Vodyanik, ko Shiksha

Vodyanika (Nagode) - wani nau'in halittar tsirarrun bishiyoyi masu ban tsoro da ba a taɓa gani ba daga gidan Heather tare da ganye mai kama da allura da furannin da ba a bayyana su ba; yaduwa a cikin Hemisphere na Arewa, wanda kuma aka samu a Kudancin Amurka. Ana amfani dashi a dafa abinci, maganin gargajiya kuma azaman ornamental shuka.

Ruwa na ruwan baƙi, bisexual (Empetrum nigrum subsp. Hermaphroditum). Ð Hörður Kristinsson

A baya can, an samar da janareto guda uku - Vodyanik, Corema, da Ceratiola - ga dangin Vodianikov na daban (Empetraceae), amma bisa ga sakamakon binciken kwayoyin halittar da APG ya gudanar, an rage wannan harajin zuwa matsayi na kabilar Vodianikov (Empetreae) a cikin tsarin mulki na Erica (Ericoideae) na dangin Heather.

Take

Sunan Latin na kwayoyin halittar ya fito ne daga kalmomin Girka a en "on" da petros "dutse" - kuma yana da alaƙa da mazaunin shuka.

Sunayen mutanen Rasha suna Bagnovka, Voronik (gwargwadon launi na Berry), berry bear, booze, ssyha (saboda sakamakon diuretic na berries), mossberry (galibi saboda ƙananan ƙwayar ƙwayar itace da kuma yawan ruwan sabo), ciyawar baƙar fata, shiksha , shida.

Vodyanika ja (Empetrum rubrum). V Convallaria majalis

Sunaye a cikin wasu yaruka: Turanci. Crowberry, bebe Krahenbeeren, fin. Variksenmarja, fr. Camarine Fassarar ɗan adam daga Turanci, Jamusanci da kuma finjali ɗan tuƙa.

Rarraba

Ana rarraba Vodyanika ko'ina cikin Arewacin Hemisphere - daga yanayin canjin yanayi zuwa yankin subarctic (Rasha, yankin yammacin Turai daga Finland zuwa Spain, Burtaniya, Iceland, Greenland, USA, Kanada, Japan, Korea, arewacin China, Mongolia).

Haka kuma ana samun Codderberry a Kudancin Hemisphere - a cikin Chilean Andes, da Tierra del Fuego, da tsibirin Falkland (Malvinas), da kuma tsibiran Tristan da Cunha. A Rasha, an rarraba shuka sosai a yankuna na arewacin, a Siberiya, a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da Sakhalin, Kamchatka da tsibirin Kuril; Hakanan an samo shi a cikin yankin da ba chernozem ba. Gida na vodnikniki - Kirkirar Arewa. Distributionididdigar ta na bipolar ta yanzu tana da alaƙa da shigar kutsawar tsiron zuwa kudu a lokacin Ageanyen Ice.

Gidajen tsire-tsire na yau da kullun sune bogshin sphagnum, moss-lichen da tundra mai dutse, coniferous (mafi yawan itace) gandun daji, inda kullun ke samar da murfin ci gaba. Hakanan ana samun Vodyanika a kan sands na budewa (ƙwararru, dunes), akan manyan abubuwan fashewa; a cikin tsaunuka suna tsiro a cikin subalpine da bangarorin ruwan tsayi.

Bayanin Halittu

Vodyanik - ciyawar daji mai rarrafe, wanda tsayinsa ya wuce 20 cm, kuma tsawon harbe zai iya kaiwa 100 cm.

Vodyanika baƙar fata ce, ko aronia, ko shiksha (Empetrum nigrum). Le Ole Husby

Yana girma cikin aibobi - labule, kowannensu yana wakiltar mutum ɗaya. Kara yana da launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi a launi, cike da an lullube shi da ganye, a ƙuruciya yana rufe shi da gashin kansa mai launin shuɗi rassa sosai, yayin da rassa ke haifar da tushen asalinsu. Curtina a hankali yana ɗaukar sararin samaniya da yawa, yayin da a tsakiyarsa kuma rassan a hankali suke daina su. Lokaci-lokaci, akwai dunƙun dalar ruwa na ciyawa - abin da ake kira Voronichniki, ko Shikshevniki.

Kamar wasu wakilan dangin Heather, kumburi ba zai iya yin symbiosis tare da namomin kaza ba: yana karɓar wasu abubuwa na ma'adinai daga gare su, yana ba su samfuran photosynthesis a madadin haka.

Twigs, har zuwa 1 m tsawo, mafi yawanci suna ɓoye a cikin matashin kai mai mossy, an rufe shi da glandon na farin fari ko launi na amber.

