 3-4 cm. zurfin shuka ya wuce 2-3 cm akan ƙasa mai haske da 1.5-2.0 cm akan matsakaici da nauyi.
Idan za a yi amfani da Dill a lokaci ɗaya don ganye kuma a cikin yanke na ƙarshe don pickling, yana da kyau a shuka tare da haƙarƙari. Nisa tsakanin layin dake cikin tef shine 20-30 cm, kuma tsakanin kaset 40-50 cm.
Kwarewa mai ban sha'awa shine shuka tare da furrow. Katako mai tsawon cm 5 zuwa zurfin 2-3 cm ana matse shi cikin ruwa, an shayar da shi bayan 10 - 10 cm an sami furrow 5 cm tare da ginin ɗakin kwana. Tsarin Dill yana warwatse tare da ƙasan furrow kuma an rufe shi da humus ko ƙasa.
Don shuka hunturu, kamar yadda a farkon bazara, ana amfani da bushe bushe. Daga baya amfanin gona yawanci ana yin su tare da kayan da aka shuka.
Kulawar fitowar Turawa
Bayan shuka ta kowace hanya, ba a shayar da Dill zuwa harbe. Bayan fitowan, ana aiwatar da farantin na farko na cm cm cm, madogara mai zuwa yana zurfafa zuwa 8-12 cm A cikin lokaci na ganye na ainihi 3-4, ana yin aikin farkon lokacin don 3-5 cm tsakanin tsirrai.
A cikin layuka da aka bari a kan tsaba, ana fitar da tsire-tsire nan da nan zuwa 8-10 cm Idan amfanin gona ya yi kauri, ana maimaita sikirin din bayan kwanaki 5-7. Bayan isa tsirrai 10-15 cm tsayi, dill fara za a yanka a cikin ganye. Matsakaicin ƙanshin dill ya kai kafin kwanciya da inflorescences.
Da mazan da shuka, da suka fi karfi ƙanshi. Babban kulawa ya ƙunshi a cikin kwance tare da lalata ƙazanta lokaci guda. Kafin girbin karshe, ya zama dole a sako sako gero da bristles, tunda an shuka tsaba cikin talauci idan ana dubawa ko murza shi.
Dukkanin lokacin ciyayi kafin a girbe amfanin gona ana aje shi a cikin rigar.
Fennel Dill
Nau'in farkon bazara ba sa ciyar. Dill isa ƙasa kaka taki cika. A kan tsautsayi (musamman tare da jinkirin girma na ganye), a cikin lokaci na ganyayyaki na gaske na 2-3, ana yin suttura ɗaya na sama tare da nitrophose ko urea fiye da 10-15 g / sq.m. yanki.
Tsarin tsakiya da na marigayi ripening tare da dogon girma suna ciyar da sau biyu. Ana aiwatar da ciyarwa ta farko a cikin lokaci ɗaya kuma daidai yake daidai da farkon nau'ikan, kuma na biyu bayan kwanaki 20-25 tare da maganin urea tare da gishiri a cikin kashi 20 da 15 g, bi da bi, a kowace lita 10 na ruwa a kowace murabba'in mita 3-4. m saukowa. Lokacin ciyarwa, guji samun mafita akan tsirrai. Bayan an sanya miya, ana tsabtace tsire-tsire kuma an shayar da su sosai.
Watse
Dukkanin lokacin ciyayi kafin a girbe amfanin gona ana aje shi a cikin rigar. Overdrying na kasar take kaiwa zuwa fitarwa na ci gaba, coarsening na ganye da kuma jari na nitrates a cikinsu. Yawan ruwa mai yawa yana haifar da raguwa a cikin taro na mahimman mai, dill yana asarar babban farashi - ƙanshi. Ana shayar da Dill sau 1-2 a mako. A cikin yanayin zafi, bushe, zaka iya ɗaukar kyakkyawan ciyawar tsire-tsire don ƙirƙirar microclimate mafi kyau.
Siffofin girma daji Dill
Siffofin tsarin halittar dill daji suna tantance fasaharsa ta shuka da namo. The aboveground taro na nau'ikan dill na daji ya samar da harbe-harbe a kaikaice a cikin axils na ganye, wanda hakan ya ba shi bayyanar daji. Bayan sun kai cm 6-6 sai su fashe kuma ci.