Ganyayyaki dabam ne, ƙarami, tare da ɗan gajeren petioles, a hankali na elliptik, tsawon 3-10 mm. A gefuna na ganye an sunkuya kuma kusan an rufe su, saboda wannan ganye suna kama da allura, kuma shuka kanta tana kama da itacen Kirsimeti mai yawa. Kowane ganye ana riƙe shi a kan reshe har zuwa shekaru biyar.

Tsire-tsire suna cin duri ko dioecious. Furannin suna furannin fure ne, ba a haɗa su ba; tare da gurɓataccen abu mai fasalin abubuwa biyu, da ruwan hoda uku, ruwan hoda ko shuɗi mai haske da ɗambin makoki guda uku; guda ko a rukuni biyu ko uku. Uku uku na fure-fure. Cigaban yana da haske, kwai ya fi girma, yana da nunin 6 zuwa 12. A cikin yanayin ɓangaren Turai na Rasha, an harba furanni a cikin Afrilu-Mayu, a Siberiya a watan Mayu-Yuni. Pollination - tare da taimakon kwari: furanni na ciyawa ana ziyartan ƙanzon buɗe ido, ƙudaje da ƙudan zuma.

Vodyanika baƙar fata ce, biyu ce. © Epp

'Ya'yan itacen baƙar fata ne (tare da fure mai laushi) ko ja da launin ja tare da diamita har zuwa 5 mm tare da fata mai ƙarfi da tsaba masu ƙyalli, suna kama da shudi. Ripens a watan Agusta. Ruwan ruwan 'ya'yan itace yana da launin shuɗi. A berries kasance a kan harbe har sai lokacin bazara.

Abun hadewar kemikal

Vodyanik yana dauke da triterpene saponins, flavopoids (quercetin, kempferol, rutin), tannins (har zuwa 4.5%), mai mai, resins, coumarins, benzoic da acetic acid, anthocyanins, bitamin C, carotene, abubuwa iri daban daban, ciki har da manganese , sugars, mai mahimmanci.

Amfani

M ɓangare mai laushi na isa isan itace ne mai-mai-kyau, suna ƙoshin ƙishirwa da kyau, amma ƙananan abun ciki na sugars da acid yana sa su ɗanɗano sabo.

An saka Vodyanika a cikin abincin gargajiya na wasu mutanen 'yan asalin ƙasar - alal misali, Sami da Inuit. Wasu kabilun Americanasar Amurkawa sun girbe berries don hunturu kuma sun ci su tare da mai ko mai; Bugu da kari, sun shirya kayan ado ko infusions daga ganye da harbe da aka yi amfani da su don magance zawo da sauran cututtukan ciki, kula da cututtukan koda tare da ruwan 'ya'yan itace berries (berries suna da sakamako na diuretic), kuma an kula da cututtukan ido tare da decoction daga asalin sa.

A cikin magungunan gargajiya na Rasha, ana amfani da decoction da vodka tincture na ganye da mai tushe na vodnika don magance cututtukan fitsari, raunin jiki, raunin jijiyoyin jiki, har da ciwon kai, aikin motsa jiki da kuma wakili na anti-zingotic. Ana ɗaukar kayan ado na ganye kayan aiki mai kyau don ƙarfafa gashi.

A cikin maganin Tibet, ana amfani da huji don ciwon kai, don maganin cututtukan hanta da koda.

Don dalilai na warkewa, ana amfani da matattarar ganye (ciyawa), waɗanda aka tumke su a lokacin tsirrai. An tsabtace da rashin ƙazanta da kuma bushe a cikin inuwa ko kuma a cikin yanki mai iska, kwanciya a cikin farin ciki.

Ana cin ganyen tumatir tare da madara da kayan abinci madara. Suna yin jam, jam, marmalade, kayan kwalliya don abin yanka; yin giya Yi amfani azaman kayan yaji don kifi da nama. A cikin Fassarar Mafificin Mafificin Harshen Rasha ta V.I. Dahl, an ambaci Cyril - abincin Siberian da aka yi daga vodnik tare da kifi da ruwan bambare (mai hatimi). Don nan gaba, an girbi dutsen a cikin ice cream ko a cikin soaked. Tun da berries sun ƙunshi benzoic acid, ba a bi su da ayyukan fermentation kuma ana iya adanar su ba tare da ƙarin aiki a cikin akwati gilashin hermetically.

Vodyanika baƙar fata ce. Gey Sergey Yeliseev

Tun da berries na ruwa ya ƙunshi babban adadin adon anyancyanin, an yi amfani da su azaman najasi na halitta. Musamman, an yi wainar ceri mai kaɗa daga ɗumbin duwawun don ulu.

Noma

Ana amfani da Vodyanika don yin kwalliyar kwalliyar kwalliya da kayan rubutu tare da duwatsun, kazalika da ingantaccen murfin ƙasa (tunda harbe-harben ya haifar da inuwa mai yawa, kusan dukkanin ciyayi suna mamaye shi), amma da wuya ka same shi a cikin al'ada.