A cikin nau'ikan daji, yanayin al'ada shine 1.5-3.0 m tsawo kuma kusan mita a girma. Ganyen harbe yana da kyau. Domin shuka ya samar da daji, ana bukatar isasshen sarari. Sabili da haka, a cikin tsire-tsire na waɗannan nau'ikan, nisa tsakanin layuka shine 35-40 cm. An dasa tsaba a lokacin shuka a 1.5-3.0 cm, barin nesa tsakanin su 5-6 cm.
Tare da irin wannan yawa na amfanin gona bayan shuka, ana yin 3 thinning. Na farko bakin ciki, lokacin da tsirrai suka tashi da 6 cm, kuma 2 da 3 yayin da suke inuwa da juna. Bayan thinning na uku, nisan dake tsakanin bushesin ya zama cm 25-30. Ganyayyaki iri iri na manya ne, ramin ganyen zai iya kaiwa cm 25-40 a tsayi. Alasasshen tushe na ganye yana da kauri.
Lokacin da aka shuka shi a cikin ƙasa mai buɗewa, tsaba na iri iri na tsakiyar tsakiyar rago ba sa yankewa. Don samun tsaba, an shuka dill ta hanyar shuka. Shuka seedlings ne da za'ayi a cikin fim kore ko a karkashin wani firam a watan Maris - Afrilu. A cikin bude ƙasa, ana canja jigilar seedlings a ƙarshen Mayu. Tsarin ƙasa da kulawa ta waje iri ɗaya ne ga dill na lambun.
Girma a cikin tsirrai na fasaha don ganye ana aiwatar da su ne a tsayin shuka na 10-20 cm.
Cututtuka da kwari na Dill
Daga cikin cututtukan, mafi yawan masu gaskiya ne da fari mildew. Oftenarancin lokaci, tsire-tsire suna shafar ƙafa baƙar fata. Tare da wuce haddi na ruwa, Dill yana shafar tushen ruɓaɓɓen ganye, curly ganye, ƙwayar jijiyoyin bugun gini da sauran cututtuka.
Trichodermin yana kiyaye kariya daga nau'ikan haɓaka iri da juji; phytosporin yana kare ƙasan kafa. Uniqueayan magani na musamman shine mai samar da ƙwayar halitta "Mikosan-B", wanda ke ba da ingantaccen kariya daga cututtukan fungal a duk lokacin girma. Babu wani hadari ga mutane. Za'a iya cinye kayayyakin a rana ta biyu bayan sarrafa su. A cikin yanayi mai zafi da bushe, tasirin tasirinsa kan cutar ba ya raguwa. Akwai fasali daya. Ba'a amfani da wannan samfurin kayan halitta a cikin mafi yawan abubuwan cakuda tanadin. Kada ku ɗauki damar!
Daga cikin kwari, lalacewa ta haifar da aphids, laima da earthen fleas. Ana iya wanke gogewar Aphids (a cikin adadi kaɗan) tare da rafin ruwa. Daga fleas, phytosporin yana da tasiri. Ya isa ya fesa tsirrai da ƙasa. Phytosporin yana haɗuwa sauƙaƙe tare da sauran biofungicides a cikin gaurayawar tanki. Amma har yanzu, ƙarin binciken jituwa ba zai ji rauni ba.
Aikace-aikacen, halaye da lokacin magani ana nuna su a kan fakiti tare da samfuran halitta ko cikin shawarwarin masu rakiyar.
Girbi
Girbi a cikin kayan kwalliya na ganye don ganye ana aiwatar da su a tsayin shuka na 10-20 cm kuma yana iya zama aure ko kuma sake amfani da shi. Tare da tsabtace lokaci guda, ana wanke tsire-tsire da ruwa kuma a yanka zuwa dunƙule 2-3 cm. Yi amfani da sabo, bushe, daskararre.
Ana cire dill umblalas don pickling a lokacin lokacin furanni - farkon saitin iri. Masu ƙaunar sau da yawa suna tsabtace laima tare da tsaba masu siffofi.
An cire Umbrellas a kan tsaba a cikin lokacin taro browning na tsakiyar ɓangare na inflorescence kuma ripened a zuriyar dabbobi a cikin inuwa. An yanke tsire-tsire a hankali kamar yadda fasaha na tsaba ke cikin laima a ciki. Abin birgewa an birge su.
Tsaba suna bushe da adana su a cikin bushe a cikin jaka na zane. Tsarin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta shine shekaru 3-4. Lokacin bushewa, yawancin tsaba daga umara sun ɓace. Samosev (idan ba ku taɓa ƙasa tare da shiri na kaka) yana ba da farkon girbi na kayan lambu na bazara mai zuwa.