Fasahar aikin gona

Ana shuka tsire-tsire a nesa na 30 - 50 cm daga juna. Dasa zurfin cm 40. Tushen tushe an binne shi a cikin ƙasa ta 2 cm .. An shirya cakuda ƙasa daga ƙasa turf, peat, yashi daidai gwargwado. Fitar daga dutse mai yashi da yashi tare da layin 10 cm.

Tsire-tsire suna ciyar da sau ɗaya a kakar, yada ta 1 m² Nitroammophoski 50 g. Sanya ciyayi na ciyawa tare da peat, wani faifai na 5-6 cm.Yana lokacin damuna ne sosai, kuma ba a buƙatar ƙarin mafaka, kamar yadda take sanya danshin dusar ƙanƙara. Pruning yana da hankali, ba mahimmanci, ya ƙunshi yafi na cire bushe harbe.

A shuka na bukatar weeding kawai a farkon shekarun rayuwa. Sannan tana rage kusan duk ciyawar da kanta. Weedsan ciyawa ne kawai suke ficewa daga ƙarƙashin inuwa mai yawa ta hanyar fashewa da harbewa daga cikin rami, zuwa ga haske, amma ba su da wahalar ɗauka. Hakanan zaku iyakance yaduwar shiksha, wanda zai iya kawar da tsire-tsire na makwabta.

A cikin busassun yanayi, shiksha lallai yana buƙatar shayarwa. Amma ba ta buƙatar fadama. Shrubs daga tsari na Heather girma a kan peat bogs ba saboda suna buƙatar ɗumbin danshi - suna kawai ba sa tsayayya da gasa a wasu wuraren zama.

Propagated da tsaba da kuma layering.

Vodyanika baƙar fata ce. At Tatters ❀

Iri daban-daban

Yawancin nau'ikan kayan ado ana bred:

• 'Bernstein` - tare da fure mai launin shuɗi;
• 'Irland' - tare da fure mai girma na fure da kuma rassan creeping;
• 'Lucia' - tare da rawaya mai launin shuɗi;
• 'Smaragd` - tare da lokacin farin ciki mai duhu kore ciyawa da kuma rassan creeping.
• 'Zitronella` - tare da fure mai haske mai haske-shuɗi mai launin shuɗi da rassan creeping.

Nau'in:

Babu wata hanya guda daya da ake bi wajen rarraba Halittar.

A cewar wata majiya, asalin halittar shi ne monotypic; nau'in kawai shine Blackweed, ko Aronia (Empetrum nigrum). Ra'ayin yana da iri biyu:

• Jin kai nigrum var. asiaticum - asian
• Jin kai nigrum var. japonicum - japanese

Dangane da wasu kafofin, kwayoyin halittar sun hada da wasu jinsunan:

• Vodyanik bisexual (Maganar hermaphroditum). Monoecious shuka tare da duhu kore ganye da kuma baki berries.
  • Synonym: Empetrum nigrum subsp. hermaukroditum
• Vodyanika ja (Maganin bakin ciki). Speciesabilar Kudancin Amurka tare da berries mai launin ja. A kan bushes lokaci-lokaci kanzo da baki na baki, suna nuna dangi tare da kallon asali, Vodyanika baƙar fata.
  • Siffofin: Shayarwar ruwan jan-jan iska (Empetrum atropurpureum); Eetthrocarpum na cikin ƙasa; Nagode eamesiisubsp. atropurpureum.
• Vodyanika baƙar fata ce (Mai taken nigrum). Dioecious shuka tare da rawaya-kore ganye da baki berries.
• Vodyanik kusan Holarctic (Empetrum subholarcticum). Monoecious shuka tare da baki berries.

Vodyanika ja ne. © Serge Ouachee

Dangane da tsarin tsirrai na Plant List, asalin halittar ya kunshi nau'ikan 4, yayin da aka gano wasu nau'ikan guda 9 a cikin jinsin na Empetrum nigrum:

• Mai mulkin asiaticum.
• Nagode eamesii.
  • Nagode eamesii subsp. atropurpureum
  • Nagode eamesii subsp. eamesii
• Nagode nigrum.
  • Nagode nigrum subsp. albidum
  • Nagode nigrum subsp. androgynum
  • Nagode nigrum subsp. asiaticum
  • Nagode nigrum subsp. maganin kafeyin
  • Nagode nigrum subsp. hermaukroditum
  • Nagode nigrum subsp. kardakovii
  • Nagode nigrum subsp. nigrum
  • Nagode nigrum subsp. sibiricum
  • Nagode nigrum subsp. subholarcticum
• Maganin shafawa.